Stem Cell Research and Applications

This assignment requires a critical analysis of research papers focusing on the application of stem cells in treating spinal cord injuries and heart diseases. The analysis should highlight key findings, methodologies, and potential implications of this regenerative medicine approach.

The Therapeutic use of stem
cells in regenerative medicine

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
KEY WORDS..................................................................................................................................3
ANNOTATIONS.............................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Regenerative medicine (RM) can be determined to be the brand of translational research
that is involved in molecular biology and tissue engineering (Mizuno, Tobita and Uysal, 2012). It
deals with the process of regenerating organs, tissues or human cells. Further, it is also included
in the process of engineering and replacement. The cells that got damages in the body, this area
of study focus on replacing or making use of that cells so that normal life can be lived (Tabar and
Studer, 2014). Further, it also contains possibility of growing organs or tissues and this is done
by planting to them in conditions when the body fails to heal by itself. There are some of the
biomedical approaches that fall under the field of regenerative medicine and this involves stem
cells (Murphy, Moncivais and Caplan, 2013). There are different type journals which are
evaluated that will enable to develop in depth understanding for the type or research topic
selected which is therapeutic use of stem cells (SC) in regenerative medicine.
KEY WORDS
Regenerative medicine (RM), stem cells (SC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Embryonic
stem cell (ES cell), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
ANNOTATIONS
1. Thomson, M., Liu, S.J., Zou, L.N., Smith, Z., Meissner, A. and Ramanathan, S., 2011.
Pluripotency factors in embryonic stem cells regulate differentiation into germ layers. Cell.
145(6). pp.875-889.
In this article, there are about 6 authors who have undertaken this research in order to
investigate such pluripotency factors in embryonic stem cells that in turn regulates differentiation
into germ layers. All of these researchers have a proficient background in medical science and
have come up with suitable outcomes that has together met the undertaken aim of the present
research work.
There are different set of considerations that are made by the researchers in this research.
Herein, the measurement is done with spatial distribution that contains binding enrichment with
genomic locus that is used in the titles of qPCR primer on ChIP. These are taken as samples from
factors Sox2 and Oct4 in the three different lineages which are NE, ME and ES.
When compared to other researches, a vital point of distinction has been found where one
of the studies matches the sample taken up in this investigation where it is specifically based on

the examination of different type of lineages. However, the type of methods that are used in this
are similar. Although, this research is similar to the topic that is being selected as this research
focus on making use of the embryonic stem cells that make differentiation in the germ layers. As
per the review of this research, it can be said that, it has focused on making a substantial use of
embryonic stem cells in order make differentiation in germ layers that illuminates the present
study as well.
2. Shi, Y., Desponts, C., Do, J.T., Hahm, H.S., Schöler, H.R. and Ding, S., 2008. Induction of
pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule
compounds. Cell stem cell. 3(5). pp.568-574.
There are two authors who have contributed in the research of this journal. Both have
contributed their efforts in the department of Stem Cell Biology which is located in Japan.
This investigation has reflected the use of stem cells of mouse and adults in determining
the difference among both. In order to conduct this research, there are about 24 genes that are
taken as samples from those factors which induce pluripotency in somatic cells. These are taken
as per the hypothesis where all these selected genes play a vital role to maintain the ES cell.
When compared with other research, it can be stated that, this research makes use of
majority of samples from the side of mouse and adults so as to determine the difference between
them. This study is similar to the topic that is presently chosen over here as it focuses on the stem
cells of mouse and samples that are taken from adults. In accordance to it, practical samples are
of great assistance to come up with appropriate test results that will further illuminate the present
investigation.
3. Garzón, I., Pérez-Köhler, B., Garrido-Gómez, J., Carriel, V., Nieto-Aguilar, R., Martín-Piedra,
M.A., García-Honduvilla, N., Buján, J., Campos, A. and Alaminos, M., 2012. Evaluation of the
cell viability of human Wharton's jelly stem cells for use in cell therapy. Tissue Engineering Part
C: Methods. 18(6). pp.408-419.
There are many authors who are involved in conducting this research. Further, these
authors have completed their research from Department of Histology which is in Spain.

