Tourism Impacts on Caribbean Islands

This assignment delves into the multifaceted impacts of tourism on Caribbean islands. It investigates the economic contributions of the tourism sector, including its effects on growth, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. The assignment also analyzes the social and environmental consequences of tourism, such as cultural preservation, sustainable practices, and climate change vulnerability. Students are expected to critically evaluate the challenges and opportunities facing the tourism industry in the Caribbean region and propose strategies for sustainable development.

Running head: TOURISM AND TRAVEL
Tourism and Travel
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Notes

1TOURISM AND TRAVEL
Table of Contents
Part 1: Definition and Demographic and Psychographic Description of the following types of
tourism........................................................................................................................................2
Ecotourism.................................................................................................................................2
Medical Tourism........................................................................................................................2
Adventure Tourism....................................................................................................................3
Cultural Tourism........................................................................................................................3
Gastro Tourism...........................................................................................................................4
Sports Tourism...........................................................................................................................5
Sex Tourism...............................................................................................................................5
Volunteer Tourism.....................................................................................................................6
Party Tourism.............................................................................................................................6
Education Tourism.....................................................................................................................7
Protest Tourism..........................................................................................................................7
Working Holiday Tourism.........................................................................................................8
LGBTQ Tourism........................................................................................................................8
Heritage Tourism.......................................................................................................................9
Event Tourism............................................................................................................................9
Sustainable Tourism.................................................................................................................10
Part 2: Sustainable tourism Plan for Barbuda:.........................................................................10
Detail description of the tourism industry in Barbuda 300......................................................10

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Principal motivators for Tourists in Barbuda...........................................................................11
Political, Social, Environmental and Economic Impact of tourism.........................................12
Appropriate Planning for Sustainable Tourism development in Barbuda...............................15

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Part 1: Definition and Demographic and Psychographic Description of the following
types of tourism
Ecotourism
The ecotourism is the types of responsible type of tourism that usually involve with
the idea of natural conservation. This main principle behind the ecotourism is develop the
cultural and environmental awareness among the public. It is also believed to be one of the
effective ways to maintain sustainability within the tourism industry, where there is a major
threats of destruction of natural resource due to the activities of the tourists.
Currently ecotourism is believed to be one of the fastest growing sector that is mainly
based in Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Biodiversity is one of the main purpose of
ecotourism (Mahrous & Hassan, 2016). Eco tourism sites are mainly source of attraction for
nature lover people. It is also important to note that places of Ecotourism generally have a
high diversity of flora and fauna that is responsible for the maintenance of the ecological
balance. The rain forest of Latin America and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia are few of
the major example of ecotourism destination all across the globe.
Medical Tourism
Medical tourism is the type of visit, where people travel to other country in order to
get proper medical treatment. This mainly refers to the purpose of the visit, where citizens
form for developed country travel to more developed areas in order to take the advantage of
the latest medical technology. There are also cases, where people travel to a different place,
in order to get medical treatment at lower cost. According to the report of Xiang et al., (2015),

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in majority of the cases, the purpose of medical tourism is to conduct high level of surgery
that usually requires the guidance of renowned surgeons.
The medical tourism is mainly famous in places, where there is high technological
infrastructure and availability of large number of health care centres that is controlled by
renowned physicians. Costa Rica is one of the famous example of medical tourism
destination for the Americans, where the people visit in order to get medical treatment at
much lower cost (Han & Hyun, 2015).
Adventure Tourism
The main purpose of adventure tourism is to explore and visit remote and exotic areas
and that is generally avoided by the majority of the common tourists. Few of the major
components of adventure tourism includes high level of physical activity, cultural exchange
and deep connection with the natural resources (Goodall & Ashworth, 2013). In many cases,
there are high level of risks that are involved within the actives associated with that of the
adventure tourism.
For the tourists, the main source of motivation for conducting adventure tourism
includes mental states, which is generally influenced by the hormonal rush and the ability to
step out of the comfort zones. The experience of cultural shock through the performance of
art is also highly common as a part of the adventure tourism. The adventure tourism is
generally associated with different types of adventure sports that includes mountain biking,
trekking, paragliding, scuba diving and many more. The Grand Canyon national park and
Yellowstone are few of the major sites of adventure tourism in USA.

