Health and Social Care Research Review

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of various health research papers, including studies on breast cancer statistics, HIV prevention, and the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research. The review will also consider the social determinants of health, factors that promote or hinder joint working between health and social care services, and the role of a diverse workforce in addressing health disparities. A critical evaluation of the research papers will be presented, highlighting key findings, implications for practice, and recommendations for future research.

The Role of Public Health in
Health and Social Care

INTRODUCTION
The public health agencies which are working within cities and among local communities
are very much important as they are responsible for protecting, assessing and assuring individual
or health of communities in total (Brett, Tysall and Suleman, 2014). There is a vital role to be
played by these public health agencies which are working at local, national and international
level in their maximizing efforts of reducing illness and injuries. There are several public health
agencies working within UK like such as Department of Health or Public Health England.
Further, WHO that is the world’s largest organisation for preventing diseases and illness.
This report will shed light on statistical data for two of the most prominent diseases namely
HIV and Breast cancer which are affecting UK people. The roles played by international,
national and local level authorities will be explained in this report in respect of identification of
health and disease level among the people resides in London.
TASK 1
1.1 Explaining the role played by WHO, Department of Health or Public Health England and
Local Authorities in identification of health and disease in communities
Public health organisations are very much essential in the context of determining the
level of prominent disease into local people of a specified region so that they could further help
in assisting them. The public health professional are working with local people and communities
that would be affecting wellbeing and health of individuals, communities and families as well
(Betancourt and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, 2016). There are various authorities who are
working at local, national and international level. All such authorities are involved in promoting,
preventing, providing care and organising awareness campaign for the people. Through this, they
persuade people about the symptoms, causes and preventive measures associated with disease.
The role of concerned public health care authorities are numerated below:
International level- WHO
World Health Organisation is the largest intergovernmental and international authority
which is involved in undertaking and identifying the health and disease within communities
across the world. WHO was established on 7th April 1948 with a motive to directing and
coordinating with United Nations. Its principle role includes providing leadership and guidance
on matters related to health and social care among people of all nation. They will be helping in
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research and stimulating, generating, translation and giving out knowledge with setting up norms
and standards of promoting implementation of policies.
National Level- Department of Health
This is the nationwide operating public health organisation that is working since 1988 in
UK and its related areas (Rosen, 2015). Department of Health is accountable for developing
policy in relation to health and adult social care matters within London. They develop policies by
taking into account stating guidelines which in turn ensures high quality care services and
thereby meets expectation of communities and individuals as well.
Local level Local authorities- CCGs
Clinical Commissioning Group (CCGs) is the organisation that is working at local level
of London which was set up by Health and Social Care Act (2012) and then organised by NHS in
England. This authority is involved in working with patients and healthcare professional at
global level. Further, it is coming with partnership, hospitals and local health care providers as
well. Along with this, it focuses on identifying people with health issues or and disease within
communities.
1.2 Explaining epidemiology of HIV and Breast Cancer in UK
Epidemiology may be presented as a branch of medicine which involved in dealing with
incidence, distribution and control of diseases (Manners, 2017). It also emphasizes on other
factors which are highly associated with health aspects. According to this, professionals are
entitled to collect, study and analyse statistical data in relation to the number of people affected
by specified disease. This in turn helps in providing local, national and international
organisations with information about diseases. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is
recognized as widely spread infectious disease. In UK, about 6095 people were diagnosed with
HIV in year 2015. The rate is very much higher than other western European nations in the same
year.
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Figure 1: HIV statistics by gender
[Source: Breast cancer statistics. 2018]
Within this 69% of them are men and 31% of them are women while the prevalence is highest
among bisexual and gay which is estimated to 1 among 7 living with HIV. 88769 people
including 315 children below 15 years received the specialist care in year 2015. Hence,
significant growth was found in the number or people having HIV which is to 73% between
periods of 2006-2015 (Bowling, 2014). Based on ethnicity data there are about 55.2% of white
people who are receiving effectual and prompt care of HIV while only 1/3rd is that of black
African people.
