Unit 502: Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report covers various theories, principles and models of learning and how they can be applied in teaching and assessment. It also discusses the importance of effective communication in education and explores communication models such as Shannon Weaver and Johari Window. The report emphasizes the need for individual learning plans and skills development for students. The report is relevant to Unit 502: Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training.

Unit 502: Theories,
Principles and Models
in Education and
Training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Learning theories and principles plays a crucial role as it allows teacher to understand that in
what manner they are students can learn. There is various type of learning methods which
teachers can develop more comprehensive learning strategies in order to help students to find
success in their respective education. Learning theories provides with an explanation of why
something occur and how. It facilitates in understanding both terms that how knowledge is
created and how different people learn from it. There are various educational models principles
and theories which help in providing development of knowledge in an individual. Some of the
examples of educational learning process are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
which helps in understanding the learning process (Bates, 2019).
This project report will cover analyzation of various theories models and principles of
learning and how they can be applied into teaching and learning along with assessment. Further
it will include theories models and principles of communication of Human Resource and how it
can be applied to teaching and learning and assessment. In addition to that it will cover models of
assessment and ways by which theories and models can be applied in assessing learning at last it
will include models and theories of reflection and evaluation and ways by which these theories
and models of reflection along with evaluation on own practice
TASK 1
Theories, principles and model of learning
Robert Gagne Theory analysis
Gagne’s model of instructional design is based on the key information processing model
of various mental events Which of course when people are presented with different stimuli along
with focusing on learning outcome and to formulate or organise specific instructional events in
order to achieve those outcomes. This model can be used in teaching as instructional events
refers to action of both learner and teacher during the teaching session. It is important to select
appropriate events along with proper formulation of planning in an organised and right format
what is successful lesson design (Dengel, and et.al., 2021). Robert Gagne may be referred to one
of the foremost contributor which allows and systematic approach of instructional design where

is its theory facilitates in providing numerous valuable ideas for teachers and trainers. This
model is based on information processing and mental events. There are various steps involved in
this model such as gaining attention, informing learners of objective, presenting a stimulus
material, evaluation of performance and taking of corrective action.
Application of theories, principles in teaching and learning
◦ Gaining attention – When students arrive in the class, it is needed to capture their attention
along with interest to words learning. This can be done through starting with the lesson or with
an interesting fact as it will create a sense of learning among students.
◦ Informing the learner of objective – While taking lectures in class, learner should encounter
with the list of learning objectives as it initiates with an internal process of expectancy as well as
facilitates in motivating learner to complete his lesson. Teachers must ensure that students have a
reliable and realistic objective so that we can complete his lesson effectively.
◦ Stimulating of recall learning – Students having prior knowledge of lesson makes it easier the
learning process. We can observe more information if they have prior knowledge of lesson.
◦ Presentation of stimulus material – In this stage teacher should present new content in front
of learner. The content must be structured meaningfully, demonstrated and explained by using
various media. There are various technological tools which makes learning process easier.
◦ providing learning guidance- In these stage teachers should provide with correct performance
along with me giving suggestions by using various examples, graphical representations and case
studies (Duchesne and McMaugh, 2018).
◦ Providing feedback – it is needed to observe the performance of each learner in order to
provide with corrective measures so that he can be more productive. By providing immediate
feedback, it helps learner in assessing his weakness and can take actions to overcome from those
weaknesses.
◦ In Scaffolding learning theory, Teachers support students at the initial stage and then step
backward, known as scaffolding. What are the initial stage teacher supports students in various
ways such as instructing and guiding and when he feels that learners no longer need any support,
and then takes step backward?

Analyzation of models of learning preferences
There are various models of learning preferences and the theory is based on neuro
linguistic program settings. This theory states that there are various styles of learning such as
kinaesthetic, audio and visual. According to Honey and Mumford’s four main styles of learning
or reflectors, active, theorists and pragmatics. Students can be categorised in various styles.
Learning preferences are very crucial to acknowledge in classroom as it requires different
techniques to be combined in order to enhance learning of students. This practice in classroom
does not only support flow of students but helps in motivating in putting extra efforts. It keeps
the students actively and creates a multi-sensory or Foster environment so that students can learn
in an effective manner.
The multi-sensory teaching style is used in teaching of art. By offering this style, students are
able to touch in various materials and then visually supported by previous explanations. Along
with all the presentations, visualisation in lessons has seen better understanding. In addition to
that and inclusive learning mode must be applied within the learning environment in which
students can continuously stimulated by delivering engaging questions (Fogel, 2017).
While on the other hand teaching is not a one-way path and in return, students should ask
questions and provide with feedback.
Teachers, lecturers and instructor or known to have undergo with online sessions based on
theories, models and principles. This helps in making teachers more effective and initiate success
by learning the stories. There are various programmes on how to train teachers so that they can

