Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report explores the theories, principles and models of learning, assessment, curriculum development, reflection and evaluation in education and training. It analyses how they can be applied in teaching, learning and assessment. The report also discusses the importance of identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences for inclusive teaching, learning and assessment. Subject: Education and Training, Course Code: NA, Course Name: NA, College/University: NA.

Theories principles and
models in education
and training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 analyse theories, principles and models of learning.........................................................4
1.3 analyse models of learning preferences............................................................................5
1.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment.........................................................................................................6
1.4 how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences...........7
TASK B...........................................................................................................................................7
In PPT.....................................................................................................................................7
TASK C...........................................................................................................................................7
3.1 analyse theories, principles and models of assessment....................................................7
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessing learning...................................................................................................................8
TASK D...........................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum development...............................................9
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula.............................................................................................................10
TASK E..........................................................................................................................................10
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation.............................................10
5.2 Explaining the ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing own practice........................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES:.............................................................................................................................15
Books and Journals...............................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
There are certain theories and models that helps the teachers to enhance the process of
learning. Education is necessary for the learners as it leads to overall development of the students
(Hilpert and Marchand, 2018). There is evaluation of the theories and models of communication
that helps the students to learn. The learning preference of the students must be analysed in order
to provide them best situation. There is need of using the models of learning so that best
outcomes are attained. Taking the assessment of students is necessary and the models that help to
develop assessment are mentioned. The curriculum design must be suitable for the students and
their development and that is important part of this report. In the end, reflection related to own
experience is mentioned and they are of improvement are identified to take necessary actions for
improvement.
MAIN BODY
TASK A
1.1 analyse theories, principles and models of learning
Learning is one of the important phase in the life of students. It helps them to enhance
their skills and knowledge so that best outcomes are attained. There is need of assuring best is
being provided to the student’s effective theories are used.
Theories of learning
Cognitive theory: This theory is based on the way students thinks. It covers the process
that is being used by the student to memorize and recall the concepts. It is necessary to learn in
proper manner and provide best output.
Behaviourism theory: It is analysed that the behaviour of the students impact the
process of learning (Dearing and Cox, 2018). There is need of working in such a manner that the
best environment is provided to the students so that they are able to learn properly.
Constructivism theory: The past experience of the learner has impact on the learning of
the student. There is need of proper guidance to the students so that their present learning
experience is enhanced.
Humanism theory: This theory suggests that students have their own needs. All these
have impact on the process of learning and they must be motivated to work properly and attain
good position.

Principles of learning
Participation: It is necessary that the learning must include participation of the learners
and this helps them to enhance their knowledge. This helps to make the students learn properly
and effectively.
Repetition: There is need of repetition as it helps the students to learn properly. This
helps them to memorise the concepts effectively and do not forget the same.
Relevance: The learners must be given such education that is relevant. There is need of
providing such training to the students so that they are able to retain the same (Hayes, and
Hofmann, eds., 2018).
Transference: It becomes necessary to answer all the questions of the teachers. It helps
them to get good learning experience and manage the work effectively.
Feedback: It becomes important to take feedback from the students. This is necessary to
enhance the process of learning in proper manner.
Models of learning
Pedagogy: It is seen that the learner is dependent on the teacher and it is their
responsibility to provide best to the learner. The use of effective resources helps to teach them
and know about the learner's level. It is necessary to help them and teach subject knowledge.
Andragogy: As per the theory, the learners are independents and have self-direction that
helps to learn by their own. This helps them to perform effectively and solve all the problems. It
is important to motivate them and make the learn properly.
1.3 analyse models of learning preferences
All the students have their own learning styles and it is important to consider the same in
order to teach them effectively. The use of models will help to know about different types of
learners.
Models of learning preferences
Activists: There are the people who are able to learn according to new task that are being
assigned to them. They are active and carry on the activities in proper manner.
Theorists: These are the learners who like to know about the concept behind topic and
then they are able to learn. There is need of following this concept to retain the information.