The article has focused on making effective evaluation of cell viability of the human
Wharton’s jelly stem cells from the use of cell therapy. As a sample size, in this research there
were 3 individuals at each HWJSC passage and this was done with the help of Qiagen RNeasy
System. For all the individuals, total RNA was converted to cDNA. This was possible with the
help of T7-oligo and using reverse transcriptase.
When compared with other research, it can be stated that the consideration made by this
research is different as it includes RNA and DNA which is not used by any other researchers.
Similarity in this research is that the type of methods that are used to gather data is similar to any
other research like one that was previously discussed. The topic selected and this particular
research is similar as it contains transformation of cell with the help of jelly stem cells researcher
has used it in cell therapy.
4. Shroff, G. and Gupta, R., 2015. Human embryonic stem cells in the treatment of patients with
spinal cord injury. Annals of neurosciences. 22(4). pp.208.
There are 2 authors involved in this research who are Geeta Shroff and Rakesh Gupta.
This study is focused on embryonic stem cells of human for the treatment of patients with spinal
code injury. In this research, there are about 5 patients who are taken in to consideration. These
five patients were selected as they were either treated with quadriplegic or paraplegic. They were
treated with hESC therapy. This is a type of issue in which spinal cord gets damaged and patients
are in wheelchair. This is similar to other research that are previously conducted but this research
and it contains practical testing that are done in order to regenerate the cells of spinal cord so that
the type of issue that are faced by patients can be solved. This research area is similar to the topic
that is selected as it is focused on the therapeutic use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. As
per my views, investigators believe that embryonic stem cells in human are effective treatment
for patients in order to overcome spinal cord injury.
5. Sluch, V. M., Chung-ha, O. D., Ranganathan, V., Kerr, J. M., Krick, K., Martin, R.,
Berlinicke, C. A., Marsh-Armstrong, N., Diamond, J.S., Mao, H.Q. and Zack, D.J., 2015.
Differentiation of human ESCs to retinal ganglion cells using a CRISPR engineered reporter cell
line. Scientific reports. 5.

In order to carry out this research there are about 11 researchers who are involved. All
people involved in the research have conducted their study on similar area and so it was helpful
to come up with appropriate outcome.
There are two different type of genes that are taken in to consideration. In this context,
these are CREBBP and GAPDH which both are genes and were helpful enough to carry out the
research in effective manner. Further, the genes are helpful enough to make proper analysis of
the study in effective manner. As per the topic selected, it is based on the human ESCs which is
related with the retinal ganglion cells with the help of CRISPR engineered reported cell line.
This is similar to the stem cells that are affected with the human ESCs. As per my views this an
effective research that has made use of CRISPR engineered reporter cell line.
When comparison is made with other researches, it can be stated that the type of methods
that are used in this research are similar to the research topic ‘Human embryonic stem cells in the
treatment of patients with spinal cord injury’.
6. Chong, J. J., Yang, X., Don, C. W., Minami, E., Liu, Y. W., Weyers, J. J., Mahoney Jr, W. M.,
Van Biber, B., Cook, S. M., Palpant, N. J. and Gantz, J., 2014. Human embryonic stem cell-
derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts. Nature. 510(7504). pp.273.
There are many researchers who are involved in this research. Further, this article was
published online in the year 2012 and contains different considerations that are made for the
injury that is caused to heart.
As per current research, there are four of the individuals who are taken into consideration
as samples. These samples are selected as they had have issues with respect with heart and were
helpful enough to determine relevant information for the same. This research contains samples
who have actual issues with respect to heart and when compared with other research the rate of
sample that are selected from individuals with cells issues are low.
This research is similar to ‘Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic
fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule compounds’. It is similar to the topic as it is
based on the transformation of cells in relation for the patients who have heart related issues. As
per my views it is effective research that has helped in generating the tissues of heart.

7. Mitsuru Mizuno, Hisako Katano, Koji Otabe, Keiichiro Komori, Yuji Kohno, Shizuka Fujii,
Nobutake Ozeki, Masafumi Horie, Kunikazu Tsuji, Hideyuki Koga, Takeshi Muneta and
Ichiro Sekiya, 2017. Complete human serum maintains viability and chondrogenic potential of
human synovial stem cells: suitable conditions for transplantation. BioMed Central. (8). pp. 144.
The above research work has been conducted by total 12 authors where all of these authors
are referred to be enough proficient in this area and are thus well versed about their investigation
aims and objectives.
This study was based on scrutinizing the suitable conditions of transplantation with the use
of human serum to maintain the feasibility and chondrogenic potent of the stem cells in the
synovial system of humans. The intended audience of the study was the knee samples of 14
donors who suffered osteoarthritis at the time of arthroplasty, the human serum was used. Apart
from this, ringer’s solution was also being used for treating the same and was preserved at
different temperature.
On comparing this study, it corresponded to the present requirements of the current research
work which was also based upon recognizing the therapeutic use of stem cells as regenerative
medicines. However, it did not contend to any other study conducted over here on comparing
this topic with that to the other involved researches. Its findings have therefore illuminated the
recent research work where after preserving the aforesaid samples, it was found that MSCs is
known to maintain high rates of live cells in human serums in comparison to that of the ringer’s
solution.
8. Shufeng Zhou, Anthony Flamier, Mohamed Abdouh, Nicolas Tétreault, Andrea Barabino,
Shashi Wadhwa, Gilbert Bernier, 2015. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into cone
photoreceptors through simultaneous inhibition of BMP, TGFβ and Wnt signalling. The
Company of Biologists Ltd. (142). pp. 3394-3306.
This study has been carried out by total 7 authors who are extremely knowledgeable in
this field of work and are mostly involved in such type of investigations. It was not with support
of any correspondent author and everyone has individually carried out their own part of work
that was previously divided among them.

