Analysis of Educational Theories and Learning Strategies

This assignment requires students to analyze various educational theories, including experiential learning theory, social learning theory, and adult learning theory. Students are expected to understand the application of these theories in different contexts, such as language learning, leadership development, and reflective practice. The assignment also involves analyzing case studies of instructional programs designed for English learners and evaluating their effectiveness based on ethnicity and initial English proficiency.

Reflective Business Portfolio,
Academic Writing

Executive Summary
The below mentioned report is an account of business reflective portfolio in which an
individual has reflected the journey throughout the course of 3 contact activities depicting
Leadership, Time Management and Group Working. The report consists of a detailed
explanation of the manner in which a person has conducted the Workshop activities and practices
within the pre determined course of time. The learning theories such as Social Learning,
Experiential Learning and Self Directed Learning theory and mind set demonstrate the
parallelism between behavioural conduct and propositions of these theories. In addition to this,
the reflective report depicts that individual had a positive learning experience but was curbed due
to lack of skills, like presentation, communication, collaborative working and multitasking. To
bring about improvements in before mentioned skills, a personal development plan has been
devised which includes judgement criteria, current and targeted proficiencies, development
opportunities together with the time scale to bring desired improvements.

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Reflection of learning skills, knowledge and experiences through theories and experience
linked to working as employee...............................................................................................2
Personal Reflective report on Contact Activities...................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
Personal Development Plan..................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Portfolio is defined as the overall brief of the academic works performed by an individual
together with other types of evidences that tend to render aid in analysis and assessment of the
learning process, academic output and quality of coursework. In this regard, reflective portfolio
can be referred to as the wholesome overview of the learnings and experience acquired by a
person or group by way of usage of skills, competence as well as knowledge within a workplace
setting (Murphy and Johnson, 2016). It provides guidance and aid to personnel with the help of
which they can ascertain if or not, they have adequately and relevantly accomplished the criteria
pertaining to graduation, promotion or any other essential. Thus, it can be acknowledged that
reflective portfolio is the accumulation of all the briefings that provide summary of the
experiential learning derived by individuals during the execution of a practical assignment. This
type of portfolio provides assistance during assessment of the magnitude of indulgence of a
person in their concerned area of practice or work, together with the intrinsic capability of an
individual to make use of theoretical knowledge base in an applied settings. Continuous learning
through out the life is regarded to be imperative for personnel as it provides a route way to them
for gaining growth and development in long term.
The present assignment comprises of a business portfolio which provides an overview of
the learning associated with skills, experiences and knowledge base acquired by a person through
the usage of learning theories such as Social Learning, Experiential Learning and Self Directed
Learning theory and mind set. Apart from this, it contains a reflective review of 3 selected
contact activities, namely, The Group Working workshop with Team Roles activity and
reflection; The Time Management workshop with practice activities and reflection; and The
Leadership workshop with role play, discussion and reflection. This will look upon the learnings
and experiences gained by individual during the coursework. Lastly, a personal development
plan is made with development opportunities and time scale for incorporating improvements
within self.
MAIN BODY
Learning is defined as the procedure whereby new skills, values, knowledge, behaviour,
competencies are gained or present skill set is altered (Saltman, 2012). It could either be induced
by a single incident or a series of repeated events. Generally, it is witnessed that changes taken
1

