Theory of Learning and Teaching

This project report explores the theory of learning and teaching, focusing on the modes of learning such as visual, auditory, reading, and writing. It discusses the behaviorism theory and its concepts of classical and operant conditioning. It also delves into the constructivism theory and its emphasis on creating knowledge through experience. The report highlights the benefits and limitations of both theories and emphasizes the importance of building relationships between teachers and students.

Theory of learning and
teaching

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Mode pf learning..........................................................................................................................1
Theories of Learning....................................................................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Theory of learning and teaching refers to process of retain and receive knowledge of
learning. There various factors which play important role in emotional, cognitive and
environmental experience and influence which play important role in understanding and
acquiring knowledge (Bartels and Wagenaar, 2018). There are various modes of learning
including visual, reading and writing. Visual modes of leaning include learning through visual
charts and diagram whereas auditory learning include learning through hearing information of
vocals. This project includes study of theory of learning and teaching which helps to enhance
knowledge about modes of learning as well as teaching. This project report includes modes of
leaning including visual, auditory, reading and writing. It also includes theory of learning like
behaviourism, constructive.
Mode pf learning
There are various modes of learning like visual, auditory, writing and reading, kinesthetic
are used in classroom observation (Canboy, et. al. 2016). All these modes play important role in
providing classroom learning to students. These modes of leaning help teacher to provide
education effectively are as follows:
Visual leaning: Visual learning are for students who internalise information when
presented in graphic depiction by using effective symbol to enhance knowledge of learner. It
includes arrow carts, diagram as well as other visualisation in information hierarchy, It is not
necessary to include photograph and videos. As visual learners are more holistic who are best to
process information when used to present information. They result in positive outcome of
education when using charts as well as other diagram to present information n different slider of
knowledge and information.
Auditory learning; It is most effective as well as successive ode as it provides opportunity
to hear information which presented vocally (Lambert, 2019). In his type of mode, students are
often chosen to avoid preparing notes and maintain attention to auditory learning about educators
are less attentive in compare to their students. In this type of mode, learners have decided to pay
attention to learn rather than notes making as they believe their attention is more valuable than
notes making. It includes two ways transmission as students who prefer to choose this kind of
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learning will get success in different activities as they are capable to discuss study material
vocally and are able to read their written work as that assist them to think their thoughts.
Both of these modes help in theory of learning as these modes helps interaction with
students and establish relationship. These relationships assist educator to understand requirement
and behaviour of student. It also helps in measure and assess skills and knowledge of students to
teacher and allow them to put use effective methods to enhance knowledge of students.
Theories of Learning
Learning theory refers to a they which helps to a student in retain, receive knowledge
throughout roves of learning (Larsen-Freeman, 2017). It includes various theories that are
adopted by teacher which provide knowledge to student are as follows:
Behaviourism: Behaviourism theory is introduced in the year 1913 by John B. Watson who is a
behaviourist and is known as father of Behaviourism is a theory of learning which is based on
changes in observable behaviour of individual. In include changes in what an individual is saying
or doing and is also called behavioural psychology (Larsen-Freeman, VanPatten and Williams,
2017). It focuses on concept that than an individual behaviour is influenced with condition.
Conditioning emerge through interaction of individual with environment. Response of a person
to its environment is responsible for action of individual. Behaviour of student is studies through
systematic manner instead of mental status. This theory only includes observable behaviour and
consider emotions, mods and cognitions as subjective. This theory also include that an individual
can be trained through task instead of family background, internal thoughts and personality trait.
In this theory, two concepts are involved namely classical conditioning and Operant
conditioning.
Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning refer to a tool used by pairing of neutral
stimuli with naturally stimulus in behavioural training. Neutral stimulus is those which comes in
from same response like natural stimulus with even occurring of naturally stimulus presenting
itself. This stage includes three phase which are associated with stimulus known as conditioned
stimulus and their behaviour is also known as conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning: It is focus on consequences that affect behaviour in time. For
instance, a teacher compliments a student for their comment in group discussion, there are more
chances of getting such goo comments from student in future. The research of operating
conditioning is first done with animal and after with humans. Research with human is done in
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classroom and there is various example of that kind of research conduct on students which affect
their behaviour. For instance, a student is doing an assignment who is usually sits restless. The
teach compliment him for doing their homework. This is a condition of reinforcement and
operant learning include various points. First Operant conditioning include process extensive in
classroom is more extensive than a teacher feels. This fact is based on teaching of teacher is
about certain consequences-based in engagement of student activity. Second operant learning
includes natural happening in imaginable classroom and not confined to grades, subject and area.
Third, Teacher alone cannot control reinforcement but they sometimes are controlled through
activities itself. It also includes two types of motivation including intrinsic motivation and
extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is encouraging in operant conditioning to extent as
reinforcement of an activity is activity itself, for instance in classroom a student is reading a
book and they enjoy it than that reading is intrinsic motivation of student. Another motivation is
a result of behaviour of a person.
Benefit of behaviourism theory: Benefit of behaviourism theory is that it provides
ability to measure and observe behaviour of a individual. In terms of teaching and learning, it
helps to measure and observe behaviour of student which helps teacher (Wallace, Kelcey and
Ruzek, 2016). It is based on observation that helps to collect data to conduct research. It helps
teacher to identify harmful behaviour in child as well as adults.
Limitation of Behaviourism theory: Limitation of this approach is that it is one
dimensional approach and behavioural theory do not responsible for will as well as internal
influence like thoughts and moods. It is not including other type of learning without
reinforcement as well as punishments.