Pragmatist: They are the learners who focus on working in such a manner that they are
able to apply the same in practical manner. This helps them to retain the information in effective
manner.
Reflector: These learners are able to learn properly by observing the world around them.
There is need of working according to observations (Hoel, and Mason, 2018).
VARK Model
Visual learners: These are the learners who are able to learn all things that are being
visualised. It is necessary to retain the information in effective manner. They prefer visuals and
graphs to learn.
Auditory learners: These are the learners who are able to learn all the information that
they hear. There is need of providing lecture at right pitch so that better learning experience takes
place.
Read and write learners: The learner prefer to read and write the same thing and then
they are able to learn the same (Makransky, Terkildsen and Mayer, 2019).
Kinaesthetic learners: These learners are able to learn from the experience. There is
need of learning in effective manner by own experience.
1.2 ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment
Being a teacher, there is need of carrying the work in such a manner that best results are
gained. There is need of using best theories and approaches that will help to teach the learners.
By understanding their requirements and providing them best learning environment their needs
and wants can be fulfilled. It is necessary to assure that best training is provided to the students.
The use of regular learning and engaging activities make it easy to carry on the work. There is
need of managing the work effectively. The learners need positive learning environment so that
they are able to remember the information in effective manner. The use of effective working
environment is necessary and helpful for the students. There is requirement of carrying the work
as per the needs and wants of the students. It is necessary to manage the work as per the
principles of teaching. This will be beneficial and will help the students to grow. It is important
to use best theories and practices in effective manner. The use of updated technology helps in
effective teaching and learning experience. This is necessary for success and growth of students.

1.4 how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.
It is analysed that the learners are different from one another. There is need of checking
the progress of learners and their learning can take place effectively. There is need of
understanding the preference of learners this helps to use best teaching aids that are helpful for
the students to learn. It is analysed that most of the students in my class are visual learners. There
is need of using the presentation and similar resources so that best is being provided to the
students. It is necessary to manage the work with best available resources as per the requirement
of the students. This makes the students effective and they are able to remember the information
in proper manner.
TASK B
In PPT
TASK C
3.1 analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
It is important to check and evaluate the performance of the students. There is key role of
working in such a manner that goals and objectives are attained. There is key role of working in
effective manner and managing the performance of the learners so that better solutions can be
provided. The teacher must make the assessment in such a manner that all the students can be
evaluated (Makransky, Terkildsen and Mayer, 2019). There is need of working properly so that
there is effective growth and development of the students. There is need of using best theories
and models that will develop the students.
Theories of assessment are as follows:
Black and William theory
It is one of the important theory that helps to check the formative assessment. It is seen
that it helps to evaluate the performance of the students of daily basis so that best actions can be
taken. There is need of working in such a manner that there ae fair and better results. This is
necessary to enhance the overall performance of the students and their success. This theory is
necessary for the teachers so that they are able to bring necessary changes. It is important to
manage the work so that better results are attained. The training is being given in such a manner
that best outcomes are attained. The examination is taken to analyse the needs and wants of the

students and to promote them. The skills and attitude of the students can be managed and
attained a good position in studies.
There are different types of assessment. There are developed in such a manner that best
outcomes are attained. It is necessary to check the performance of the students in best possible
manner. This will make each more efficient so that god results are gained. They are as follows:
 Diagnostic assessment: It is being used to check the report in effective manner. there are
multiple actions that are being taken by the teacher so that hard core performance of the
students is checked (Bieniawski, 2020). A report is being prepared to know the best level
of the students. There is requirement of working to evaluate their own performance.
 Formative assessment: It is seen that checking the performance on regular basis is done.
After every class the test of the students is taken. There is ned of evaluating the
performance. This helps to tell them regular areas of improvement and managing the
work in proper manner. This is a guidance for the teacher so that they can enhance the
practice of teaching the students.
 Summative assessment: It is necessary to promote the students. They can be promoted
after the performance is being checked (Regmi, and Scott, 2020). It is the process that is
being used to check an evaluate the overall performance of the students.
 Ipsative assessments: It is being done in order to check the previous performance so that
the overall performance can be enhanced. It is done to provide best results in the second
chance.
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessing learning
Being a teacher, in believe that it is necessary to check the performance of the students. It
can be done with the help of proper principles of learning. I use different principles of learning in
effective manner. I work to analyse the reliability of the students so that best outcomes are
attained. It is necessary to develop valid topics so that best outcomes are attained. I take feedback
from the students of regular basis as it is necessary to carry on the work properly. The use of
proper tools and techniques help me to teach the students better (Lo, and Hew, 2018). The
assessment ae made at normal level so that all the student is able to properly give answers of the
same. There is need of working in such a manner that the efficiency of the students is developed.
It becomes important to manage the work and take suitable and desired actions are taken. The