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Cultural Tourism
The main purpose of cultural tourism is to promote the cultural lifestyle and food
habit of a particular region. The history of the local people along with art architecture and
religion and also few of the major components of cultural tourism. In the rural areas cultural
tourism includes tradition of the indigenous tribes. In spite of the rise of modernization in the
lifestyle of human beings all over the globe, the popularity of cultural tourism is going high
significantly. According to the report of World Tourism Organisation, nearly 37% of the
revenue generated from tourism sector are dependent upon cultural tourism (Pulido-Fernández,
et al., 2015). It is also believed to be one of the effective way to preserve the culture and
tradition of the past in many nations.
The places, of the traditional tribes and indigenous people are mainly famous for the
cultural tourism in all over the globe. The New York City of USA is mainly famous for the
cultural tourism sites, which is also one of the famous tourist attraction destination for people
all across the globe.
Gastro Tourism
The gastro tourism is believed to be one major part of cultural tourism, which is
mainly based upon the famous food available in a place. The main purpose of Gastro tourists
are to explore various aspects of the food habits of a region. The tourists also explode the
natural ingredients that are used in the process of food making. One of the major purpose of
the gastro tourism is to promote the food habits of the region. The food that is available in a
region depends on the local climate and topography. With the introduction of new types of
food, it is possible for the new types of food to promote the gastro tourism. Food tours and
travel programs are an important part of gastro tourism, where the tourists get the opportunity
to slow different type of street foods that are available in a city. According to the estimation

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of the world food and Travel Association, the expense of different type of food and beverage
items accounts for nearly 15 to 30% of the total standings in a tour programme. It is also
possible for the local restaurants of a place to improve upon their revenue generation due to
the impact of tourism industry.
Gastro tourism is mainly famous among all type of food lovers, who are enthusiastic about
different styles of culinary practice. Market tour is also an important part of Gastro tourism,
where the tourists explore the different types of food native food ingredients.
Sports Tourism
The purpose of sports tourism is to participate or observe in any major Sporting event.
It is believed to be one of the fastest growing industry under the tourism sector, which
amounts for 7.68 billion dollar in a year (de Grosbois, 2016). People generally participate in a
general sports event, in order to encourage their favourite sport team or sports person.
Olympic game, Formula 1 racing championship and football world cup a few of the famous
events that are associated with the purpose of sports tourism.
The popularity of different type of sports all across the globe is providing new
opportunity to the sport tourism sector. There are also several examples, where people
directly take active participation in sports event, which may include Marathon or snow
skating, which is generally famous in the mountain region.
Sex Tourism
The main purpose of the sex tourism for the travellers is to take part different types of
sexual activities that is generally famous in the prostitutes and red light areas. This types of
tour programs are generally arranged in different ways, which may not be a part of the main
tour program of the region. Nevertheless, there are different types of social issues that are

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associated with this type of tour programs. These include abuse of women and young child
and sexually torturing them.
It is also relevant to mention that the sex tourism is only viable in the regions, where
the local authority provides legal permission for the commercialization of sexual relationship
between two individuals (Tan et al., 2016).
Volunteer Tourism
The main purpose of voluntary tourism is to combine the activities of volunteering
and all other forms of tourism activities. The voluntary type of tourism is expected to
promote the elements of sustainable tourism that is mainly aimed to deal with the social and
economic development of a place. The volunteer tourists are the ones, who are encouraged
and enthusiastic about different types of tourism program and promoting the importance of
tourism in context of social and economic values. Contribution in the voluntary tourism
program can help in the process of implementing long term sustainable development plan. It
is also possible to expand the tourism industry and raise its importance in the context of local
economic value. It is possible to generate employment for the local people as the volunteers
are able to provide training to the local people. There are also several instances, where local
people act as per time volunteer tour guide.
Party Tourism
This type of tourism is very popular among the people of younger age, visit in some
lonely and a remote places with the purpose of indulging themselves with drinking, dancing
and party like behaviour. The Mediterranean region in the Europe are one of the most popular
destination for conducting party tourism.

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The main purpose of party tourism is to take participation in different types of
enjoyment activities with friends and families, try different type of food and drinks are being
served. The night clubs and resorts are the most popular places, where tourists involve in
party activities. One of the major controversies that are associated with party tourism is due
to the fact that many of the people involve themselves with excessive drinking of alcohol and
drugs. This can result in the increase of criminal activities (Webster & Ivanov, 2014).
Education Tourism
Education Tourism is a new sector that is growing within the tourism industry, where
tour programs are being conducted in order to obtain knowledge of a place. It can also be said
that the main purpose of encouraging Education Tourism is to generate knowledge among the
learners about the historical or cultural significance of a place. For example a group of
student can visit a historical place in order to gain practical knowledge about the Heritage
monuments, which is a major part of the academic course. School excursion activities can
also be regarded as a major part of Education Tourism. Activities like jungle safari and hiking
can help the learners to get wide variety of knowledge about the natural resource and thereby
raise their awareness about the importance of natural conservation.
The tour programs can also be conducted in the native lands, where the learners get
the chance to acquire knowledge by direct interaction with the indigenous people and raise
the level of cultural diversity knowledge (Mandal et al., 2017).
Protest Tourism
Protest tourism activities, where social activist take participation in protest programs
for saving any renowned tourist attraction place, which is at the risk of destruction from
human activities. The social and environmental organizers mainly take part in protest tourism

