Women Entrepreneurship and Employment: A Comparative Study

The provided document is an assignment on women entrepreneurship and employment, which aims to understand the factors that contribute to or hinder women's participation in entrepreneurial ventures and workplaces. The assignment involves a comprehensive review of existing literature, analysis of research methodologies, and consideration of practical applications. It also includes discussions on motivational factors for female entrepreneurs, sources of financial capital, social capital, and human capital. Additionally, it touches upon the importance of women's leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship in various sectors, highlighting their potential contributions to economic growth and development.

The role and influence of Female Entrepreneurs in the
Restaurant Industry of the UK

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
Title.............................................................................................................................................4
Research problem........................................................................................................................4
Overview.....................................................................................................................................6
Problem Statement......................................................................................................................6
Aim of the research ....................................................................................................................6
Objectives of the research...........................................................................................................6
Structure of the research..............................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................8
Overview.....................................................................................................................................8
Influence and role of the women entrepreneurs..........................................................................8
Current trends in hospitality sector and increasing growth of women entrepreneurs.................9
Hindering and motivational factors for women entrepreneurship in the restaurant industry.....9
Relationship between hospitality and women entrepreneurship...............................................11
Participation rate of females in entrepreneurship in the hospitality industry............................11
Contribution of female entrepreneurship in hospitality (stats).................................................12
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................13
Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................15
Introduction...............................................................................................................................15
Research philosophy.................................................................................................................16
Research Approach...................................................................................................................16
Research design.........................................................................................................................17
Data collection and analysis......................................................................................................17
Sampling technique...................................................................................................................17
Ethical Considerations..............................................................................................................18
Limitation..................................................................................................................................18
Rationale...................................................................................................................................18
Chapter 4-RESULTS/FINDINGS.................................................................................................20

Analytical techniques................................................................................................................20
Chapter 5- EVALUATION OF RESULTS...................................................................................30
Chapter 6-CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................32
Chapter 7-RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................33
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................34

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The prospects of the individuals delving in the lines of opening the business in the food
industry has seen some assertions in the increase of the entrepreneurial ventures. The impact of
globalization has brought in diverse food cuisines in the palettes of the aspiring foodies. The
female incursions in the aspirations of conducting the restaurants businesses have seen increased
growth. Further, has mentioned that the employee turnover rate in the hospitality industry of UK
is being boosted because the employees get low salary and low benefits. According to the report
which was presented by World Tourism Organisation (Yang and Peng., 2018), in UK, the overall
number of workers has been increased. Moreover, the report has further stated that out of the
total number of workers, most are female entrepreneurs. It can also be said that in hospitality
industry equal respect is being paid to both male and female workers.
In this study the research aims, objectives and questions will be discussed along with the
problems that are being faced by the hospitality industry. This is an introduction section where
background of the study with the problem statement will be identified. With the help of these
Aim, objectives, research questions, rationale of the research will be explained in brief. At the
end of introduction chapter complete structure of the research will be explained.
Title
The title of the study is “Role of female entrepreneurs in the restaurants industry of UK”.
Research problem
One of the major improvement that has been seen in UK is in hospitality industry. This
industry has also helped in improving the economy of the country. An organization known as
world tourism presented a report which said that within 2025, hospitality sector of UK will be a
more than 250 million pounds industry. This report also said that this industry today has
successfully created more than 3 million today.
Further, they get less salary as compared to the work pressure. According to the survey
which was conducted with employees in this sector as respondents says that more than 45% of
employees think that this industry can benefit them in many ways however other 55% thinks that
this industry is not that efficient in-fact it lacks prosperity as in this industry complete
development of employees is never ever given a priority. (nrn.com, 2019).

In the view of Bryman (2016), Most of the women in this industry face many problems as many
of them are forced to resign from an organisation. This can be explained with the help of an
example, in 2017, if the turnover rate of male and female employees was compared then female
turnover rate was twice the turnover rate in males especially in UK. However it is always
neglected that more than 5% of CEO's in this industry are females as most of them are effective
managers as well as multitaskers who successfully manage their families as well, So according to
this it can be said that if number of women employees in hospitality sector were more than it
would have been benefited the companies in many ways but this perspective has always been
neglected. It is also seen that the main reason behind continuous increment of female employees
is harassment due to which most of the women leave their jobs another reason is that in many
organizations management do not try to improve the communication between female employees
and the company due to which working environment of the company is affected.
According to a survey that was conducted in 2015 year turnover rate of women in this
industry was calculated more than 72% which was much more compared to 2014 year where the
turnover rate of women was approximately 66%. So, this clearly explains that turnover rate of
female employees in this industry is much more than male employees. Thus, it is suggested that
organisations in this sector will be needing to adapt certain ways such that female employees are
motivated to work instead of resigning.
According to states labour report, women turnover rate among women in last five years is
increasing continuously. Therefore, restaurants in this sector are trying to take initiatives such as
incentives, various kinds of leaves such as maternity leave, appraisals etc. which has helped
women in this sector to work with more dedication. Despite of this effort turnover rate is
increasing because salaries given to women is less compared to male employees atleast by 10%.
This research will help in answering all the primary and subsidiary questions of the research
which will eventually help in fulfilling all the research objective effectively.
Primary research question:
 What is the role and influence of female entrepreneurs in the restaurant industry of the
UK?
Subsidiary research questions:
 What is the female participation rate in entrepreneurship in the hospitality sector of UK?

