The procedure of teaching and learning

Running Head: EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note:

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Chapter 6
Chapter six describes the cultural and economic difference can be seen in different
aspects of the human lives. There are various determinants for cultural diversity in the
classroom. It includes social class, ethnicity, race, gender and other aspects. An obstacle of
positive cultural diversity is the concept of stereotypical threat. It refers to the situation where
people are made to feel themselves as at risk or at the place of discomfort. It is a result of
long-standing racial and generation gap in academic and professional performance (Slavin,
2019). It this regard, the author mentioned about the concept of gender identity and gender
teaching in every level of academy. The term gender identity is known as a kind of individual
conception for oneself known as male and female. It is interconnected with the term gender
role that can be reflected in the concept of gender identity. The chapter concludes with the
concept of multicultural education. It means the form of educational or teaching practice that
acknowledge the histories, concepts, beliefs, values, and the perspective of different cultural
backgrounds. Moreover, the entire chapter feeds the concept of cultural diversity in academic
and professional world of teaching (Banks, 2015).
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 introduces the concept of behavioral concepts of learning. Firstly, the
chapter introduces the process of contiguity, classical conditioning, and the operant
conditioning. The contiguity learning theory states that the pattern of stimulation and the
response to occur within time and space, the learning will be driven by creating an
association among them. As a result the same pattern of stimulus pattern can elicit the same
occasions (Mustafa, 2015). On the other hand, the classical conditioning theory states that a
conditioned stimulus becomes associated with the unrelated and unconditioned stimulus.
Finally, the operant conditioning theory states that learning occurs through the process of

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rewarding and punishment. This theory is related with the concept of behavior and its relation
with a series of behavioral consequences. This chapter helps the reader to distinguish between
positive and negative reinforcement and presentation stressing on removal of the procedure of
punishment. In positive reinforcement the favorable stimulus is added where in the negative
reinforcement an unfavorable stimulus is eliminated. Hence by distinguishing the two
concepts an effective learning environment can be formed without the procedure of
punishment. In this regard, the theorist introduced the concepts of self-management and
applied behavior to create effective learning environment.
Chapter 12
Chapter 12 introduced the concept of Motivation in the procedure of teaching and
learning. To define the term motivation, it can be said that, it an internal aspect of a human
being that arouse interest for any subject, place or other related things. The concept of
motivation is categorized into two different categories including intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation. Extrinsic motivation is related to any outer task. On the other hand the intrinsic
motivation refers to the activities related to the self. In this regard, the chapter introduces five
different approaches of motivation namely – Behaviorist, Humanistic, Cognitive, Social
cognitive, and Sociocultural theory (Guo et al., 2015). Similarly, the chapter also introduced
that the term motivation is depended on different kinds of needs as mentioned in the theory of
Maslow’s hierarchy. It also states that motivation is goal oriented. It means a person works to
achieve any specific goal that creates the motivation to work effectively. Other determinant
of motivation is belief that refers to the process of learning and thinking. The other concepts
that is responsible for motivation are interest, curiosity, emotions and anxiety (De Meyer et
al., 2014). The concept of motivation is an important factor for the teaching learning
procedure.