Essay Structure and Feedback Analysis

This assignment requires you to delve into the intricacies of essay writing, analyzing its structure and the influence of peer feedback on student learning. You'll examine various scholarly articles discussing essay development, learner engagement during writing, and the effectiveness of peer feedback in improving writing quality. The analysis should draw upon these sources to provide insights into the complexities of essay composition and the role of feedback in shaping student writing.

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS......................................................................................1
Role and importance of Total quality management....................................................................2
Importance of TQM....................................................................................................................3
Theories of improvement............................................................................................................4
Success of Total Quality Management.......................................................................................6
Failure of Total Quality Management.........................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................10
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Total quality management is a business approach which is used to improve the quality
and performance of products and services. Main objective of TQM is to eliminate the wastage
and increase productivity or efficiency to get long term success in business. In this process,
management and employees are involved in continuous improvement of goods and services. It is
basically concerned with the improvement in overall work process from specific planning,
strategies as well as decision making approaches (Abbott, 2014). This project report is based on
the success and failure of total quality management technique in context of Toyota and iPhone 4.
It also includes some theories that are used by the organisation to attain their future objectives
and goals in an appropriate manner. At last, it represents the role of total quality management for
understanding specific terms.
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
A business organisation is always established to provide their effective services and
quality products to customers. Main vision and objective of all companies is to gain maximum
profit in a short period of time. For this process, they use various techniques and theories to
improve their productivity and employee’s skills easily. Total quality management is also a
business process that is used to reduce the wastage gain higher benefits effectively. For this
process, organisations make various plans and strategies to fulfil customer’s need through their
quality products and services. Some large scale organisation like Toyota and iPhone also use this
technique to improve their cost and reduce wastage from their company. Toyota is the biggest
organisation and their main objective and vision is to provide unique and quality vehicles to
customers (Allen and et. al., 2016).
For this objective, they used various techniques and innovative ideas which make them
different from other competitive firms. Main reason of success of this organisation is that they
use total quality management process to reduce the wastage and provide attractive costing in
their vehicles and services to the customers. This process is very useful for the marketing
organisations to provide effectiveness in the products and services. It is a useful technique for not
only a firm but also for the customers to get effective costing of the goods and services. In it
organisation various term that can be recruit skilled candidates, introduce creative ideas in
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manufacturing and service process, design new products and offer attractive prices to the
customers.
Role and importance of Total quality management
Toyota is a popular automotive organisation world-wide. Company is providing their
vehicles and services across the international boundaries to gain maximum profit and build a
strong connection with customers. The company is used total quality management technique to
improve productivity and earn higher benefits easily. Basically, large scale organisations use this
process to motivate their employees towards the objectives and future success of the firm. This
technique is basically used to identify hidden issues, barriers and conflicts that can negatively
affect the procedure of Toyota. There are various roles of TQM like-
Higher productivity – Main objective of TQM is to reduce the wastage from firm to
improve productivity easily. For this, organisation uses various techniques like providing
specific training and learning to the employees, using innovative ideas and advance technologies
as these help to reduce time factor and provides efficiency in the working approach. Through this
process, they can easily manage their product’s quality and its manufacturing cost to attract new
customers in the competitive market. Quality management is beneficial to maximise revenue by
the new techniques and features to attract millions of clients easily (Bradley, 2016).
Enhanced marketing image – Through this process, an organisation can easily build a
positive image in the market as well as in front of their competitive firms. Through this process,
Toyota can easily gain various opportunities from the competition market because flexible and
affordable cost always attract top various customers and provides products demand in the
market. Total quality management eliminates the wastage and improves quality of products as
well as services of Toyota. Through this process, they can easily build high reputation and
goodwill in the market.
Improved customer’s focus and satisfaction – Customers and market always demand
for quality products at affordable price. So, for this, Toyota needs to improve their costing
effectively. This is the only technique which is used to build a strong connection with the
customers for a long time. In this process, organisation does not only offer their vehicle but also
build a truest in their consumers mind for their services and vehicles. Toyota is a well-known
organisation and they use TQM process to provide higher satisfaction to the people who are
connected with them or want to build relation (Dewey and Rogers, 2012).