place within the personality of a person as a consequence of learning process tends to long for a
lifetime. With respect to the modern and competitive corporate environment, it is essential that
personnel continuously carry out the learning process throughout their life. This helps them in
enriching their personality with the required skills, competence, learning and skills to conduct
the day to day corporate life activities (Nilson, 2013). The importance of continuous learning can
be acknowledged from the fact that it renders aid to individuals so that they can effectively carry
out the process of personal and professional development by perpetually enhancing their existing
skill set and taking efforts to acquire new ones which can aid them to adequately lead their
personal and professional life.
In this relation, there are several learning theories which are universally taken into use by
personnel to get help in accomplishing the goals and objectives associated with career or
professional life. Such theories help them to appropriately apply their skills and knowledge to
workplace settings with a view to attain the desirable results (Lai, Shum and Tian, 2016). In
relation to this, there are three most important theories that are linked to workplace or
entrepreneurial learning by physiologists, authors, scholars, academicians etc. These are, namely,
Experiential Learning, Social Learning and Self Directed Learning theory and mind set. They
render aid as well as support to personnel and communicate the manner in which they should
maintain their behavioural conduct in order to get positive results. The theories mentioned before
act as a roadmap for the individuals, with the help of which theoretical knowledge can be applied
by personnel within workplace settings. This would aid the person to ensure that execution of
work is done as per the desirable outcomes.
Reflection of learning skills, knowledge and experiences through theories and experience linked
to working as employee
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory is a well renowned theory proposed by Bandura and Waiters in
1963 and further described in the year 1977. This is a theory which is based upon social
behaviour and learning process which suggest that new behaviours can be successfully acquired
through observation or imitation (Geitz, Joosten-ten Brinke and Kirschner, 2016). It is based on
the assumption that learning is a cognitive process which takes place within a social context and
can occur by way of direct instructions or observations. Besides this, social learning theory
proposes that sometimes, learning also happens as a result of observing rewards and/or
2

punishments which is regarded as vicarious reinforcement. This reflects that when an individual
perceives that a particular kind of behaviour is constantly being rewarded, they are most likely to
retain that behaviour for a long course of time and if a certain behavioural pattern is observed to
be continuously punished, such behaviours desist in personnel. This is an expansion of the
traditional behavioural theories which proposed that behaviour is governed only through
reinforcements, by laying emphasis on important roles of several internal procedures in the
learning individual (Poore, Cullen and Schaar, 2014).
As per the beliefs and ideologies of the above discussed theory, I am also of the view that
an individual usually learns while observing a typical behavioural conduct or through the
imitation of other people. The same was implemented by me within my workplace setting as I
also made use of my observation skills to discover the working pattern adopted by senior
authorities so as to attain knowledge regarding the most effective and suitable way of carrying
out business practices and activities. During my tenure at applied setting, I attended a workshop
on 'Leadership' in February Contact Week. There were majorly three activities that were
included in the workshop, namely, role play, discussion and reflection. To facilitate this, I took
use of confidence and strong internal abilities so as to optimally conduct the activities that were
a part of this workshop. The next step was to make use of my critical thinking and analytical
skills to evaluate whether the approach adopted by my seniors for carrying out activities would
be effective for me to be used to perform the three activities in the Leadership Workshop. After
carrying out an in-depth evaluation, I acknowledged that the approach adopted by my top
executives in a certain case scenario was suitable but had the scope to be improved for the
effective formulation of workshop tasks. So, by making optimal use of my skills, knowledge and
competence, I developed a strategic approach that was an accumulation of the way used by my
seniors along with my own creativity. Through the usage of my entrepreneurial skills and mind
set pertaining to decision making and risk undertaking, I was able to effectively execute the role
play. The seniors appreciated me for my excellent interpersonal and public speaking skills as
well as the spontaneity with which the whole task was executed.
The next activity in this workshop was a discussion whereby I was given a topic upon
which I had to discuss for 10 minutes. Before the start of this activity of workshop, I took
suggestions from my employer, peers and experts. They provided me with the required
assistance and guidance for suitably presenting myself in front of others. The aid and support
3