Figure 2: HIV statistics by ethnicity
[Source: Breast cancer statistics. 2018]
On the other hand, breast cancer is developed within the tissue of breast which is non-
infectious disease. By doing assessment, it has found that around 80% of the cases regarding
breast cancer occur after the age of 50 women. Nevertheless, with regards to breast cancer,
comparatively men are at lower risk (Breast cancer in women- Prevention, 2018). As per the
statistics of Cancer Research, in the year of 2015, there were 55122 new cases of breast cancer,
from which about 11563 deaths were reported in 2016.
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Figure 3: Breast Cancer statistics
[Source: HIV IN THE UK STATISTICS. 2015]
This indicates that breast cancer is the most common disease in UK. Moreover, in the
cancer category, 15% cases of the cancer is related to that of breast only. From assessment, only
370 cases whole have been observed in relation to breast cancer among men. On the other side,
in women, it accounted for only 54800 in the year of 2015. The white women living in UK are
most affected by it than the black and Asian females (Braveman and Gottlieb, 2014). There are
11400 deaths of patients suffering from breast cancer in UK each year while 78% of them, could
survive till 10 or more years after diagnosed with it. In addition to this, 81% of patients who are
diagnosed by breast cancer undergo with surgery of tumour removal which is part of primary
cancer treatment.
1.3 Evaluate effectiveness of different approaches and strategies used to control HIV and Breast
Cancer
Screening:
Mammography implies for the treatment method which is used by NHS forcontrolling
breast Cancer taking place among women and men. It helps in recognizing risk associated with
the disease of breast cancer. This is the breast cancer screening which emphasizes on identify
and diagnose breast cancer at earlier stages only with its earlier detection. While in HIV Indirect
Fluorescent Antibody test (IFA) may be served as a technique which is adopted for detecting
antibodies which in turn contributes in fighting with HIV infection. On the basis of this test, if
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result is positive them it shows that person is suffering from HIV but further tests need to be
conducted.
Immunisation:
There is no vaccination is present that could prevent HIV infection or there is no
treatment as well. While it is worth noticing that scientist are working upon developing
immunisation or vaccination (Brownson, 2017). The vaccine trial which is called to as HVTN
702 that is used to test or experiment HIV infection within the adults of South Africa. On the
other side, at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Centre immunisation was developed by Dr. Leisha
Emens. It is widely used vaccination for breast cancer.
Health education:
The risk of breast cancer is mostly found in 60% cases who are smoking for more than 30
years. The breast cancer health education program would be giving women education on how to
prevent breast cancer at early stage that includes online training modules, in person training
sessions and materials provided at events as well. The National Breast Cancer Foundation is that
partner which provides one of the best breast cancer education and early detection of disease
among women and men as well. While in case of HIV the training or education program must be
given at very early stage of life at schools and colleges so that students could be able to learn
about it (Cohen, Pilotto and Godbole, 2016). Online training and learning program about the
disease would also be helping in providing them knowledge about how issues regarding cancer
can be prevented and avoided. NHS is making their efforts in educating the youths of the country
the causes and effects of having sexual intercourse without the prevention been provided.
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TASK 2
2.1. Current Priorities for prevention and control of disease and risk factor in UK.
Burden of disease has the great impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost,
mortality, morbidity, or other indicators. It is often quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life
years or disability-adjusted life years, both of which quantify the number of years lost due to
disease. HIV aids and Breast cancer is also included in the burden of disease. The concept of
burden of disease is given by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in order to describe death
as well as loss of health due to disease, injuries as well as the risk factor in UK as well as all over
the world. Estimation of burden of disease plays a significant role in global improvement of
health. It is also very important that policies and strategies of health should be based on accurate
as well as meaningful health information (Green and Thorogood, 2018).
There is a formula of calculating burden of disease DALY= YLL+YLD. The estimation
of burden of disease is done by adding together, the number of years of life of person loses
(YLL) and the number of year a person lives there life with disability caused by the disease
(YLD).
Prevention and Control of breast cancer and HIV aids
Prevention and control of disease is very important. There are three steps in controlling
and preventing breast cancer and HIV Aids.