increase their efficiency and facilitates in better delivering human resource lectures. By having a
well-designed program which is based on competency is considered as a better way of helping
students to learn better. Various set of learning tools which are needed for the students in order to
enhance their existing skills and to learn new skills.
Individual learning plans
Students are provided with a duty of introducing their own plans and learning styles. The
teacher has to encourage students to come up with their suitable learning plans which make
learning process convenient and efficient for them. It will help in enhancing their abilities and
comprehension while delivering lectures. As students are creative and they come up with their
own strategies in order to manage their learning. By having one learning styles and plans, it helps
students in gaining knowledge in a better and effective way. It makes the learning process
smoother and they can polish their existing skills (Gillespie and Schiffman, 2018).
Turning can effectively takes place when the lightest strategies are being identified and
correctly applied. So it is needed to acquire knowledge and it should be relevant theories, models
and principles of learning put in place in order to ensure that absolute acquisition and
understanding. These theories, models and principles can be of different forms depends on what
is needed to be learnt and why they are to be applied. Procedural versus declarative knowledge
and declarative knowledge involves the factual knowledge and information that an individual
possess. While on the other hand, procedure and knowledge may be referred as the knowledge
on how to perform on specific activities. According to Enderson, all the knowledge was firstly
initiated as the credit to knowledge but procedural knowledge is acquired by existing knowledge
as it is done without any attention and reason why things are being done. It is needed for
lecturers to use both declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge for making effective
lectures. Declivity knowledge provides with a platform for procedure and knowledge. The facts
and information given to students about human resource is to learn and can be retained by them.
It helps in encouraging dependency. This theory is based on authoritative instruction.
Skills development – It is important to improve the skills of students in order to make a Moj
productive studies. His place in important role as it allowed to grab various opportunities and can
make their future bright (Griffin, 2018). It can be developed when certain principles are put in

place. It is categorised into intellectual skills, verbal information and cognitive strategies. Each
of the learning type requires specific condition which may be internal or external. It reflects that
cognitive strategies of students can be enhanced by creating a space for them along with
practising of new solution to challenges or problems. Learning task for intellectual skills for
students can be organised in a top to bottom manner by complexity according to stimulus
recognition, procedure following discrimination. Gagne Theory helps in outlining the
instructional events with corresponding cognitive processes which facilitation enhancement of
retention in transfer.
Analysis of models of learning preferences
Gardners multiple intelligences
Gardner believes that IQ is not an appropriate yardstick used for measuring intelligence. He
proposes that without having productivity, having high IQ amount to nothing. Later on, we have
developed various criteria in all the Best to Nisha capacity as “intelligence “. They generated
multiple intelligences which are common resources used for effective learning the common type
of intelligence which are known, reinforced and logical intelligence. In visual spatial
intelligence, it involves perceiving the world around oneself wrong with trying to create a
similarity of such world by using activities that portrays pictures, mind mapping and colour
schemes. In verbal linguistic intelligence, which includes the ability to analyse the collected
information by seeing and reading words (Medin, 2019)
TASK 2
Theories, models and principles of communication
Communication is considered as an essential element of teaching as it allows interaction between
teacher and students. The utmost and most common communicational model involves a sender
who conveys or fast information or message to a receiver. Sometimes a student may face barrier
due to in effective communication or it may be possible that he may misunderstand message
conveyed by lecturer. So it is needed an Effective communicational path which eliminates the