rendered by them helped me to boost my morale and fostered the start of a learning process
aimed at the enhancement of my existing skill set and knowledge base. This depicted my
leadership skills by exhibiting my quick decision making and creativity skills to discuss on a
random topic without any prior preparation. The ideology depicted by Social Learning Theory is
to observe and imitate others to learn the manner of execution of activities. With this, I could
adopt an appropriate approach to look upon the topic and express my views and opinions on it.
The positive approach to this task helped me in completing the task as per the requirements and
thus successfully executing the second phase of Leadership Workshop. I was appreciated for
relevantly communicating my point of view to the audience. The last stage or activity of this
workshop was reflection which was a written task to depict the learnings and experiences driven
during the Leadership Workshop. Hereby, I made use of my written communication as well as
memory skills to recall what activities I undertook within the workshop so that I could
effectively make a reflective account of the respective contact activity.
Experiential Learning Theory
Experiential learning comprises of learning from a number of experiences gained by
individuals. This theory was devised by the psychologist David Kolb who was found to be
influenced by other theorists' work inclusive of Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget and John Dewey
(Passarelli, 2016). As per the views and opinions of Kolb, this form of learning can be referred to
as the process wherein knowledge is developed by way of transformation of experiences. Such
kind of knowledge arises from the integration of acquiring and transforming the experiences.
This theory facilitates an individual to enhance one's knowledge base, skill set and experience.
Experiential learning theory is distinguished from behavioural as well as cognitive theories in the
sense that it undertakes a much more holistic approach to work and significantly stresses upon
the impact of experiences (inclusive of environmental factors, cognition, emotions etc.) upon the
learning processes (Davies, 2012).
As per the experimental learning model proposed by David Kolb, acquisition of
experiences and knowledge takes place in accordance with four stages (Yardley, Teunissen and
Dornan, 2012). This theory assisted me in the contact activity whereby I underwent a Group
Working Workshop in February Contact Week. Hereby, I was given a task to execute an
activity in a team of 15 members. I was assigned as the Team leader and had to ensure that all
the tasks were executed in the desired manner. The learnings of Experiential Learning Theory
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provided m aid to carry out my experience as a team leader as well as as an important member of
the group. The theory consists of four stages which rendered me guidance to enhance my
individual along with group performance. In this relation, the four phases of Kolb's Model are
briefly discussed below to illustrate the workings and learnings gained by me being a part of the
Group Working Workshop:-
Concrete experience: The first phase of the Kolb's learning cycle, namely, the concrete
experience is whereby a person undergoes a process or activity such as field work or laboratory
sessions (Smith, 2016). In this relation, we were given a group activity to carry out research on a
topic in a time span of 5 days. This provided me and other members of group with the assistance
to attain a concrete and good experience as per the present experience as well as practices. In
addition to this, it also provided me aid to make use of a affirmative approach towards the task
associated with conduction of research work. To effectively carry out the in-depth study of the
topic, I made use of my observatory and attentive skills. It is generally seen that experiential
concept can not be learned through reading or observation. Yet it is essential that sensory
involvement by way of speaking, looking and hearing takes place to enable an individual to
enhance one's existing skill set. I was the one who made use of my communication skill to set
coordination and cooperation among all the team members so that they can effectively execute
their part in the research. By being actively engaged in all the aspects of this team activity, I
enhanced my leadership and decision-making skill.
Reflective observation: This is the second phase of Kolb's learning cycle. This constitutes
relevant learning in the form of task formulation. After this, a review is carried out to attain
knowledge regarding the feasibleness of learning experiences (Rutherford-Hemming, 2012). As I
was the team leader, it was significant for me to practice integrity while carrying out a genuine
review of my overall performance. In this regard, I conducted a honest self review whereby I
acknowledged that my performance comprised of some positive and some negative aspects. This
assisted me to ascertain the scope for improvements. I practised critical evaluation as well as
assessment of various approaches in order to ascertain the best way to carry out research with the
team. I took into use leadership skills to guide my mates in optimally executing all the activities
related to research. To facilitate this, I made use of several communication media and strategies
so that the work can be complied and thereby completed within the desired course of time.
Written as well as oral communication was taken into use to set interaction with members on a
5