use of these models and theories are taken so that best outcomes are undertaken. The use of all
this becomes necessary for the best outcomes of the students. I use this to motivate the students
and to let them know where they stand. There is need of carrying the work in effective manner
and regular evaluation is necessary (White and et.al., 2018). All the students are given better
environment so that they can perform effectively and manage their own work.
TASK D
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum development
In Order to carry out the activities in an effective manner curriculum is followed by the
schools as well as the universities that considered as a step by step process. The main of
this is to educate the students in a way through which they become able to develop their career in
the future (Hayes and Hofmann, eds., 2018). There is a need for the schools and the colleges to
introduced the effective curriculum through which the students can get more success.
Educational institutions should carry out the learning process by following the particular
curriculum in the campus. Curriculum plays a significant role in the student’s life as through this
can achieve the academic goal of their life and can become more responsible.
There is a well established relation in the syllabus and the process that is to be followed
in the organisation and through this the curriculum can be make effectively (Makransky,
Terkildsen and Mayer, 2019). Effective curriculum in the educational campus facilitates the
students to achieve the goals and the objectives. Professional people in the institution make the
effective curriculum through which the updated syllabus can be produced. It helps in developing
the theoretical knowledge of the students that help them in the future at their workplace.
Teachers should use the effectively curriculum through which they can helps the student to
convey the knowledge in a effective manner.
Stenhouse model of curriculum development
This model means that the teachers are the main person who are responsible for
developing the curriculum in the campus (Bieniawski, 2020). It is very important for the teachers
that they should know about the ability of the students in understanding the topic. Through this
the teachers can teach them effectively in the schools or the colleges and can enhance the
knowledge and the level of creativity in them. This will facilitate them to make the curriculum
more effective after analysing the performance of the students.

Tyler model of curriculum development
It can be defined as the scientific method in relation to develop curriculum development.
Aims and the various objectives must be evaluated in a way through which the learning and the
knowledge of the students can be increased (Frey, ed., 2018). It is very important for the teachers
to develop the updated learning so the students can learn the new concepts. Teachers in the
educational campus should use systematic approach through which they can able to develop the
effective curriculum. In relation to the educational sector, it very necessary for the teachers to
carry out the activities with the updated details. This theory mainly focusses on to do the overall
development of the students.
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula.
Curriculum plays an important role in the life of the teachers as well as in the students.
Being a teacher it is very important to give regular suggestions to the students at the time of
teaching (Hyland, 2019). Through this the skills and the knowledge of the students can be
increased in the students. At the time of the teaching, I used various models and theories in
relation to the best use of the curriculum that has been made in order to carry out the new
learning in the schools or the colleges.
There is need of the updated concepts and the knowledge in the educational campus
through which the students can be taught effectively (Holland, 2019). In relation to the Tyler
model, it facilitates the me to analyse the performance of the students and I become able to focus
on that areas where I have to put more focus in relation to educate the students effectively.
TASK E
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection and evaluation analyse the current abilities of an individual so that they can
improve their weak points in effective manner. Teachers use various types of assessments so that
they can evaluate the knowledge of their students with the help of report and grades (Bagheri and
et.al., 2019). Teachers should communicate with their students regarding their academic topics
so that they can get feedbacks and reviews which help in identification of gaps in current abilities
and required abilities. Reflection states and suggest the inner abilities of an individual which they
use for the commencement of operations or learnings. It helps in further progress in the