The intended audience of this study is in context to the sample used to investigate this
area that involved the embryos of mouse which was then differentiated with the human
embryonic stem cells. It was done to convert it into cone photoreceptors with the help of
simultaneous inhibition. This included total three types of inhibitors namely BMP, Wnt
signalling and TGFβ.
This work has differentiated with that to the present undertaken study but has thoroughly
illuminated the current subject matter which is also based upon a medicinal use of stem cells.
However, it has met the methodologies used to carry out yet another correspondent study with
topic “Pluripotency factors in embryonic stem cells regulate differentiation into germ layers”. On
comparing both the aforementioned studies, it has been found that both have assisted in the
present undertaken research work with a clear remark on the applicability of stem cells.
9. Fernandes, S., 2015. Comparison of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes,
Cardiovascular Progenitors, and Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Cardiac Repair. Stem Cell
Reports. 5(5). pp.753-762.
This investigation has together been conducted by 8 well known authors in this field who
are experts in such type of researches and finally published it in the year 2015.
A leading sample of this study was the human Embryonic Stem along with
Cardiovascular Progenitors and Mononuclear Cells collected from Bone Marrow for repairing
the internal organs related to Viscus such as Cardiac, etc.
On comparing the work with that to the present carried investigation, it has been found
that it does not relate with each other in terms of the sample used to carry out the study where the
current study is not based upon the sample of humans. It met the obtained results of another
carried study entitled as “Human embryonic stem cells in the treatment of patients with spinal
cord injury”. It is where both of these are based on the scrutinization of human embryonic stem
cells. One has been used to consider the treatment of spinal cord and another for treating the
vascular organs.
However, it has highly illuminated the present investigation in terms of scrutinizing the
facts related to stem cells. As a result, to which, it has together indicated some highpoints where

it has been found that transplantation of hBM-MNCs can result in stopping the destructive
remodelling of an infarcted heart. Apart from this, it has together been found in this study that
hBM-MNCs leads to increase the number of vessels in comparison to the cells derived from
hESC.
10. Andrea Barabino, Vicky Plamondon, Mohamed Abdouh, Wassim Chatoo, Anthony
Flamier, Roy Hanna,Shufeng Zhou, Noboru Motoyama, Marc Hébert, Joëlle Lavoie, Gilbert
Bernier, 2016. Loss of Bmi1 causes anomalies in retinal development and degeneration of cone
photoreceptors. The Company of Biologists Ltd. (143). pp. 1571-1584.
Authors from a similar field of work has carried out this research work which was based
upon the scrutinization of fact on the loss of Bmi1 which in turn results in the development of
anomalies in retina by degenerating the cone photoreceptors.
The intended audience of this study was mice which in turn helped in reaching to the
targeted aim of the current research work.
On comparing this study with the present research work, both are found to be similar in
terms of the involved samples with a slightly different perspective of the current study. Another
similar study found with respect to the present carried study was “Human embryonic stem cell-
derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts” that largely assisted in carrying
out this research work. It is where both of it was based upon the scrutiny of regenerative
technique for treating distinct health related issues.
It has however illuminated the current undertaken investigation in terms of its relation
with that to the use of stem cells in creating regenerative medicine.
CONCLUSION
From this report, the annotations identified states that there is different type of changes
that has taken place in respect with technology. It has helped in making regeneration of tissues or
cells so that one will be able to live a normal life. As per the researches that are conducted, it is
identified that with proper research, it has helped in development of cells that has enabled
individuals to overcome the health-related issues. In addition to this, there cell is also planted in
place of those cell which are not able to develop from own their own.