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Improved and innovative process – TQM process is used to detect conflicts and
barriers from the organisation as well as to improve quality of Toyota's vehicle and services
effectively. For this, Toyota used innovative ideas and new techniques to improve their
productivity and procedures. New process always helps to provide products and services to the
customers and in target market. Total quality management is very useful for the success of
organisation because this helps them to improve each and every aspect of their goods as well as
provide effective services easily.
Importance of TQM
Quality improvement culture – TQM is useful for all organisations who want to
improve the quality of products and services with maximising profit effectively. In this process,
organisation needs to build modern culture to encourage their employees towards work and
future objectives. It requires skilled and full of knowledge employees who observe and listen
each and every element that can affect on the procedure and policies of the firm. For this, they
need to build working and positive environment that help to encourage them to achieve goal of
the firm in effective manner (Gielen, 2010).
Focus on customers’ requirements – For a marketing firm, it is very important to
understand that what customers want from them because it is needed to provide better services
and products according to customer’s needs. This thing help to reduce extra manufacturing and
wastage from the firm. Organisation needs to supply goods according to their market need and
demand this will helps them to reduce extra costing in manufacturing and reduce extra labour. A
business organisation is always established to provide higher satisfaction to the customers
through their products and services. So, for this, it is important to understand their needs and
fulfil it from their efforts (Good, 2014).
Continuous improvement in process – TQM process is determine that al companies
need to monitor and analyse their process and services which can affect their productivity. This
can be very beneficial from them to continuously improve their processes because through this
they can easily eliminate wastage and improve quality and productivity easily. For this process it
is very important to keep focus on target market and make efforts to revise all aspects in
operation activities. This should be a effective effort to improve proficiency and productivity that
is helps to build constant scope for improvement in services on timely bases.
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Commitment and understanding from employees – It is very important for employees
of organisation to know about Total quality management policies and make them effectively in
organisation and their procedures. For this process it is very important that their employees
understand corporate goals and objectives and make specific planning and strategy for it. This
think will help to utilize manpower as well as resources of organisation. Employee of firm need
to understand what market needs from them and what are expectation of customers from
product and organisation. Team building will also help in this process to motivate other
employees easily (Kassens-Noor, 2012).
Effective control – It is very important to monitor and measure performance and
activities of employees on timely bases. Through this process organisation can easily provide
them effective training and learning according to organisation and employees need. This process
will help to improve their interpersonal skill and working capacity to get higher benefits easily.
Sometimes company needs to take strict action and documentation to manage all activities in
effective manner.
Theories of improvement
For a organisation it is very important to understand importance of Total quality
management to improve productivity and maximise profit easily. Toyota is a successful
automotive organisation whose objective and vision is to get higher position in this field and to
provides higher satisfaction to customers through their vehicles and services. TQM is basically
refer to customers based practices that is used to improve quality and promote process
improvement techniques easily (Kim-Sharma and Furlong, 2013). For this there are various
theories that used to maintain improvement in process and productivity -
Deming's theory – This theory is based on fourteen point of management that identify
business ethics easily. According to this, quality is equal to efforts of employees over complete
cost. Through this organisation can easily understand that they need to focus on expenditure of
organisation need to be minimum over revenue. This think will help to maximise quality of
products as well as helps to reduce wastage and extra expenses that can negatively affect on its
costing. The theory is consist of four points such as-
System appreciation – This theory is determine process and system on which a
organisation works. A company needs to understand various methods and techniques that they
can use to provide effectiveness in organisation.
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Variation knowledge – This is used to understand variation occurring and cause of
variation in organisation.
Knowledge theory – According to this organisation can easily observe what they need to
know and understand.
Psychology theory – This theory is based on understanding of human nature effectively
because it is need of firm to understand their customers demand effectively.
After a brief research of this theories a business associate can easily understand how to
maintain quality of product in their organisation. Apart from this, there are some oher
components of this theory as follows-
 Aim for continuous products and services
 Utilize manpower ad resources.
 Create objectives and goals for firm (Lazzarato, 2012).
 Remove threats and barriers easily.
 Make sure hat every recruited employees are trained and skilled according to
organisation's need.