 What are the current trends in the hospitality sector of the UK market economy regarding
the participation of female entrepreneurs?
 What are the factors that motivate or hinder female entrepreneurship in the restaurant
industry of the UK?
 What Key factors determine the influence of female entrepreneurs in the restaurant
business of the UK market Economy?
 What changes could be implemented in the hospitality sector of the UK to increase the
female participation rate in entrepreneurship in the UK market economy?
Overview
In food industry it has continuously been seen that there is an increase in entrepreneurial
ventures. Today due to globalization various types of food can be served to customers. This has
lead to increase in number of entrepreneurs in this sector especially female entrepreneurs.
Further it has also been seen that turnover rate among female employees in this sector is much
higher than men which has given rise to female Entrepreneurs. Due to this it is seen that female
employees should be paid equally compared to men.
Problem Statement
Hospitality Sector in UK is growing largely and is benefiting the economy of the country.
But according to a survey turnover rate in female employees is much more compared to men in
this industry and the main reason behind it was that women gets 10% less salary as compared to
men.
Aim of the research
Aim of this research is to analyse the role of female entrepreneurs in the restaurant
industry of UK.
The overall success of the ventures would be delivering on the facets of attributes that
demonstrates leadership and help the research project outcomes of understanding the influences
of women participation in the hotel industry.
Entrepreneurial Task
These are the attributes that alleviate the roles of the exploiting the opportunities in the restaurant
industry and would help the research objectives of motivational factors for female entrepreneurs.
Objectives of the research
The main research objectives are:

 To identify the female participation rate in entrepreneurship in the hospitality sector of
the UK.
 To observe the current trends in female entrepreneurship in the hospitality industry of the
UK.
 To identify the factors that motivate and hinder female entrepreneurs in the restaurant
business of the UK.
 To understand the driving factors that can enhance the influence of female entrepreneurs
in the restaurant business of the UK.
 To provide recommendations that would increase the female participation rate in the
hospitality sector of the UK market economy.
Structure of the research
Structure of the research paper has seven chapters and each chapter has sub parts as well.
Complete structure of the research paper is as follows:
1. Chapter 1: Introduction
2. Chapter 2: literature Review
3. Chapter 3: Research methodology
4. Chapter 4: Data collection and findings
5. Chapter 5: Data Analysis and evolution of findings
6. Chapter 6: Conclusions
7. Chapter 7: Recommendations

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview
According to Leitch, Welter and Henry, (2018), The number of female entrepreneurs in
restaurant industry in UK has been continuously been growing. The main reason behind this is
gender inequality that has been faced by many men and women especially in this food industry
since past century. Many studies had been carried out in the past in order to study the
participation and role of females in hospitality sector especially in rising economy of UK. There
are various reasons that motivate women in hospitality sector to step up as entrepreneurs. Since,
ages women had been seen much lesser as compared to men. Whether it is in terms of salaries,
increment, promotions etc. they are always the second preference. These factors had worked as a
hindrance in growth of women in any industry and simultaneously it has worked as a motivation
factor for female entrepreneurs to sept up as rising entrepreneurs especially in hospitality
industry. Presence of female entrepreneurs in hospitality industry has supported aspiring women,
created more chances of women empowerment and has helped in decreasing gender biassness in
hospitality industry. In hospitality industry especially in restaurant sector rise of female
entrepreneurs has increased. Due to this country wide females are getting motivated as the
women entrepreneurs in this sector are increasing.
It is seen that the gender inequality in UK especially in restaurant industry is fading
continuously in this sector. Many research or studies has been done or carried out that proves
that the scope for women participants in hospitality industry is increasing which will also help in
increasing the overall economy of the UK.
Influence and role of the women entrepreneurs
As said by Leitch, Welter and Henry, (2018), Women entrepreneurs presence within
business globally is increasing year by year as the demand for development of egalitarian society
which has gender biasses at an extremely low level. As the women entrepreneurs are growing
and improving themselves especially in the UK market economy, patriarchal business
environment existence is being reduced. This growth and development of women entrepreneurs
has been a source of inspiration and motivation for all the aspiring females and has also created a
holistic business environment. As per the research which was done by Terjesen and Lloyd
(2015), There has been a drastic rise in women entrepreneurship in UK business environment.