Primary Prevention- This is the beginning stage of a disease. Patient who is suffering
from Breast Cancer and HIV Aids. Both these disease needs specialized medical care for people
with serious illness. Patient who is suffering from these diseases should eat health diet so that
they do not feel weaknesses in there body.
Secondary Prevention- It tries to intervene and hopefully put an end of the disease before
it fully develops. At this stage, patients tries to reduce the increasing of disease. There is no
vaccination of both these diseases but there treatment available for living a smooth life. They
should go for check-ups.
Tertiary Prevention- This is the stage where the disease is wholly spread in the body. It
refers to interventions that are designed to arrest the progress of disease (HIV and Breast cancer)
as well as to control its negative consequences.

2.2. Explain the relationship between the prevalence of Breast cancer or HIV in relation to the
requirements of health services to support individuals with the above illnesses.
There is direct relationship between the prevalence of Breast cancer or HIV in relation to
the requirements of health services to support patients are as follows-
Planning- Planning is very important for reducing the impact of the disease. WHO is
organizing campaigns and educating people so that they knowing and understanding the impact
and how to get rid of these diseases (Brownson, 2017).
Funding- Funding is also very essential part because there are many people who does not
have enough money to get effective treatment of the disease. WHO is giving huge amount of
funds to organizations and also providing free treatment for breast cancer and HIV.
Facilities- This is also one of the most important things for the person who are suffering
form these diseases. WHO and government of UK are giving facilities to the people like they are
offering free medicines for treat
ment.
2.3. Analyses the impact lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise and substance use have on future
needs for health and social care services.
Diet- Diet is very important need for a better heath and social care. Good nutrition is an
important part of life (Jackson and Gracia, 2014). Combined with physical activity diet also help
to reach and maintain a healthy weight, reduce your risk of chronic diseases (like heart disease
and cancer), and promote your overall health.
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Exercise- This is also one of the most important part of health and social care as it
improves the heath of people and reduces the risk of developing several diseases such as HIV,
Breast cancer etc. It also improves the quality fo life of person.
Minimizing alcohol use- this choice also impacts the lifestyle of the person and its
future needs for health and social care services. This will improve the lifestyle of the business as
the individual will now live a good and pleasant life as they do not drink now and this will
increase the health and well-being of the individual.
Avoid smoking- this step also ensures good life style for the individual as smoking harms
the health of the person and this impact the over all well-being of the person. Therefore, this
harms the lifestyle of the individual. Now when the individual quits smoking then this changes
the life of the person in a postive way which improves the health of the individual.
TASK 3
3.1 Assessing health and wellbeing priorities for individual living in London
City of London will be having legal duty of conducting the annual Joint Strategic Need
Assessment (JSNA) that would involve NHS with other local partner so that health and
wellbeing of people could be ensured. The priorities for any individual living within the city of
London like that of safety, security, mobility, hygiene, and diet, social, emotional and intellectual
need as well. This can be ensured by reducing the level of harmful drinking, drugs, smoking, and
obesity. Hence. Through making focus on improving diets and by giving children healthy start in
life risk regarding diseases can be avoided. .
There are about 61.9% adults and 28% of children within London who are suffering from
obesity. Further, such people face greater risk in relation to having type 2 diabetes and other
heart disease. Thus by 2020 JSNA is planning to lower down the negative impact of obesity.
Thus, focus is placed on decreasing the excessive weight into adults and children between 2-15
(DeSantis, Smith and Jemal, 2016). It is required that people should be focusing more on their
healthy living and eating low calorie food. Like the priority of health and wellbeing in case of
Nottinghamshire is to work together with children, people and other local community by
educating them. Their aim is to reduce the number of people smoking and intake of alcohol as
well.
The health and well- being board play and important role on prioritizing the health of the
residents of London. For this the board has to play a challenging role for delivering quality
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services and action focused leadership to remove all the barriers coming in way of maintaining a
healthy and robust well- being. The Joint Health and Well- being Strategy of City of London
Corporation states that the guiding principles for maintaining the health and well- being of the
individual of city of London (Plough, 2015). These principles are like providing for good mental
health for every individual, providing for a healthy urban environment, effective integration of
health and social care, promoting healthy behaviours amng the individual of city of London.