Crosby's theory – This theory is Introduced by Philip Crosby who is starting he TQM
movement. According to him if a person sped money on quality of product, it is money that is
well spent. Organisation and their employees need to spend fund and time to improve quality of
product and to reduce conflicts or barriers easily. Through their efforts organisation can easily
get effectiveness, productivity as well as maximum profit easily. There are some other steps
which is used by Philip Crosby for improving their corporation easily -
 Provide specific training to develop skills and ability of employees.
 Motivate employees toward their work, companies objectives and goal.
 Make sure quality of product should have to be more effective (Locke, 2014).
 Prepare a quality enhancement group.
 Make various strategies and plans to achieve future objectives easily.
 Identify attractive cost and various method of improvement.
 Performance management of employees.
 Make incentive and reward sessions for employees to motivate them easily.
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This theory is explain that Total quality management is not as much easy if organisation
do not use effective techniques and suggestion of it. Quality improvement is very important for
firm to supply better products to customers according to their demand and need.
Joseph Juran's theory - This is also a quality control technique in which Joseph Juran
determine quality planning, improvement, control process. According to them if a organisation
wants to improve their project and product management, that all quality improvement actions
must be carefully planned and control them effectively (Parks and Gowdy, 2013). This process is
used to get higher success in future easily. There are some others steps of quality improvement
such as-
 Improvement in goal s and objective must be required
 Organisation need to reach on objectives easily.
 Company need to provide effective training to their employees.
 Monitor all activities on timely bases.
 Recognize performance of team members.
 Provide performance achievement awards and rewards to motivate them easily.
From conclusion of theses theory, Toyota need to adapt one most effective and useful
strategy to improve their products quality and manage cost easily. All these theories helps to
build a goodwill in market and effective valuation of product in front of customers. All these
theories are established for different organisations, so for Toyota it is very important to
understand which theory help them to get higher productivity and maximum profit from
competitive market (Piaget, Inhelder and Piaget, 2013).
Success of Total Quality Management
Toyota is a biggest automotive firm who is deals in impressive vehicle in world wide. For
them TQM is helps to move their position on higher rank with strong competition in auto mobile
sector. The major objective of Total quality management for this organisation is to enhance their
vehicles feature and quality in front of customers. Through this process organisation provide
various services to customers such as - attractive looks, better average than other, high tech tyre
and tubes , flexible sitting, smoothness and attractive facilities. Toyota make various changes in
their vehicles on timely bases to provide more facilities to people. For this they use various
techniques and innovative ideas to attract customers and provide them higher satisfaction easily.
Through this process they can easily build long term customers and their trust to manage
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activities in the effective manner. After use of advance technology organisation introduce new
and effective ideas to the customers to provide them specific information of new generation and
ideas.
According to Ulaga, (2011)total quality management technique use to manage effective
quality,feature and positivity in the products and services which is helps to build goodwill in the
market as well as competitive advantages easily. In this process organisation build various
strategies and planning to effectively use of products and reduce wastage easily. This theory is
based on a relationship that organisation build with their customers. According to this model
customers always expect something special and extra from the company to make their loyalty in
return for a long time. In this process organisation is make suer that they provides effective
quality product to their customers as well as attractive prices too. This think will help them to
connect with the organisation for the long time.
Advantages of Total quality management – Total quality management is very useful
technique for all the organisations. This is basically used to reduce wastage and to improve
quality or productivity of the firm. There are various benefits of this technique such as -
 Cost reduction – Total quality management is a operational process which is used to
reduce extra cost of the products and services. In this process organisation analyse
wastage and unnecessary activities that can negatively affect on the cost. This technique
is used to reduce and minimise these type of wastage to improve products costing easily.
Effective and flexible cost helps to attract customers easily and this provides higher
sanctification to them easily.
 Customer satisfaction – This technique is all about understand customers need and their
demand as well as provide them quality product according to their need. In this process
they provide training and learning to their employees to improve listening and
understanding skills of customers need and their demand as well as to provide them
effective ideas and attention to build long term relation with them (Venkatesh, 2013). In
this process attractive cost and quality products also helps to provide higher satisfaction
to the people.