UK economies legislative attribute has been restructured so that development of women in the
organizations can increase in context of business. As the number of women entrepreneurs are
increasing and are successful, it is motivating other women and has helped in increasing the
success rate of women in the society which provides them with motivation as well as improved
female opportunities in context of business(Westhead and Solesvik, 2016). Success stories of
women entrepreneurs has helped in motivating other females and has helped them to improve
their life performance in a better way.
Current trends in hospitality sector and increasing growth of women entrepreneurs
Things that prevent females from entering into a business is the cultural attribute and for
this Gender equality Act was made with proper legislative norms, it also helps in increasing
gender equality at workplace (Henry et al., 2017). This has also helped females to enter into the
business with better business opportunities for them. It has also helped women entrepreneurs to
run and compete in this competitive world and successfully run their business. Successful
business stories of many women entrepreneurs enable aspiring women so that they can develop
better business opportunities in order to become successful with their business in this
competitive world. In a research that was done by Esteban-Lloret and Rubio-Banon (2016),
There are many different cultural approaches in the business environment of UK Which has
become the first reason due to which women entrepreneurs in this industry have grown.
As per the view of Ferreira and et.al. (2017), female entrepreneurs in hospitality sector
has been beneficial for the growth of this industry because women understand others in a better
way as compared to males. It has also been seen that the customer satisfaction rate od women
entrepreneurs are much higher as compared to male entrepreneurs. Female employees understand
requirements and need of their customers in a better was due to which satisfaction rate of
customers is much higher than male employees.
Hindering and motivational factors for women entrepreneurship in the restaurant industry
There are many factors that facilitate women entrepreneurship and cultural aspects in
restaurant business of UK which has helped most of the women in focusing their carriers in
entrepreneurship. There has been a growth in participation rate of female employees because
number of female entrepreneurs are increasing (Langevang et al., 2015). This has also helped in
inspiring women so that they can continue their work in this industry with more dedication
(Henry et al., 2016). This has also helped in changing the mindset of others in this industry as

those women entrepreneurs have become an inspirational source for others, it has also been seen
that dependency on women in this industry is also increasing.
According to Poggesi and et.al. (2016), he has said that the growing rate of women
entrepreneurs and employees in restaurant industry of UK, Business studies has also been
enhanced as number of women centric studies in academic field has also increased. According to
a research female entrepreneurs managerial qualities are completely different from men
entrepreneur (Ratten, 2016). Due to this in restaurant business female employees performance is
such better then male employees and not only this due to this participation ratio of all the women
employees is continuously increasing. The research also shows that female employees working
under women entrepreneurs have high motivational ratio which is proven by the model of Jhon
Kao in his model of hierarchical needs of entrepreneurs. This model says that female employees
or entrepreneurs understand feminine requirements and needs in a better way in their business
requirements as compared to male entrepreneurs (Gregoratti et al., 2018).there was a study which
was conducted by Yang and Peng (2018), in which they have explained all the hindering factors
due to which participation rate of women employees is hindered. Not only this there are various
kinds of social and domestic reasons which says that these factors restrict participation of
females which impacts the success rate of women. These are the main drivers due to which
participation rate women employees is hindered.
Female employees success and growth rate is also hindered due to patriarchal disposition
in the restaurant industry business environment. There are many stories of female entrepreneurs
in which they have explained that due to all such type of hindrance they had proved and become
successful and has proved to provide benefit to all the females in the society by fighting against
all the patriarchal disposition norms within the restaurant industry (Ramadani et al., 2015). These
success stories of women proved that participation of women has always faced many hindrance
that prevent them from participating or working in any organization because UK market has still
not acknowledged the benefits of neo-liberal feminism due to which economy of the business
environment of UK can be enhanced and benefited.
Many studies have been done regarding restaurant industry business persons within UK
which provides excessive understanding of all the women entrepreneurs who have become
successful in this industry and are running business (Pérez-Pérez and Avilés-Hernández, 2016).
These success stories of business women have helped in decreasing the number of social and