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activities. It is also believed to be one of the effective ways to raise the level of awareness of
the people within the community about social and environmental issues.
As media coverage is a part of the protest tourism activities, there is a huge
opportunity of gaining popularity in front of the world.
Working Holiday Tourism
The main purpose of working holiday tourism is to visit any foreign nation with the
purpose of engaging in short term Jobs or temporary project activities. People seek jobs in the
foreign lands in order to make more savings and also and some extra amount indulging in
various part time jobs.
Different Nations have various types of policies to provide visa for working holiday.
It is also provided to the students, who visit any foreign nation for the purpose of doing any
project work with senior supervisor. Australia is one of the favourite destination of working
holiday tourism, which is mainly due to the fact that education system of the country is
highly advanced that provide opportunity to the students from foreign Nations. On average
the total duration of working holiday tourism is around 3 months (Zaei & Zaei, 2013).
LGBTQ Tourism
This is one of the special forms of tourism, which is mainly planned for the people
within the LGBT community. This is also applicable for people, who have unique sexual
orientation. People within the LGBT community together take part in deciding upon the plan
of the tour program. The main intention of this type of tourism is to remove the social barriers
that are responsible for the social isolation of the people in the LGBT community. Hence,
they get the opportunity to take part in social gatherings and express out their feelings,

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The tourism destinations are mainly within the large cities, where the gay people are
able to get the opportunity to take part in the social welfare activities. San Francisco and
Sydney is believed to be few of the top destinations for the conducting tourism for the gay
community.
Heritage Tourism
In Heritage tourism for people get the opportunity to visit places of renowned
historical monuments and heritages. Heritage tourism can be regarded as a part of cultural
tourism activities, where people get the opportunity to visit places of historical significance.
The Tourist thereby get the opportunity to witness marvellous creation of past Civilization
and culture. It is however believe that the sustainability of Heritage tourism is entirely
dependent upon the conservation practice that are being implemented by the archaeological
department for saving the Heritage Sites from natural destruction.
People, who are generally interested in historical subject are mainly passionate about
Heritage tourism. The creation of Egyptian civilization in the form of pyramids are the
monuments of Mughals and Sultans in India are few of the major example of Heritage
tourism, which attract several tourists from all across the globe (Baum 2016). It is however
necessary for the archaeological department of respective Nations to implement proper
sustainable conservation measures, which will help in the maintenance of all famous
historical giants.
Event Tourism
The tourism, which are associated with famous cultural, sports or any other types of
public events. These events are believed to be one of the major motivations for improving the
volume of tourists, who visit in different places. The different types of events tourism

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includes cultural festival celebration which can be in the form of carnivals. The famous Rio
Carnival in Brazil is one of the biggest example of event tourism.
Other forms of events tourism includes political conference and events, which is
visited by VIPs and celebrity persons. There also can be events like the business meetings,
which is held to promote product launch or trade. There also can be personal events that is
held in the forms of marriage party and social gatherings. In case of a nation, who are given
the privilege to hold any famous public or sports events like the Olympic or Football world
cup, gets the opportunity to attract large number of tourists from all over the globe in a short
period of time.
Sustainable Tourism
The principles of Sustainable Tourism can be implicated in all forms of tourism sector
that have been defined in the above section. One of the main purpose of Sustainable Tourism
is to encourage future economic and environmental growth of the tourism sector and all types
of natural resources that are the main source of tourism attraction. The local stakeholders of a
tourism spot play a major contribution in maintaining sustainability within the tourism sector.
One of the main purpose of Sustainable Tourism is to be the level of awareness within the
common people about the importance of conservation of natural resources.
Part 2: Sustainable tourism Plan for Barbuda:
Detail description of the tourism industry in Barbuda
Barbuda is a Small Island group in the Caribbean region, which is mainly famous for
a place of tourist destination. The geographical location of the island helps to attract several
tourist from all across the globe. The beach activities like swimming, snorkelling fishing and
sea water are few of the famous popular tourist activities. The place is also famous for few of