daily basis, to get an update regarding their task progress and issues faced by them. Further, this
also provided aid in getting feedback from team members so as to enhance the wholesome group
output.
Conceptualisation: It is also named as abstract conceptualisation, which is defined as the
procedure consisting of assessment and analysis of practices and procedures which constitute the
individual or group performance (Passarelli, 2016). I looked on the knowledge and learnings
gained as a result of this group activity to reflect upon it in an effective and efficient manner. To
facilitate this, I made use of several learning theories and models to attain comprehensive
knowledge of the information pertaining to individual and team learnings as well as
performance. This assisted me in overcoming the shortcomings in a short period of time to
ensure timely delivery of desired performance. Through this, I was successful in enriching my
confidence, team leading (leadership) abilities, efficiency and team building skills. This assisted
me in giving substantial contribution to the formulation of respective team activity (conducting
research) of the workshop within the stipulated course of time.
Experimentation: Here, in the last stage of Kolb's learning cycle model, the learner
carries out application of their ideas and views into the activities and processes executed by them
(Kapp, 2012). Within this stage, the learner intends to conduct planning upon the manner in
which a theory will be applied by them to gain a forthcoming experience. In this phase of Kolb's
learning cycle, I discussed the likely ways in which we as a team could present the research work
in front of my seniors. After listening to the views and opinions of every group member, I made
use of my judgement skills to reach to a conclusion that Power Point Presentation would be the
most suitable way to present our thoughts in front of others. This decision was taken by me
taking into account the fact that a PPT is able to attractively present the data in the form of data
as well as pictures (such as bar graphs, charts, diagrams etc.). With this, the compilation of work
of every team member was done and incorporated into a PPT by me, to present in front of
seniors and take feedback from them.
Through the application of this theory into the activities of Group Working Workshop, I
was able to effectively plan the activities in a sequential order to ensure that the team delivers
desirable performance as per the requirements. The learning as well as experience attained as an
outcome of the usage of this theory in applied setting provided me assistance in inflating my
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confidence, analytical skills, leadership abilities, observation and judgement skills to be able to
successfully deliver the performance in accordance with the requirements of workshop task.
Self-directed Learning Theory and Mind-Set
Self-directed Learning can be referred to as a learning approach whereby the learner
undertakes certain efforts and initiatives in order to assume the responsibility of what happens
during the procedure of attaining experience (Johns, 2017). This theory tends to propose that
individuals choose, manage, organise, assess and evaluate their own learning processes and
activities with a view to pursue the best one out of those at any time, at any location, through any
kind of means and in any age. This reflects that the emphasis of this theory is upon the point that
learning is a self directed process and is a matter of an individual's mind set (O'Connor and et.
al., 2013). In this regard, if an individual is keen on gaining experiences with a view to enhance
one's skills, the person will be able to gain knowledge and skills that will guide their course of
activity in future course of time and will assist them in carrying out improvements within their
existing skill set to incorporate the essential traits and knowledge base.
The concept of Self Directed Learning (SDL) revolves around individual undertaking
initiatives in order to diagnose learning needs, formulate the targets and utilise the resources
optimally to achieve the same within the due course of time (Lai, Shum and Tian, 2016). The
outcomes achieved are further evaluated so that rising learning needs could be identified. It is an
continuous process undertaken by adult to conduct an assessment of their own learning activities
with an aim to improve them. In this regard, I attended a Time Management Workshop within
the February contact week. For this, I was given a group activity which was to be completed
within a time span of 3 days in a team of 5 persons. The task given to us was to collect the
sustainability reports and information of a multinational corporation based in United Kingdom
along with recommendations associated with the same. To facilitate this, our group chose an
automotive company and initiated gathering data pertaining to sustainable development within
the premises of that entity. The research on such topic would benefit in ascertaining the ways in
which sustainable approach to business activities assist the entity in existing in market place for a
long period of time. There is a presence of numerous underlying causes to the use of sustainable
approach by the enterprise which need to be researched by the team and identification of some
measures which can be taken into use to operate in a nature friendly manner.
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At the first phase, all the members of group were dependent upon the lectures and
guidance offered by the supervisors and seniors. Hereby, there was an absence of skills and
attitudes which were required to initiate the learning process. The information which was
presented by the mentor in accomplishing the project, was helpful in minimizing the errors that
may take place in future course of time. This was out first collaborative task and thus the team
building drills and practices which were conducted by our coach and mentors assisted in
overcoming the confusions as well as conflicts that has the possibility of occurrence during the
execution of this Time Management Workshop activity. The deficiencies as well as resistances
associated with the group activity were thoroughly discussed in the group discussions and sorted
out ideally under the supervision of mentors and supervisors (Jarvis, 2012). The overall
experience incorporating all this was favourable and it developed a sense of cohesion amongst
us. This facilitated the members to work together with zeal and motivation such that the task can
be executed in a timely manner to learn the way in which time is managed during collaborative
working.
After the succession of this phase, the dependency on supervisors reduced as till now, we
had developed an interest in the given topic and were looking to carry out this project as a strong
and confident team. This phase well-marked the beginning of this workshop task. The tasks were
divided and my responsibility was decided to be engagement in collection of suitable and valid
data pertaining to sustainable development within the chosen multinational corporation. The
coach acted as a motivator and helped us in setting goals for carrying out the tasks and
stipulation of effective strategies. This activity was carried out by way of development of a
learning contract which is usually found to be inclusive of structure, timeline and details
pertaining to grading procedures.
The group during the next stage was wholly submerged into the task. There was a certain
level of excitement in the members to complete the respective research project ideally, by
making use of effective communication (Basturkmen, 2014). By now, all the group members
possessed detailed information about the subject matter. In this regard, the responsibility which
was awarded to me was to identify ideas and suggestions passed by the members in discussions.
It was extremely important for all of us to carry a detailed approach to working as it would be a
sole plan by way of which knowledge and data attained could be made applicable to diverse set
8