domestic constrains that work as a hindrance in success of female employees and has also helped
in increasing the growth rate of women in business (Ribes-Giner et al., 2018).In fact nowadays
same social and economic factors support and allow females to work and compete with in this
competitive business environment.
Relationship between hospitality and women entrepreneurship
Scope and size of hospitality industry in UK is continuously growing and due to this
provision of services, facilities like food and beverages, accommodation etc. is also increasing.
Today it is the third largest sector in UK in terms of employment and growth. This industry has
one of the largest women employment today compared to other industries. However, they are
still paid less as compared to men employees in this sector but still has a great role in this sector.
Participation rate of females in entrepreneurship in the hospitality industry
As per the view of Thompson-Whiteside, Turnbull and Howe-Walsh, (2018),
Entrepreneurship is one of the most important factor that influence the economic development of
the society. Entrepreneurs basically try to discover new source of using new technologies in the
existing market in order to form an effective organization. They have a huge role in influencing
the market economy. Since ages most of the entrepreneurs in most of the sectors were men, but
today there has been a growth of female entrepreneurs in many sectors especially in hospitality
sector. Participation of females in entrepreneurship in hospitality industry has increased a lot.
Many females have tried to break their traditional roles and stepped up in economic process of
development and has successfully improved their economic status. This increased rate of female
participation in entrepreneurship has increased the participation rate in women and created a new
way of women empowerment in this industry. Many women have tried to use their knowledge,
skills, talent for controlling and managing the business. This increasing number of women
entrepreneurs has helped in improvement in economic growth, achieve profitable and non
profitable growth and has affected this industry positively.
In the opinion of Allen and Truman, (2016), Female entrepreneurs has remarkably shaped
this industry in terms of economic development. According to a survey there are more than 30%
of organizations in hospitality industry who's owners are women and is run by them. Women
entrepreneurs has helped in provision of various profits to this industry such as:
Reinvestment: It has been observed that Women entrepreneurs reinvest more than 90% of their
income on human resources and has shown women power in this sector.

Job Creation: This has helped in creation of more number of jobs in hospitality industry.
Innovation: They have successfully offered various types of innovation in provision of services
or products to this industry. Especially in Europe females have shown remarkable achievement
as compared to male entrepreneurs. In Europe UK is the number one country which has the
highest number of female entrepreneurs and in world UK is on number second in terms of female
entrepreneurs.
Contribution of female entrepreneurship in hospitality (stats)
As said by Jones, (2015), Contribution of females professionals and entrepreneurs in
hospitality sector has increased a lot in this rapidly evolving hospitality industry. As compared to
men women has always been multitaskers and they have shown their effect in this industry as
well. There are many female entrepreneurs who gave up their job and started their own business
in this sector and today run a successful business. According to a survey more than one third of
firms in the world has female owners.
From the above graph it is clear that almost one third of the population in entrepreneurs
are women.
Today women entrepreneurs are defined as new growth and economies engines that
contribute in well being and prosperity of the country. They have also helped in economic
development and growth of the hospitality sector. They have also broken a stereotype that men
and women have different potential in terms of self-employment or running business. In fact
Illustr
ation 1: Women entrepreneur vs men entrepreneur

women today have shown that they are more successful than man. It has been seen that during
recession in hospitality industry there is a huge declination of number of male entrepreneur as
compared to female entrepreneurs. There are various other reasons which proves that
contribution of women entrepreneurs in this sector is much more as compared to men. According
to a statistics contribution of women especially in micro enterprises is more than 70% in UK
however their contribution in small, medium and large enterprises is not accurate. They have
contributed economically in capital formation, generating employment, improving per capita
income; in social contribution in balancing regional development, improving living standards,
innovation and various other contributions like in changing work culture, society culture etc.
Conclusion
This literature review clearly explains all kinds of factors that work as hindrance for
women entrepreneurs, this research will also help the researcher to understand the growing role
and influence of female entrepreneurs in the business environment.

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This research methodology chapter explains complete procedure of data collection as
well as it helps in justifying the chosen research procedure. This research methodology section
will explain following procedures such as: research philosophy, approach, design, data collection
method, data analysis technique, sampling size and technique with all the research limitations,
time frame and ethical considerations.
Bryman (2006), says that research methodology is a process through which the data is collected
and analysed in order to complete the study in an effective manner. In this research methodology
part, research approach, research philosophy, design, data collection and analysis, sampling
techniques. Other than this research ethics and limitations will also be discussed and explained in
order to carry out the research in a accurate and systematic manner.
Complete research process will be explained with the help of research onion. According
to Sławecki (2018), research onion consists of almost six stages which are used to explain
complete research process. In this research onion first stage is research philosophy, second stage
is research approach, third stage is research design. These stages help in carrying out the research
in a perfect and systematic manner. Next step defines the complete need of the research studuy.
Then comes the fifth stage which explains the data collection and analysis techniques (Aunders
and et.al., 2007). This research methodology is for both quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Illustration 2: Research Onion
(Source: Saunders and et.al. 2007)
Research philosophy
It can be described as the way in which data about the research project should be
gathered, used and analysed. There are four types of research philosophies which are: positivism,
pragmatism, realism and interpretivism. In positivism data collection method is highly
structured, sample data is large and measurement can either be qualitative or quantitative. In
Pragmatism data collection method has multiple designs, and can be qualitative or quantitative.
In realism data collection method must fit in the subject matter can method can be qualitative and
quantitative. In interpretivism data collection is done in depth and has small samples and data
collection method is always qualitative. For this research project interpretivism research
philosophy.
Research Approach
Research approach can be defined as a procedure or plan that consist of assumptions to
data collection method in detail and then analyse and interpret it. There are three different types
of research approach such as: deduction, induction and abduction. In deduction approach validity
of assumptions in hand must be true. In induction approach contribution of new theories are used
to generate untested conclusions and in abduction approach premises are used to generate
testable solutions. For this research project the research approach that will be used is Induction