barriers. Effective communication allows students to ask questions during the lecture as well as
provides benefit of check learning by questioning. As there are various communication methods
so it becomes challenging for students as due to misinterpretation of non-verbal message.
Shannon Weaver model and Johari window model helps in improving communication (Mitchell
and Govias, 2021).
The Shannon Weaver model
Model was formulated by Claude Elwood Shannon heat and Warren Weaver in 1948.
Helps in providing effective communication and considered as mother of all models hey. Six
factors in this model which includes all forms of communication hey the first stage of this model
is sender, as a person who produces the message hi. In second stage he the medium which is used
to transfer message hand in next stage the messages received by decoder as it converts a
Translate message in an under stable form. In next stage the messages received and receiver
decodes he in same manner to the receiver. There are several issues with communication that
Shannon Weaver model highlights. The first barrier is noise that may occur on the medium used
to communicate. It can take wide range of forms such as visual and audio distractions or in
learning difficulties. When the receiver is not receiving desired response while communicating, it
may be due to noise element in the communication. While taking lectures in class, noise of
students may cause destruction and does not lead to effective communication. So it is needed to
prevent students from being a noisy to silent in order to get write a message delivered. The other
factor that may be considered while communicating is whether decoder is able to convert signals
into a meaningful message or not as failure me lead to misinterpretation of message (Murray,
2017).

Johari window model
Having knowledge about a person consist of multiple perspectives his where are various things
people know about themselves but never want to share here is some attributes of person are not
known either by either that person or other. It consists of four squares which represent
knowledge held by themselves and others or by both. The top left Square is of open knowledge
as it involves various factors that an individual knows about himself along with factors that other
people know. This is square which involve knowledge of previous experience, skills, personality
and feelings as an individual is happy to share with others. In context to learning, its shares the
information of study in which student has keen interest. The second Square states that there are
various students who do not know themselves but their peers do. The next bottom left square is
that of things that students do not want to share. It varies from person to person and level of trust.
The final Square is positioned and also known as unknown area as it represents knowledge that
neither student nor teacher has nor others possess (Oermann, and et.al., 2017).

Application in learning
There are various models of communication which allows teachers to understand as well as
recognise the importance of effective communication skills. Shannon and Weaver model helps
teachers in establishing a bridge between teacher and student. It facilitates in thinking about
learners and recognising how to respond to various learners in an effective communication. It is
needed to create an advertisement for successful communication. While teaching, feedback is
very important as it helps in evaluation of performance of students so that they can take
corrective measures to convert their weakness into strength. Berne’s Theory of transactional
analyses provides an important impact in teaching. This theory helps in demonstrating best
possible image and in what is stance Taken into consideration while interacting with others. In
the story there are 4 states, parent in which an individual is controlling, adult which involves the
responsibility and logical and enjoy the stage in which individual is free with their responses
without any others concerned (PHiLLiPs, 2017).

Eric Berne Model
This model states that there are three states which is states in form of communicThe first ego
state is parent in which communicative is responsible, logical, rational and consistent and allows
effective and logical communication. In the next ego state, child is irrational and not likely to
answer back during communication. While communicating with the student having child ego
maybe challenging and complex. The final state is parent state, in which communicator is having
control.
While in communication with students, it is needed to understand current ego state as it allows in
controlling the behaviour of students. The fluctuation between adult ego and child ego states
needs to be managing from the first day. It is important to provide lectures on human resource
along with process of recruitment in order to make students aware about human resource
functions, roles and responsibilities (Stanković, Maksimović and Osmanović, 2018).
TASK 3
Analysation of theories, models and principles of assessment
While delivering lectures on human resource, it is important to check occurrence of learning