3.2 Evaluating effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies for breast cancer and HIV
In way of above mentioned health priorities there are certain strategies or system that
would help in ensuring health and wellbeing of people suffering from HIV and breast cancer.
Some of the strategies, policies and systems are as follows:
Provision of services:
There must be complete provision of service related to HIV and breast cancer so that
people could be able to avail all service and treatment on timely bases. The provision of service
means access of treatment, funds for treatment, quality and all availability of facilities which are
required for the patients into treatment of disease (Cameron, Bostock and Coomber, 2014). It is
required that Department of Health or Clinical Commissioning Group (CCGs) are making their
own efforts for providing patients with the treatments and services they require.
Complaint policies:
The policy and procedure for customer’s complaint within the business unit (NHS) must
be effectual. With the motive to improve service quality and evolve high level of satisfaction
among the customers NHS focuses on resolving customer’s compliant within the suitable time
period.
Involvement of friends and family:
This is very much important for any patient who suffering from either infectious or non-
infectious disease. If they are getting care, love and respect with their family and friends then it
will be possible that they are recovering from the pain and suffering on faster and efficient
manner. The involvement of family and friends within treatment and recovery period of patients
is very much essential so that service could be provided in more effective manner.
3.3 Discussing changes that are made to improve health wellbeing of individuals
In way of improving health and wellbeing of people living in London efforts must be laid
down on local, national and international level as well. As it is included that number of people
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suffering from obesity in London is very high which are causing to higher risk of heart disease
(World Health Organization, 2015). So efforts must be made in every possible manner it could
be in way of decreasing obesity among people of London like that of:
Health education:
This is the primary effort which could be laid down on local, national and international
level in way of spreading awareness related to this disease and its side effects. Education should
be given to student in school as 28% of children between ages 2-15 are overweight so that they
are aware of what to eat and what to avoid. This is concern with spreading awareness about
healthy eating, healthy living and exercising as well (Braveman and Gottlieb, 2014). They should
know about obesity management which would help them to lower down their risk of getting
obese and prone to disease.
Health promotion:
Healthy living and healthy eating, showing lot of advertisement that is promoting health
and road shows for educating youth and people of city is very much essential. It is important that
societies, communities and health organisations are promoting health which will help people to
get educated about it certainly.
Consultation and input from specialist:
This is also another type of change which must be laid to improve health and wellbeing
of people living into London (Beard and Bloom, 2015). If there are consulting agents who could
be able to guide people in their healthy living lifestyle then this becomes easy for them to lower
down this increasing rate of cases of obesity.
3.4 Evaluating an activity that has been implemented to encourage behaviour change for
maximising health for individuals living in London
Smoking is regarded to increasing problem for people of all age including children, youth
and older age within London. There are many activities and promotional campaign that are
launched for promoting people to quit smoking. the Smoking Cessation Programme’
implemented by the National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training (NCSCT) for
promoting people not to smoke is one of them. As this centre is working for tobacco control
program and smoking cessation intervention so that people could stop smoking at any place. As
per the record of WHO 3 million deaths annually in all over world is due to smoking which
comprise of 6% of total deaths (Rosen, 2015). This is expected to rise in 2020 by 10.9% in
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developing and 17.7% in develop countries of world. There are number of disease which is
associated with this habit of smoking or in taking tobacco by any means like that of respiratory,
lung cancer, oral cavity cancer, and coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular and
cerebrovascular disease. For this they also launched online course for e-cigarettes which will
help people in quitting smoking
CONCLUSION
From the above report on evaluating the role of health and social care within promoting
health and wellbeing it can be concluded that in promoting healthy living and eating it is required
to aware people. It can be seen in the report that WHO and Department of Health are the main
organizations which promoting wellbeing of people in the city. Further it can be summarized that
screening in breast cancer is the best method of controlling the disease while health education is
the best method of controlling HIV and AIDS.
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REFERENCE
Books and Journals:
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