approach as in this data collection method is used to explore and identify themes, patterns and
frameworks.
Research design
According to Tranfield and et.al. (2003), it is a process of collecting data for research. In
this research paper, descriptive design will be used in order to analyse the role of female
entrepreneurs in restaurants of UK. In this current trend of employment in hospitality sector and
particularly in restaurant industry are discussed. In this different ways of motivating women
employees is also discussed. Other than this all the challenges faced by women employees will
also be explained.
Data collection and analysis
In this study, both secondary and primary data will be collected and used in order to
complete research study. In this questionnaire will also be used in order to complete the research
study. For secondary data researcher will be visiting various kinds of websites, will use different
search engines, google scholar for related articles, and various academic articles. Fior this
research paper many figures, graphs or charts will be used so that research data can easily be
analysed and interpreted. There are many different kinds of data analysis techniques. From all
those techniques Boolean strategy technique will be used. In the view of Vermez (2006),
Boolean strategy can be defined as a strategy where keywords are combined together with the
help of various kinds of suitable operators like NOT, AND and OR. The main keywords that will
be used in this research study are productivity and female employment in hospitality industry.
Sampling technique
Sampling can be defined as an area in which specific members from a population are
chosen and selected to be included in the study. This will help the researcher to answer all the
research questions accurately and helps in getting accurate results of the desired objectives of the
research as well as accelerates the speed of collecting primary data. For this research sample size
of 20 female employee and entrepreneurs will be taken. There are two types of sampling
techniques i.e. probability and non- probability sampling techniques. For this probability
sampling will be taken. Probability sampling is further of many types and out of those simple
random sampling technique will be used.

Ethical Considerations
The concerned research study is done by maintaining and considering all kinds of ethical
considerations. For example, while collecting data none of the respondents were forced to
participate and fill the questionnaire in the research paper. All the respondent in this study were
asked to fill the questionnaire at their own convenience level. All the entrepreneurs who were
asked to give interview were not forced to says or participate in this research study, in fact they
were interview at their own convenience level and not only this for their as well as for employees
convenience the complete questionnaire and interview questions were emailed to them so that
they can answer all the questions at their own convenience level. According to the provision of
Data privacy Act, all the companies or organisations cannot use any kind of personal information
of their employees for business use. They need to maintain privacy of their employees.
Moreover, while doing the research study, researchers have not used any kind of private or
personal information of any of the respondents that have participated in the research study in
order to follow the data privacy act provision.
Limitation
While doing this research study there were many limitation factors that were faced by
researcher. The main primary limitation was due to limited number of financial and fund
resources many problems were faced by the researcher. Another limitation that was faced during
the research was due to lack of authorization and unpaid versions many of the resources were not
used in order to fulfil the research objectives, many of the online sources which were appropriate
were not used and availed because there was lack of authorisation as well as some versions were
unpaid. Most of the information gathered was repetitive which created problem in analysis and
interpretation. These were some limitations that were faced during the completion of the research
study and due to which the final results of the research study were affected. Lastly due to limited
duration of time many other information were not used and analysed which would have made
this research paper more useful and accurate.
Rationale
For this research study, philosophy that will be used is positivism philosophy which will
help in analysing primary data that has been collected. In addition to that, the researcher will
undertake deductive approach because the role of female entrepreneurs in Restaurants will be
analysed by using motivation theories such as.

In this study, secondary data will be collected. At the time of collecting the secondary
data, recent articles will be collected so that the results of the study can become effective. The
articles will be collected from the database known as Google scholar. After collecting the data
from the article, it will be analysed by using themes. In this study, the research questions have
been answered in the literature review section.

Chapter 4-RESULTS/FINDINGS
Analytical techniques
Data analysis is one of the most important part of a research project in order to analyse all
the results and findings of the project. It can simple be defined as the process of applying
statistical data in order to organize, describe, represent, interpret and evaluate that data collected
from both secondary and primary data collection. It can also be described as a simple process of
evaluating and analysing data using logical and analytical reasoning and examining of all the
components of the provided and collected data. Analytical technique used in this research project
is for the secondary data that was collected through articles, journals etc.
In general if contribution of women entrepreneurs in all the sector is compared then it can
be said that contribution of females in all the sectors is good enough however if especially in
hospitality sector it is seen then their contribution is quite less as compared to contribution of
female entrepreneurs in other sectors. According to Albina Amin who role a research paper on
Women Entrepreneurship says that contribution of females entrepreneurs is much more in
manufacturing and trading sector while in service sector it is not much compared to other sectors
(Contribution of women entrepreneurship, 2018).
There are various sources of entrepreneurship in tourism industry where hospitality sector
has 100 percent potential for entrepreneurship. According to Dr Sherry Abraham's article on
Illustration 3: Contribution of female entrepreneurs in all the sectors.