which is completed in form of assessment. Assessment changes involves a quick and simple
learning check in form of student questioning. It can be broken down into where is group such as
diagnostic, formative and summative assessment. There are various learning models that vary in
forms of assessment and can be applicable while delivering lectures. Multiple-choice exam is
one of the most suitable of behaviourist approach due to right or wrong approach to answers. By
using cognitive approach, the assessment is concerned with testing of ability in order to interpret
the structured information along with engaging in reasoned thought. Cantors theory of assertive
discipline, Rogers humanist theory and Skinners behaviourist fury helps teachers to assess the
performance of students. Theories of assessment starts at the initial stage and relates to
evaluating the learner’s knowledge, competence and skills which have acquired during the
lecture sessions the chosen area in this report is human resource and provides an answer in order
to meet the criteria. The form of assessment can be submitted for formative which I learned
should qualify in order to achieve qualification (Vanhorn, and et.al., 2019). The formative
assessment takes place throughout the learning process and helps in guiding along with
promoting learners development. It is a universal approach as it facilitates in understanding of
human resource topic. Initial form of assessment is used prior to teaching which helps in
identifying learners current knowledge, capabilities and skills. In case of delivering lectures on
human resource. Teachers have to evaluate performance of their students about this topic in
order to better understand and to deliver effective lecture sessions. The key disadvantage in this
model is that the teacher may develop preconceived ideas which limit national progress.
Formative assessments is considered as a two way process and provides ongoing feedback in
order to ensure learner is on track or not Along with focusing on areas of improvement in order
to achieve their goals. It helps in giving constant feedback and provides regular intervention.
While providing lectures on human resource the main advantage of summative assessment is that
it reflects how much a learner has learnt over a period of time and concludes on their level.
By assessing learning through various theories, principles and models of assessment
facilitates numerous advantages as it helps in enhancing the possibility and to connect the initial
assessment with diagnostic assessment. It will help tutor in providing the basic of Wear their
students ought to start their studies. It is an essential process of agreeing individual in order to
opt learning goals as it enables learner to proceed minutes of learning. And I initial assessment
and methods employed at such as organisation of educational activities, variation of

questionnaires, one to one assessment. It is helpful in measuring student’s strength and weakness
and to formulate an action plan to strengthen their weakness. Assessment is important as it
allows teacher to measure performance of each student during the lecture over a period of time.
It is needed to help you lovely monitor and control activities of learner in order to ensure that
they are on track of self-development and focuses on attainment of goals. The initial assessment
helps in enhancing the proficiency of learners in force of study. Student’s staff and weakness
play crucial role ensuring that a feasible solution is needed. The diagnostic and initial
assessments starts with appropriate application of various strategies which helps in repairing
students for new task and is followed by continuous assessment which of course about the course
of study and qualification. It helps lecturer in monitoring the growth and development of
students in their training and learning. It facilitates in addressing other qualitative and
quantitative data in an inclusion of test which covers a great deal of descriptive data (Willett,
2018).
TASK 5
Theories and models of curriculum development
Analysis of theories and models of curriculum and development

◦ Behaviourism learning theory – It can be achieved by teaching human simple task and
following it in order to reward for good performance. The behaviourist psychologist believes that
behaviour is learnt from the environment or by the individual respond to stimuli. In context to
teaching, giving an immediate feedback whether it is positive and negative will help learner
Behave in a particular way. Skinner believed that function of behavioural consequences by the
theory of operant conditioning (Barnes, 2018).
◦ Cognivist Learning theory – This theory was formulated by the combination of two other
theories. This theory states that the new learning must be built on present learning that can
provide beneficial to the learner. The cognivist believed that learning is a process of acquiring
knowledge by sense, experience and thought while on the other hand educationalist believed that
it is not same as remembering techniques and facts but making in personal meaning. The learner
should ask difficult question as it will help in encouraging thinking through and developing on
sense of study.
◦ Humanist learning theory – this theory works on the basis of thought of learner as he takes
control of his own learning. The humanist approach believed that it is needed to have a foster
working environment which helps learners to encourage and to consider new ideas along with

elimination of fear of making mistakes. It can be generated by self-assessment and can we
continue to improve and form a belief (Stevenson, 2020)
Behaviourism theory -This theory of behaviour focuses on attention on various aspects which
deals with the language behaviour and other relationship between stimulus and response. All
kind of behaviour with the response Post by stimulation. Watson rejected The awareness of
behaviour that makes every behaviour to be understand according to relation between stimulus
and response. It does not only focuses on Analyses of visible behaviour that can only be
measured, predictable and to describe but also on learning, which is change in human behaviour.
Information on mathematical theory in this type of communication theory it sees communication
as mechanism of phenomena, informative and can be expressed in the form of transmission of
message and how to use transmitter and communication media. It only focuses on various other
points in the communication process. There are various communication channels lecturers in
providing effective class sessions. This theory which occurs due to biological maturation (Bates,
2019)
TASK 5
Theories and models of reflection and evolution can be applied to review own practice
Scaffolding questioning
Scaffolding in education may be defined as a variety of instructional techniques which are used
to move students promised towards strong and greater understanding. It helps in enhancing
students the skills by delivering effective measures so that they Take advantage of in order to
become more productive. In a scaffolding, Teachers provide different levels of temporary
support which has the students to reach at higher levels and in acquisition of skills. By providing
support to students, it for improving their productivity and enhances their performance. At the
initial stage, teachers support students of solving their problems, questions, areas in which they
are making and making them independent to solve their own problem and when they feel
students do not require their support, take step back. Their contribution is valuable in student’s
life. There is various type of supportive strategies that teachers of in order to push student
towards attainment of goals. These strategies are removed when is not needed and the attention is

