The real hands-on activity commences

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Task 1
Method and techniques used in civil engineering for
earthwork and substructures
Construction of megastructures such as industrial park in an already established and developed
suburb like in Heathrow requires perfect planning in how various activities that involve
construction works are articulated. Proper planning is essential in that it fastens the construction
process, and it helps in avoiding interruptions that might arise due to construction processes1.
Though construction processes begin from design and plan formulation, the real hands-on
activity commences with the site preparation and earthwork processes. An earthwork is a
fundamental part of heavy construction activities that involves site clearance, removal of earth
surface for foundation, and substructures construction2. The overall success of construction
presses depends on the techniques, equipment, and machines used in earthmoving activities.
As per the plans of the required industrial complex and the complexity in terms of the region of
construction, the following will be considered in the construction of foundations, piling works,
underpass, and culvert construction on the riversides and drainage works3.
1 Li et al. "Case study of innovative top-down construction method with channel-type
excavation." (2014):7.
2 Dawson et al. " building substructures and pavements." (2018): 89
3 Shukla et al. “ Geosynthetics and their applications London” (2020): 39

Equipment and techniques to be used in Industrial Park
Earthworks
Earthworks and substructure constructions involve various activities that require heavy
equipment and machines with specified methods depending on the nature of the building
involved. Since the construction of industrial park buildings will involve high vibrating and
heavy machines that will be used in the manufacturing of various products4. Therefore the
foundation, excavation, and pilling works need to be of high strength to sustain the vibration
effect of production machines. The following are techniques, equipment, and methods for
various activities
Equipment and Uses in Earthworks
Earthwork Equipment Operational Use
Bulldozers  Will be used in short distance earthwork
operations that involve loosening of rocky
grounds
Motor graders  Graders will be used in grading and shaping
slopes and pavement layers
Cranes  Used in lifting, handling and placing of excavated
materials into trucks
Wagons and trucks  Used for general transportations and hauling
operations
Excavators  Used for large volume earth and land fill removal
4 Sawhney et al. "Construction project simulation using CYCLONE." (2018): 25.

Foundation Construction
The structural foundation starts with the excavation process, and there are a number of
excavations methods used depending on the availability of machines, equipment, or tools5. For
the foundation of the proposed industrial complex, full open cut and top-down excavation
method will be considered in large and deep excavation activities. Considering the building
plans, open-cut foundation techniques will be used in excavating areas for industries and top-
down for office blocks and commercial structures within the park to allow construction of
several basement floors for storage and parking services.
Then foundation footings will consider several techniques such as spread footing, raft
foundation, open trench foundation or grillage foundations depending on the nature and purpose
of the structure. Spread footing foundations will be used in foundation of godowns, steel grillage
foundation on the commercial structures within the park, an open trench for culvert and
underpass constructions6.
Pilling works
Pilling is an essential process that follows excavation just before making foundations. Type of
pilling technique used depends on the type of foundation to be used in substructure construction.
After excavation of the site, grillage or spread footings will be supported by spread pile works to
provide stability for the foundation formworks. Pile foundation is recommended for industrial
5, Neil. " Site Establishment and Substructure." (2014). 56
6 Lee, Sang and Jongwon. "Utilization analysis methodology for fleet telematics of heavy
earthwork equipment." (2018): 67.