“analysis of unlocking the potential talent of women entrepreneurs in the tourism and hospitality
sectors” potential for entrepreneurs is explained with the help of a graph where in hotel industry
is 100%, in restaurant industry it is 93% for both men and women. Hotels is considered to be one
of the most popular option chosen for business by entrepreneurs As it has the highest potential,
needs and requirements. Hospitality sector business has much potential to attract customers. This
is shown in the below graph in a clear manner.
In this hospitality sector opportunities for women is also much, both in terms of
entrepreneurship and employment. It is seen that women in hospitality sector has been successful
in entrepreneurship. Dr Sherry Abraham's article shows various kinds of motivational factors that
motivate women for entrepreneurship. She has explained these factors with the help of a graph
that is shown below which clearly says that ability, financial help, need for self employment are
one of the major factors that motivate women in this hospitality industry for entrepreneurship.
Other than these factors challenges and self satisfaction are also factors that play a major role in
motivating women entrepreneurs. According to this research article more than 50% of people
think that women has a greater need for self employment as compared to men.
Illustration 4: Sources of entrepreneurship

According to Himanshu Sharma who has done a research descriptive study on “
representation of Female in leadership role ” says that different organizations have rules and
regulation according to their ratio of male and female employees in their organizations. It is seen
that Females have potential in leading a department or a team as if in general it is seen then
leadership qualities in females is much more as compared to males. However, women are not
given much opportunities to prove themselves for the designation they deserve, for any kind of
managerial task or any other kind of opportunity that might help them in advancing in their
carriers. Women's normally face loads of difficulties in attaining the higher positions in an
organization however, when they attain that particular higher position in the upper level of the
management, attitude towards them is changed and they are treated in the same and equal
manner as men are treated at that particular potion. Researcher Himanshu conducted a survey for
percentage of top female officers or women in corporate offices at officer position in the top
position by fortune 500.
Illustration 5: Motivational factors for Women Entrepreneurs

It is also seen that human capital is one of the major factor that is required to be seen and
worked on for women entrepreneurs to run a successful business. There are various indicators
that should be worked on for women entrepreneurs to become successful. Dr Sherry Abraham's
article explain such factors which helps in identifying factors that will help in unlocking human
capital. It is shown in the below graph clearly where there are many factors that will help the
women entrepreneurs to unlock human capitals for running a successful business. Factors such as
providing training, better education, exploring related activities, by leveraging government
schemes for entrepreneurship etc. these factors help in unlocking human capitals for women
entrepreneurs for running a successful business.
Illustration 6: Women corporate officers and top earners at top position at corporate offices.

Dr Sherry Abraham's also says that women entrepreneurs always face problem in terms
of finance or funds in order to start their own business. She says that women entrepreneurs has
all the sources available that supports them in starting their own business but the support in terms
of finance that they should get from their friends and family is proportionately less than others.
In the below graph she has clearly shown the percentage of support that women entrepreneurs
get from their friends and family members with respect to all the other sources of finance that
they get for starting their own business.
Illustration 7: Unlock Human capital

In an article on women entrepreneurship, author has explained various kinds of sources
that women entrepreneurs can get for the social capital support. In the article it has been
explained that there are the least number of self-help groups and government departments that
focusses on helping or motivating women entrepreneurs so that they can run their own successful
business. In terms of social capital support friends and family members support women
entrepreneurs in many ways and contribute their 100% to support them. In the below graph
various sources from which social capital support can be provided to women entrepreneurs are
discussed and explained.
Illustration 8: Source of Financial Capital

According to Richita Jakhawal who has done research on “Women Participation in
hospitality industry” participation rate of women employees in hotel industry is much lower as
compared to male employees. According to her research which she had conducted on selected
number of 31 hotels with almost 1021 respondents, frequency and participation of women
employee is much lower as compared to male employees. In the below table she has clearly
shown the participation rate of both male and female employees in hotels.
Variables Frequency Percentage
Total number of male employee 998 96.77
Total number of female employees 33 3.23
Total 1021 100
Illustration 9: Sources of Social Capital

As per this table's data which was collected by Richita Jakhawal number of female employees
rate and frequency is much lower as compared to male employees. She has also explained this
with the help of a graph.
According to Richita, some hotels have separate male and female policies according to
their work and some do not and these policies are made according to the participation rate
women employees. If the participation of women employees is prominently lower as compared
to male employees them those hotels have male and female policies so that the participation
ration of both women and men is same. Such type of policies and laws also brings rewards and
benefits for both men and women as well in the below table hotels having male and female
policy is shown
Variables Frequency Percentage
Hotels having male-female employees policy 4 26.67
Hotels don't have male-female employees policy 11 73.33
Total 15 100
According to this table a graph has been made which is shown below.
Illustration 10: male and female employees frequency