respective field of students which results in better growth and success. In order to reflect on the
self-abilities reflective model can be used which is as follows:
Gibb's reflective model
This model includes six different stages which help in understanding the experience of an
individual throughout the journey. It becomes easier to analyse the skills and abilities which
students have learnt from their learnings and sessions (Small, Shacklock and Marchant, 2018).
The first stage includes description which provides a proper detail of situation like what is
happened and when it happens. It includes all the people and factors related to the situation
during the time of learning. Outcomes of the learning is also included in description so that
individual can understand the positive and negative factors of the learning. The next step
includes feelings suggest the thoughts and expectations of the situation. Feelings play major role
as it affects the productivity of an individual during learning. It analyses the situation in effective
manner so that people can feel better during the journey of learning. It helps student in making
the situation more comfortable so that they can enhance their skills and abilities. After feelings,
evaluation takes place which identify the importance of different factors according to the
situation. It analyses the experience of student whether it is good or bad so that teachers can
motivate their students during the tough time (Cruess, Cruess and Steinert, 2019). Different
motivating factors should be used by teacher in order to overcome the challenges and problems
from the situation. It suggests that all the students who are involved in learning should contribute
their best efforts so that outcomes can be achieved in positive manner. Next step comes analysis
which identify the factors which are best suitable according to the learning environment and
factors which affect negatively. This step aims to find reasons why some of the factors do not
support the situation and provide solution to the students so that they can achieve objectives. It
includes different types of knowledge which involved in the learnings of the student. Conclusion
can be carried out on the basis of the overall experience of student which summarises learning so
that individual can enhance their skills. Different actions are described which assist students in
learning their respective courses so that their objectives can be fulfilled. Learnings can be easily
justified at this stage so that one can effectively analyse the experience. It concluded the over all
situation and classify factors according to their positive and negative impact which is essential
for students. At the end, action plan is formulated so that student can understand their strengths
and weaknesses in better manner. It provides solutions so that students can alter their weak

points which becomes beneficial for them. It also suggests that students can use various
resources which help them in enhancing the skills and knowledge. It helps students in learning
new things so that they can bridge the gap between current and required skills in best possible
manner.
5.2 Explaining the ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied
to reviewing own practice
Gibbs reflect cycle is used to to explain the situation and the experience. There are
various difficulties which had faced being a teacher. This model is important and it critically
evaluate all factor which will be needed to share the experience effectively.
 Description – In this first stage there will description of the situation and there are
various critical aspects which the individual understand (Fiorella and Mayer, 2018). As a
teacher I had given many lectures which will help me to improve various skills and help
the students to enhance their knowledge.
 Feeling – I was very positive while as a teacher I had developed a healthy relationship
with the students. The main focus is to help the students in order to enhance their
knowledge and help them to capitalise on various career oriented opportunities. I help the
students in different topics in which they find difficulties. They are bale top improve their
efficiency and able to develop different skills which is necessary for the growth.
 Evaluation – I had evacuated there is important role of developing different skills which
is necessary to help the students in various situations. The skills include time
management, problem solving, effective communication etc. It is essential to effectively
communicate with the students and help them to achieve the growth and knowledge in an
effective manner. In the lectures I maintain discipline and able to coordinate effectively
with the students to help them understand the new topics. I help them to achieve
academic success and possibly evaluate their knowledge to evaluate the critical areas in
which they are lacking.
 Conclusion – There is a proper need of provoking the proper learning environment
which can help the students to achieve a systematic growth in the future. I had set various
standards for my students which they had to achieve in my lectures. I provide them
additional assignments in able to improve the knowledge. I my teaching there are various
situations which I had experienced and various strategies to improve them in an effective