Constructivism: Behavioural learning theory is beneficial in influencing and understanding
student’s behaviour but failed to provide information about thinking of student and ways of
enhancing thinking of students (Lee and Schallert, 2016). For fulfil this requirement, teachers
can use constructivism which is based on learning perspective. This theory is focus on concept of
ways in which student create knowledge throughout experience. This theory is based on
difference between a student build knowledge independently who their learning through people
who are expert from them and helps learner in their efforts. This theory is also known as social
constructive and psychological constructivism. This theory is focused towards thinking of
students instead of their behaviour. It includes two constructivism which are as follows:
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 Psychological Constructivism: The idea behind psychological constructive is that an
individual is learn through organisation and recognition of information in mentally of
new information of through experience. This metal organisation is done through
experience with knowledge which is understood and meaningful.
 Social Constructivism: Social Constructivism is focused on interaction and relationship
between learner and person who has more knowledge and experience.
Role of teacher in Psychological and social constructivism: Psychological and social
constructive are different concept as both re based on different ways of teaching (Lloyd, 2017).
The difference is based on idea including relationship of long-term development and learning,
role of generalisation during process of development and mechanism which through which
development occurs. This process are as follows:
 Relationship of earning and development of child: In psychological constructivism, it
is based on way that ability of child to learn is depend on long term development. Early
stage of life of child are self-centred and dependent on sensory of child which monitor
interaction of environment. The child is learned little language skill at initial level
through reacting and acting to their surroundings. This limits ability of child to learn
through development process they learn more language skills in by school.
 Role of generalisation and abstraction during development: With consistent idea,
psychological constructive include limited role of abstract reasoning in life stage of
children including youth ad adult stage. Such type of reasoning is helpful in growth years
of interaction with environment.
 Howe development occur: Development refers to a thought because of interplay
between child and youth that is required to develop new experience. Teacher plays a vary
important role in development of a student by confronting with sights, ideas and action.
Benefits of Constructivism theory: This Theory is beneficial in learning as it is based on
sensory inputs which is overlooked by traditional teachers to increase knowledge of their
students (Nassaji, 2016). In traditional ways, students are sitting in lectures given by teachers and
prepare notes along with take test. This method is beneficial as student is more involved in this
type of method and exist in classroom and teachers are involved to provide education. This
process includes using all sense and students are not passive participants but are actively
involved. Constructive theory of teaching and learning helps in special education programs. It is
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an effective method as it satisfies special needs of learning. Some student is highly skilled but
cannot take traditional method and it include active participation of student as well as learning
process to encourage ideas.
Limitation of Constructivism theory: The limitation of this theory is that it has lack of
structure. There are some students who require structure environment for enhancement of their
skills and capabilities (So, 2016). This theory is based on knowledge of student and remove
grading in previous methods. It is more emphasis of evaluation value of student to evaluate their
learning progress. It has main disadvantage in terms of it make student confuse as well as
frustrated as it does not have ability to build relationship.
Both of these theories help can be used as a tool which helps to complex issues like race,
discrimination, class, gender, family community. Teacher need to adopt effective theory to avoid
these issue n classroom as well as society. These theories help to build relationship between
student and teacher which influence their behaviour. Teacher provide basic learning to their
students which helps to build character and behavioural action of their student. They can teach
them about how to overcome thee issues ad teach them lesson of equality which is upper from
race, discrimination, gender, family and community.
CONCLUSION
From above mentioned project report it can be concluded that teaching and learning includes
various theories like behaviourism and constructivism. Behaviourism theory is based on thought
that behaviour of a person acquired through conditioning. Main focus of this throaty is based on
observation and measure behaviour of individual person but drawback of this theory is that it
does not consider thoughts and moods. Constructive theory is a kind of theory which is focused
on creation of knowledge through experience. The strength of this theory is based on idea that it
emphasis on sensory input which is under looked by traditional teachers. It is effective theory for
learning and teaching. Limitation of theory is that it has lack of structure and it is important to
provide high structure environment to students to increase their knowledge. This theory does not
allow to form relationship and increase knowledge which they already learn. These theory helps
a teacher to understand behaviour of student which helps them to enhance skills of student. It
also allows to build a relation between teacher and student which in turn result in better teaching
and increase knowledge of students.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bartels, K.P. and Wagenaar, H., 2018. Doubt and excitement: An experiential learning approach
to teaching the practice of qualitative research. Qualitative Research. 18(2). pp.191-206.
Canboy, B., et. al. 2016. ‘Module 9’: a new course to help students develop interdisciplinary
projects using the framework of experiential learning theory. Innovations in Education and
Teaching International. 53(4) pp.445-457.
Lambert, M., 2019. Grounded theory. Practical Research Methods in Education: An Early
Researcher’s Critical Guide.
Larsen-Freeman, D., 2017. Just learning. Language teaching. 50(3). pp.425-437.
Larsen-Freeman, D., VanPatten, B. and Williams, J., 2017. Complexity theory. Complexity
theory and language development in celebration of Diane Larsen-freeman, pp.11-50.
Lee, S. and Schallert, D.L., 2016. Becoming a teacher: Coordinating past, present, and future
selves with perspectival understandings about teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education. 56.
pp.72-83.
Lloyd, A., 2017. Information literacy and literacies of information: A mid-range theory and
model. Journal of Information Literacy. 11(1).
Nassaji, H., 2016. Anniversary article Interactional feedback in second language teaching and
learning: A synthesis and analysis of current research. Language Teaching Research. 20(4).
pp.535-562.
So, S., 2016. Mobile instant messaging support for teaching and learning in higher
education. The Internet and Higher Education. 31. pp.32-42.
Wallace, T.L., Kelcey, B. and Ruzek, E., 2016. What can student perception surveys tell us about
teaching? Empirically testing the underlying structure of the tripod student perception
survey. American Educational Research Journal. 53(6). pp.1834-1868.
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