According to an article by Robby Berman, women are 105 more hard working as
compared to women not only in hospitality industry but in other industries as well. He says that
contribution of women as compared to men is higher than man. However, still according to him
women are mostly given non-promotable tasks while men are mostly given promotable tasks that
is beneficial for the organization. The tasks given to women work as a barrier for women as
many of those tasks do not work as a contribution factor in their carrier advancement. This
clearly explains the typical stereotype of the society and organizations. According to the author it
has been observed that if both men and women start to work together them they are much more
efficient as compared to working individually.
Illu
stration 11: Hotels Having Male and Female Policy

According to Alisha Ahuja who has dome research on “Barriers to Career Advancement
of Women in the Hospitality Industry” there are many barriers that work as a hindrance for
women in terms of employment especially in hospitality sector. As per the view of Alisha those
barriers inhabit upward movement in carrier advancement especially for women employment in
hospitality industry. Due to this as women advances in their carrier these barriers continuously
increases as a result participation rate of women starts to decrease as they advance in their carrier
and decreases the competition for male employees. The researcher has done a survey in that
survey she has clearly shown a pipeline which demonstrates the participation rate of women
Illustration 12:
Contribution of men and women
Illustration 13:
men and Women working together

employees as they advance in their carrier or as they move on higher post. In the below graph
pipeline is shown which explains the decreasing participation rate of women employees as the
post and responsibilities increases. She has explained in her research the participation of women
in year 2012 and 2015 where it is clear that the participation of women is increasing very slowly
as compared to men.
From the above discussion and graph it is clear that both women employees and
entrepreneurs face many challenges in terms of finance and social capital etc. Due to such factors
participation of women is much lower as compared to men. For this secondary data analysis
various journal articles, research papers of different authors has been taken which explains the
role of female entrepreneurs and employees in the hospitality sector of UK in brief.
It has also been seen that presence of women entrepreneurs on social media is also
increasing continuously which has been inspiring others in many ways or in other words the use
of social media's demand in women entrepreneurs is increasing. Many women employees or
entrepreneurs have started to use social media whether it is Facebook, whatsapp, Instagram etc.
women entrepreneurs usage rate and presence is increasing on these platforms. They can easily
get in touch with others and increase their business. Not only this but in this way they have
successfully inspired and motivated other women to take a step forward towards employement or
Illustration 14: Women Employee's participation

towards entrepreneurship. According to Albina Amin who has written a research paper on
women entrepreneurship has shown a statistics in which usage percentage of social media by
women entrepreneurs has been shown and discussed.
Illustration 15: Usage rate of social media by
female entrepreneurs

Chapter 5- EVALUATION OF RESULTS
In this section secondary data that is analysed and literature review are compared,
evaluated and analysed. In this research project secondary data is collected with the help of
surveys, journal articles, research papers, books, online portals or websites etc. which is
completely described and analysed in the above part. In other words in this evaluation of result is
done i.e. The findings of this research project is analysed with the findings of literature review.
In the above results and findings part is analysed of the secondary data. All the secondary data
that has been analysed, evaluated are the data that has been collected from different researchers
research papers and all the data, tables available are the data collected by them.
As it has already been discussed in the Analysis section by Dr. Sherry Abraham that there
are various sources of entrepreneurship that can help women entrepreneurs to start their own
business and run it successfully in various sectors like hospitality, tourism etc. Out of all those
there is much scope for entrepreneurship for women in Hotel and restaurant industry. According
to her scope for entrepreneurship in these two industries is maximum however according to
Leitch, Welter and Henry women entrepreneurship is continuously increasing year by year
globally in all the sector. According to them gender biasness is continuously decreasing which
has helped the women to boost their carrier and move forwards towards self employment.
However, both the researcher thinks that scope for self employment of entrepreneurship for
women is much higher in hospitality sector as women can easily serve their customers in a better
way as compared to men which will help them to attract their customers in a better way.
Dr Sherry Abraham also says that motivational factors for women entrepreneurs are
many that helps in motivating female entrepreneurs in a better way to run a business. She says
that there are many factors such as self-satisfaction, challenges, multitasking ability, flexibility,
financial needs and need for self-employment. These factors have helped in motivating the
women entrepreneurs in many ways in establishing their business and has shown growth in
hospitality sector. This increment in women entrepreneurs has also helped in inspiring and
motivating other women as well. However, according to Langevang et al., many factors which
help in motivating women for entrepreneurship such as cultural, social, financial etc. By getting
motivated due to this factors participation rate of female entrepreneurs has increased and as a
result this has also helped in inspiring other women as well for both employment and
entrepreneurship. So it can be said that both the researchers believe that many factors that