of situational contexts. This assisted the individuals to carry out ongoing learning on an
individual and collaborative basis.
The final stage to self managed learning focussed upon execution of an assessment of
learning undertaken during the completion of task within the stipulated course of time (Nicol and
Dosser, 2016). In this regard, it was very important for me as a learner to reflect and evaluate
what I have learnt during Time Management Workshop and seek the guidance of my mentors so
that further modifications to the strategy adopted prior can be understood and worked upon.
Personal Reflective report on Contact Activities
In the February Contact Week, I became part of 3 workshops pertaining to skills, namely,
Leadership, Time Management and Group Working. Hereby, I conducted several activities
which assisted me in carrying out the process of learning and enriching my personality with
personal as well as professional skills. These activities included a number of phases which
provided assistance to me in gaining advantage to enhance my existing level of skills, knowledge
and experience and also undertaking steps to enhance my weak areas where there was a scope for
improvement. This helped me in facilitating my personal and professional development as well
as growth. The overall tenure of these activities and the related learnings and experiences can be
well understood with the help of Gibbs’ Reflective Model. This is a model of reflection that
consists of a number of phases which assists in providing an overview of the journey of
particular activity or event (Davies, 2012). This cycle includes a total of five stages that aids an
individual to reflect upon one’s experience. In this regard, I have used this model to reflect upon
my learning throughout the 3 Learning Workshops. The stages of this reflective cycle are
explained in a detailed manner, as follows:-
Description: This is the first stage of Gibbs reflective cycle which includes the details
about the actual event or activity upon which a person is intending to reflect (Illeris, 2018). In
this regard, I participated in 3 workshops which consisted of a number of practices and learning
activities. Some of the activities had to be carried out on an individual basis while the others
were team tasks. These activities provided me with the opportunity to showcase my team
building, leadership, communication, decision making and collaborative working skills. The
whole event revolved around these contact activities only.
Feelings: In this stage of Gibbs’ model, the feelings and views of an individual during
the whole activity are laid down. In relation to the contact activities, I underwent a mix of
9