manner. The main focus is to enhance my knowledge in order to provide excellent
learning opportunities to the students in a systematic manner. The skills will help to carry
out the responsibilities in an effective manner.
 Actions – There are various actions which must be taken into consideration to enhance
the overall skills. As a teacher I learn about the new topics which are changing and
improve the different aspects. I need to enhance the communication skills to help the
students in various difficulties which they had faced in their academic section. This will
help the students to capitalise on various opportunities and help them to achieve overall
success in the future. I monitor my actions to which helps me to improve my performance
and delivering the adequate results.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has concluded that with the help of various theories and
principles the individual can provide the effective education and learning opportunities to the
candidates. On the other hand, in this report there will is brief discussion about various theories
which can help to develop an effective curriculum which helps the students in their academics.
Along with that there is use of the Gibbs reflective cycle which can help the individual to share
the experience in a systematic manner. For further instance, in this report there is discussion
about different models and principles which helps in education and training. The main focus is to
improve the overall skills and use various ways to achieve the inspirational learning.

REFERENCES:
Books and Journals
Bagheri, A and et.al., 2019. Modeling farmers’ intention to use pesticides: An expanded version
of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of environmental management, 248, p.109291.
Bieniawski, Z.T., 2020. Design methodology in rock engineering: theory, education and
practice. CRC Press.
Bieniawski, Z.T., 2020. Design methodology in rock engineering: theory, education and practice.
CRC Press.
Cruess, S.R., Cruess, R.L. and Steinert, Y., 2019. Supporting the development of a professional
identity: general principles. Medical teacher, 41(6), pp.641-649.
Dearing, J.W. and Cox, J.G., 2018. Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and
practice. Health affairs, 37(2), pp.183-190.0
Fiorella, L. and Mayer, R.E., 2018. What works and doesn't work with instructional video.
Computers in Human Behavior, 89, pp.465-470.
Frey, B.B. ed., 2018. The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and
evaluation. Sage Publications.
Hayes, S.C. and Hofmann, S.G. eds., 2018. Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical
competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Hayes, S.C. and Hofmann, S.G. eds., 2018. Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical
competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Hilpert, J.C. and Marchand, G.C., 2018. Complex systems research in educational psychology:
Aligning theory and method. Educational Psychologist, 53(3), pp.185-202.
Hoel, T. and Mason, J., 2018. Standards for smart education–towards a development
framework. Smart Learning Environments, 5(1), pp.1-25.
Holland, A.A., 2019. Effective principles of informal online learning design: A theory-building
metasynthesis of qualitative research. Computers & Education, 128, pp.214-226.
Hyland, T., 2019. Vocational studies, lifelong learning and social values: investigating
education, training and NVQs under the new deal. Routledge.
Jones, 2020)(White and et.al., 2018)(Scott, 2020)
Lo, C.K., Lie, C.W. and Hew, K.F., 2018. Applying “First Principles of Instruction” as a design
theory of the flipped classroom: Findings from a collective study of four secondary school
subjects. Computers & Education, 118, pp.150-165.
Makransky, G., Terkildsen, T.S. and Mayer, R.E., 2019. Adding immersive virtual reality to a
science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learning and Instruction, 60,
pp.225-236.
Makransky, G., Terkildsen, T.S. and Mayer, R.E., 2019. Adding immersive virtual reality to a
science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learning and Instruction, 60,
pp.225-236.
Regmi, K. and Jones, L., 2020. A systematic review of the factors–enablers and barriers–
affecting e-learning in health sciences education. BMC medical education, 20(1), pp.1-18.
Scott, G., 2020. Change matters: Making a difference in education and training. Routledge.

Small, L., Shacklock, K. and Marchant, T., 2018. Employability: a contemporary review for
higher education stakeholders. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 70(1), pp.148-
166.
White, P.H and et.al., 2018. Supporting the health care transition from adolescence to adulthood
in the medical home. Pediatrics, 142(5).