motivate women entrepreneurs to run a successful business further helps in motivating women
for employment as well.
Dr. Sherry Abraham has also identified various factors that help in unlocking human
capital, work as source of financial support and social support. These various kinds of factors
help women entrepreneurs in running a successful business. According to her there are various
kinds of self-help groups, NGO's, government agencies that supports women entrepreneurs in
running a successful business. However, according to her many times families or friends are not
of much help in terms of support that should be provided to the women entrepreneurs. According
to Henry et al., there are various factors that helps in growth of female entrepreneurs especially
in hospitality sector. He also says that these factors not only help them or support women
entrepreneurs in running a successful business in hospitality sector but it also helps in growth of
this hospitality industry in many ways. According to both the researchers all such kinds of
supports are of great help in growth of women entrepreneurs.
As per the view of Alisha Ahuja there are various factors that work as a hindrance or as
barriers in the growth of women employment. She says that as the post increases or women
advances in their carriers participation rate of women starts to decrease continuously. This was
supported by Poggesi et al., who says that the social, economic and cultural factors that work as a
barrier in growth of women employees are the main reason in decreasing growth rate of women
employees. He says that the performance of the female employees is good however their
participation rate is less as compared to men especially in hospitality industry. So, according to
both the researcher this participation rate of female employees is less as compared to male. This
participation rate of women employees should be increased especially as they advance in their
carriers.
In the view of Himanshu Sharma women employees are not given much opportunities so
that they can advance in their carriers. Females in corporate offices faces partialities in such a
way that opportunities to grow and advance in their carriers is not given to them. researcher
Langevang has also explained all such factors that work as a hindrance for female employees
who wants to advance in their carriers. He says that there are many factors that hinders the
overall performance, opportunities of women employees in many ways. According to them the
overall ratio of female employees continuously decreases as women advances in their carriers
and this ratio remains almost same in all the sectors.

So, it can be said that there is no doubt that female entrepreneurs and employment in
hospitality industry has increased but there is still various kinds of social as well as economic
changes that are needed and required to be done in this industry for the development and growth
of women entrepreneurs. Factors that motivate or support female entrepreneurship and
employment should be improved so that women can focus on their carriers and become self
independent either by working as an employee or running their own business. Factors due to
which participation of female continuously decreases as they advance in their carriers should
also be looked after so that participation rate of both men and women is equal at whatever stage
of carrier they are.

Chapter 6-CONCLUSIONS
The above research project was carried out to analyse the influence and role of all the
female entrepreneurs in the restaurant industry of the UK. This research project was carried out
on 20 random female employees and entrepreneurs working in hospitality industry. Both
secondary and primary data was collected for this project. Primary data was collected with the
help of questionnaire and secondary data was collected through articles and journals about
female ventures in hospitality industry and for this research had also used google scholar in order
to find all the related articles and rest of the secondary data had been collected from academic
articles. From the above research project it has been concluded that today most of the women are
passionate about their work especially in hospitality industry. Female employment is
continuously growing in this sector as well as this has helped the hospitality sector to grow and
expand. According to this research it has also been seen that participation rate of females in
entrepreneurship in hospitality sector is also increasing year by year. According to all the graphs
based on questionnaire role of female employees is almost equivalent to male employees in this
industry. It has also been seen that female employees are more successful in managing and
maintaining both work life and personal family life.
However, the scenario becomes a bit discouraging when it comes to influence of female
entrepreneurs in hospitality industry As according to this research influence of male
entrepreneurs is much higher as compared to female entrepreneurs. Also, there are various social
and economic factors that work as a hindrance in the growth of female entrepreneurs and due to
these promotions and increments to female employees are given in a much lesser amount as
compared to male employees. Most of the organizations in this hospitality industry prefer male
employees over female employees and if they select female employees they are paid quite less as
compared to male employees.

Chapter 7-RECOMMENDATIONS
Here are following recommendations based on the analysis that is done above using both
secondary and primary data collection method. Secondary data is based on the literature review.
It is recommended that organizations in this industry should update their policies, guidelines as
well as training method for both male and female employees as according to the above analysis
and results females are more passionate and enthusiastic for working in this industry with more
dedication towards their work. According to a survey number of women entrepreneurs in
hospitality industry is continuously growing which shows that female employees are no less than
male employees so they should be treated equally both in terms of work, growth, increment and
promotion. This can only be achieved by changing organizations policies and guidelines
equivalently for both male and female employees. It is also recommended that various kinds of
seminars and conferences should be organized in order to promote female employment and
entrepreneurship especially in hospitality sector so that the participation rate of females in this
sector can be increased and more number of females can be motivated to peruse their carrier
either as employees or as entrepreneurs in hospitality sector and participation rate of females as
employees or entrepreneurs can be increased. In order to increase the productivity of hospitality
industry females should be promoted more so that they can get self motivated and opt managerial
or responsible jobs in this industry. All the social or economical factors should be tried to be
removed which work as a hindrance in terms of female growth employees as well as
entrepreneurs in this industry. This can only be done by changing the mindset and mentality of
people, so that without any hindrance females can participate as entrepreneurs or employees in
hospitality industry.

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