feelings. This is so because I was feeling excited and enthusiastic at the beginning of the event
while I felt nervous after carrying out some of the practices pertaining to the Workshops. Being
introvert in nature, at times, I encountered the problem of shyness while communicating with my
team members. However, owing to the facilitation and aid bestowed by my team mates, I was
able to have an effective conversation with each member individually. This made me recognise
that collaborative working skills of mine required certain extent of improvement. Overall, the
event consisting of the 3 Workshops, made me learn several aspects and gain experience laying
out the foundation to my professional development.
Evaluation: This stage is concerned with ascertainment of positive and negative things
related to the event that possess a significant impact upon an individual’s learning experience
(Valentino and Reardon, 2015). In relation to contact activities, the positive aspect was that I
learned several new things and skills that assisted me in shaping my career growth, thus aiding in
identifying my weak skill areas. Throughout the event, I showcased several skills like leadership,
innovation, critical thinking, observations, analysis and judgements. The only negative aspect
involved in the whole process of event was that the lack of certain skills restrained me from
carrying out the tasks in a desirable manner and communicating with the team mates. Both the
kinds of experiences shaped my learning and fostered me to undertake measures which limit the
occurrence of issues in futuristic course of time.
Conclusion: In accordance with above mentioned discussion of workshop tasks held in
February Contact Week, it was acknowledged that the team performance could have been better
had my presentation and collaborative skills been better. Due to the absence of certain skills, I
encountered challenge during the execution of some tasks. Further, it was analysed that the
learnings and experiences gained as a result of these activities provided me aid in undergoing
personal and professional development and elevating my career growth. Apart from this, I need
to incorporate effective changes within my present presentation, communication, multitasking
and collaborative working skills.
Action Plan: In the last phase of reflective cycle, an action plan is devised to decide upon
ways in which such activities would be undertaken in future. In this relation, I have decided to
enhance some skills of mine in order to optimally participate in learning workshops and events in
future course of time, thus, accomplishing the personal and professional objectives in a timely
manner.
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CONCLUSION
It can be acknowledged that that reflective business portfolio provides assistance to an
individual in gaining necessary academic and professional skills to get elevated in desired area of
work. It helps individuals to inflate their skill set, knowledge and experiences to make effective
use of them. Reflective business portfolio provides evidence of skills and abilities as illustrated
by an employee. Further, there are a number of learning theories with the help of which, an
individual can enhance one's skills and experiences. The experiences that are drawn by an
individual can be positive or negative. The negative experiences foster personnel to undertake
measures to bring about improvements. This facilitates their career development. It results in
increment in productivity of personnel such that the activities get executed within stipulated
course of time. Apart from this, personal reflective report is a good way to reflect upon one’s
experiences to analyse the good and bad. It also enables to further layout an action plan. In this
regard, Gibb’s Reflective Cycle is a technique through which an individual can reflect upon the
events and activities, thus, gaining knowledge about one’s strengths and weaknesses. By
determining the areas of improvement, a person can effectively undertake steps to improve
performance in future course of time.
Personal Development Plan
On the basis of above reflection, I have analysed that there are certain skills which need
improvement. In this regard, Personal development plan will provide assistance in identifying
my weak areas and conduct activities to enhance the existing proficiency of my skill set.
Personal development plan is a process through which an individual can bring improvements in
weak areas with the help of establishment of an action plan. Such kind of a plan helps an
individual to facilitate career elevation, knowledge increment and self improvement (Flores,
Kleyn and Menken, 2015). This plan will not just improve my personal growth but also the
professional development. On the basis of overall analysis of my personality inclusive of the
skill set, I have analysed that I am weak at presentation, multi tasking, written communication
and collaborative working. Thus, it is necessary for me to concentrate on these skills to inflate
the existing productivity. The personal development plan made by me for my skill improvement
is, as follows:-
Skill Area Current Targeted Criteria for Development Time
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Proficiency Proficiency Judgement Opportunity Scale
Presentation
Skills
3
(Nervous
and
unprofessio
nal
standards of
presentation
delivery)
5
(Confident
and
knowledge
presenter)
Seniors and
Top
Executives
I will take guidance
from my mentors
and senior
executives to work
upon this aspect and
effectively build this
skill. Also, I will
prepare a number of
presentations and
deliver it in front of
my peers to
effectively enhance
this skill area of
mine.
45
days
Written
Communicati
on
4
(The
technical
descriptions
are fine but
lack flair in
representing
critical
thinking in
written)
5
(Effective
descriptive
writing and
good display
of critical
thinking)
Peers, Seniors
and Top
Executives
To significantly
enhance this skill, I
will daily reflect my
critical thinking
within the business
reports and other
such writings. Also,
I will attend written
communication
classes where I will
get the right
guidance and
supervision.
60
days
Collaborative
Working
3
(Lack of
calm and
5
(Reliable,
calm and
Peers To enhance this
skill, I will
constantly work in
45
days
12

patience in
case of
adverse
team
situations)
optimistic
team member)
teams and
undertaking as
many group
activities as
possible. Also, I
will participate in
more events such as
Hackathon to
improve this skill
area.
Multi
Tasking
3
(Lack of
confidence
and self
belief to be
able to
perform
many
activities at
one time)
5
(Effective
multi tasking
to ensure
timely
completion of
projects
undertaken)
Seniors and
Peers
For improving this
skill area, I will take
personality
development classes
as with that, I will
be able to be a part
of a number of team
activities wherein
multi tasking is a
prerequisite and a
must-have. By
executing all the
activities in a timely
manner while being
a part of the team, I
will be able to
enhance my multi
tasking skills.
60
days
13

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