 Employee motivation – Total quality management is the tool to analyse employees skills
and their ability for the various working approaches. In this process organisation build
various training and learning programme to provide effectiveness in their workers
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because this will help them to improve productivity and get higher benefit in the short
term period. Through this process employees feel motivated toward their work and feel
dedicated to achieve objectives of the company easily.
Failure of Total Quality Management
Total quality management is very effective tool but this term can be very complicated if
organisation do not use it in proper manner. This technique is requires trained and skilled staff
who adapt all the changes easily. This process is also used by Apple when they launches iPhone
4 in front of their customers. They use this technique to introduce feature and quality in front of
the public. The main objective of Apple is to introduce new technique for the customers and
provide them effective feature in affordable costing. But according to a survey organisation get
negative feedback for their products and services because new generation and youngster wants
many more things and feature from the new launching but organisation do not able to fulfil their
need and demand. The organisation faces failure of TQM because they do not us it in appropriate
manner. The method of maximization in sales which is using by apple is collapsed and rejected
by society due to the various number of reasons. Customers of the iPhone faces many more
problem while they use it as poor picture quality, instant hang or off, Improper networking and
poor sound quality etc.. all this thinks are highly reduce customers range (Werner, 2011).
Disadvantages of total quality management – Total quality management is a effective
tool for all the organisation to get higher profit but it can negatively affect if organisation do not
use it in proper way. There are some disadvantage of TQM such as -
 This process is required a proper planning, time and specific resources.
 TQM is a expensive technique that can not easily used by medium and small scale
organisation.
 The process of TQM take a long period to show effective results.
CONCLUSION
From above it has been summarized that Total quality management is a term which is
used to enhance product quality, improve productivity and maximise profit easily. This approach
is basically used to get long term success in firm. But for this, it is very important to use it
effectively and follow principle and theories in effective manner. Through this process
organisation can easily reduce wastage and improve quality of particular product. This is also
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helps to provide attractive cost to customers to build long term relation and trust easily. TQM is a
effective technique but organisation need to understand that its effectiveness and weaknesses
otherwise that can negatively affect on their policies and products.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abbott, A., 2014. The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. University
of Chicago Press.
Allen, L.K and et. al., 2016, April. Investigating boredom and engagement during writing using
multiple sources of information: the essay, the writer, and keystrokes. In Proceedings of
the Sixth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (pp. 114-123).
ACM.
Bradley, F.H., 2016. Appearance and reality: A metaphysical essay. Routledge.
Dewey, J. and Rogers, M.L., 2012. The public and its problems: An essay in political inquiry.
Penn State Press.
Gielen, S and et. al., 2010. Improving the effectiveness of peer feedback for learning. Learning
and instruction. 20(4). pp.304-315.
Good, G., 2014. The Observing Self (Routledge Revivals): Rediscovering the Essay. Routledge.
Kassens-Noor, E., 2012. Twitter as a teaching practice to enhance active and informal learning in
higher education: The case of sustainable tweets. Active Learning in Higher Education.
13(1). pp.9-21.
Kim, K., Sharma, P., and Furlong, K.P., 2013. Effects of active learning on enhancing student
critical thinking in an undergraduate general science course. Innovative Higher
Education. 38(3). pp.223-235.
Lazzarato, M., 2012. The making of the indebted man: An essay on the neoliberal condition.
Locke, J., 2014. Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent
and End of Civil Government. John Wiley & Sons.
Parks, S. and Gowdy, J., 2013. What have economists learned about valuing nature? A review
essay. Ecosystem Services. 3. pp.e1-e10.
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. and Piaget, J., 2013. The growth of logical thinking from childhood to
adolescence: An essay on the construction of formal operational structures (Vol. 84).
Routledge.
Ulaga, W., 2011. Investigating customer value in global business markets: Commentary essay.
Journal of Business Research. 64(8). pp.928-930.
Venkatesh, V and et. al., 2013. Development of task understanding and monitoring in
information retrieval environments: demystifying metacognitive and self-regulatory
mechanisms in graduate learners using topic maps indexing technologies to improve
essay-writing skills. In International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning
Technologies (pp. 277-291). Springer New York.
Werner, S., 2011. High performance work systems in the global context: A commentary essay.
Journal of Business Research. 64(8). pp.919-921.
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APPENDIX
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