shifted towards learning process rather than providing support. It is an effective teaching element
which act as a bridge between student and teacher. It helps in fixing the gap. In order to deliver
lecture sessions on human resource, teachers can describe the concepts, process of recruitment
and selection in multiple ways in order to ensure that students understood in a well manner. It
enhances the understanding of students. They can be made aware about concepts of human
resource in a Structured format. Students are given with example or model so that it becomes
easy to get clarity over the concepts. It is important to know all the functions and roles and
responsibilities of Human resource for the students. In addition to that they may be given a
vocabulary lesson prior to reading a difficult lesson (Holmes and McLean, 2018).
SWOT Analysis
It may be defined as a study which is undertaken in order to identify internal strength and
weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. It helps in uncovering various opportunities and
in formulation of strategies which helps in becoming students more competitive.
Strengths -In this phase, which describes the advantages of human resource education and how
it will help students in making a future bright. It will cover all the merits so that students get
clarity while studying human resource. What is that it will include the strains that learners have
opted while studying human resource.
Weaknesses – it will help individual in assessing his weaknesses so that he can take initiation in
order to overcome those weaknesses. It may provide negative impact on learner’s performance.
What is needed to take corrective measures so that it can minimise the adverse impact of those
weaknesses. Further, it will help learners in avoiding mistakes that we have done in previous
steps.
Opportunities – as the technology is changing day by day, so it is needed to of digital
technology for providing effective lectures. By using audio visual presentation, it makes Sessions

more effective. Technology helps Teachers in providing lectures in a unique and presentable
manner. With positive impacts on the narrow scale of education (Metzler, 2017).
Threats – in this, teachers can include what difficulties or of the girls they have faced while
delivering human resource lectures and how it have affected on the performance of both teachers
and learner. Is there rapid change in technology affect education position?
Kolb’s Learning style -This learning style works on two levels, if four stage cycle of learning
and four separate learning styles. The story is concerned with learner’s internal cognitive process
and states that learning in walls acquisition of various concepts that can be applied in a range of
different situations. The four stages of this model are reflective observation, concrete experience,
abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. The other learning style is Honey and
Mumford Learning style which uses questionnaire in order to enable individual to become more
effective learners and facilitates in taking smart decision along with increased learning skills.

◦ Theorists-Instead of learners use their opportunity in order to understand the hypothesis behind
different activities. They use truths, models with a specific goal to engage in learning procedure.
There are more likely to break down and integrate new data into methodological Hypothesis.
They use quotes, statistics, stories and background information along with applying concept
theoretically for effective learning.
◦ Pragmatist – this type of learners is known to preview as how they can put their learning into
practice in present reality. There is various mode of actions which include experimenting with
new ideas in order to check whether they work for them not or by speculations over it situation.
They use to study various problem-solving cases into their learning so that they can learn better.
◦ Activist – this type of individuals that learn by doing imperious activities such as brainstorming
puzzles, role-play and group discussion.

◦ Reflectors – this type of individuals learns by what they see. They tend to watch from side-
lines rather than going in situations and collect information from alternative source towards the
suitable conclusion. Their learning activities are self-analysis questionnaire, personally
questionnaire and observing activity.
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it was concluded that theories, principles and models plays an
important role in delivering effective teaching lessons. They are formed by various theoreticians
Over a period of time. It effectively analysed declarative procedural knowledge of assessments
along with this application in learning. Further, it has analysed principles, models and theories of
communication along with its application in training and education. It majorly focusses on verbal
and non-verbal means of communication and how it can be effectively managing in order to
eliminate misinterpretation of message. In this report, theories, models of assessment are being
discussed as well as its application of high points of diagnostic and initial learning assessment
and how it can be used in planning assessment schedule. In addition to that, it will cover
principles, theories and models of curriculum development and how it can be used in effective
training and education. The models and theories of reflection and evaluation in reviewing own
practice was carefully explained and in understanding of concepts of theories, principles and
models in education and training.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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