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the best beaches in the world, which offers a unique experience for the Travellers with a view
of the Pacific Ocean.
There are also a large number of luxury Hotels, which has initiated the business in the
beaches of Barbuda Islands. They offer all type of luxury services from tourists all across the
globe (Ford & Dorodnykh 2016).
In Recent times, due to the effect of Hurricane Luis in August 2017 the tourism
industry of Baroda had suffered tremendously. All the major resorts and hotels of the sea
beaches are completely destroyed. There was also hurricane Irma, which had a severe impact
on the tourism industry. Nearly 95% of the buildings were completely destroyed due to the
impact of the hurricane (WALKER, 2017). As The Island was preparing to welcome large
number of foreign tourists due to the impact of the hurricane, the tourism sector shattered
completely in the region. All modes of transportation including airports, roads had undergone
severe damage.
In the Context, of the current situation, it is essential for the tourism department of
Barbuda Island to implement severe action plan that will help in the process of recovering the
tourism department. Rehabilitation packages for the tourism industry need to be implemented
in order to ensure the economy and new generation from the tourism industry can be
recovered fully. It is important for the tourism department also to implement sustainable plan
to ensure the island is harmed to minimum extent, which will occur due to all environmental
catastrophes in the future.
Principal motivators for Tourists in Barbuda

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The Ministry of Tourism in the region have initiated several policies, which is aimed
to provide proper guidelines and responsibility for the tourism department. One of the unique
feature of the island is the diverse form of tourism, which attract several group of tourists
from all age category. The tourism policy implemented by the government has been able to
optimise the social and economic benefit and also able to establish the island as one of the top
Caribbean destination. The policy also focused upon the marketing activities, which has
successfully been able to promote the natural beauty of the sea beaches of Barbuda Island.
Adventure sports tourism is also one of the major source of attraction for the tourist. The
island also has famous coral reefs, which provide a unique opportunity to witness colourful
marine life. This can be experienced by the tourist in the form of taking part in Scuba Diving
or snorkelling.
The tourism industry in Barbuda Island can encourage Eco tourism, adventure
tourism, sports tourism and party tourism. Hence, it can be regarded as famous place for
attraction for all adventure and Ecotourism lovers. The tropical climate of Barbuda Island is
also one of the cause of tourist attraction. It is also important to note that into the tropical
weather, it is possible for the tourist to visit in any time of the year. This is mainly possible
due to the fact that there is no great temperature changes throughout the Year (Mackay et al.,
2017).
Due to the initiative taken by the local sea beach resorts and luxury Hotels, it is
possible for the tourist to enjoy Beach party and get the taste some of the Unique and native
food of the region. The Barbuda Island is also famous for few of the unique seafood’s, which
helps to attract the seafood lover.
Political, Social, Environmental and Economic Impact of tourism
Political:

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The political scenario of Barbuda have witnessed huge change due to the impact of
Colonial rule from the British. Nevertheless, since the year 1951, democratic rule has been
established within the island. Elections are held on regular basis with an interval of 5 years.
One of the major political issue in the nation is due to the fact that the country is mainly ruled
by one party system. Hence, citizens are not able to enjoy complete democracy.
The tourism industry has an important role within the political scenario of the nation.
The success of the government is generally charged by their ability to implement proper
tourism policies. Due to the stable nature of political background in a nation for the past
meaning years, the island has been able to attract several foreign tourists from all across the
globe (John, 2014).
The parliament of the Barbuda Island consists of 17 elected members, which is leaded
by the Prime Minister. The parliament is responsible for implementing all government
policies, which has direct and indirect impact on the tourism sector. The legal act
implemented by the government also aims to ensure proper sustainability and safety of the
tourism industry and the tourists of the island. Government has also implemented special
security ensure maximum safety for all types of tourist in the island. This is believed to be
one of the major way to promote the tourism industry of the island and maintain its reputation
in the Global stage.
Economy
Economy of the island is strongly dependent upon the performance of the tourism
industry. It is also one of the biggest recruiter sector, which offers more than 50% of the
employment for the people of the island, who are directly or indirectly associated with the
tourism industry (Laframboise et al., 2014).

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During the time of colonial period of British and French, economy of the island was
mainly depending upon the business of tobacco and cotton products. The total GDP is
currently worth of $ 1.5 billion, with an annual; growth rate of 1.0%. Agriculture accounts for
2.1%, industry accounts for 19.6% and service sector of 78. % of the total GDP. The overall
tourism sectors accounts for 65% of the service sector and the revenue accounts for 60% of
the total GDP (Potter et al., 2017). With the help of the economic policies related to the
tourism sectors the total; volume of the revenue from the tourism sector is expected to rise to
70% of the total GDP of the nation. There are more than 7000 employees that are employed
with the trade unions related with that of the tourism sectors.
Social
Similar to the segment of politics and economics, tourism industry of the island also
had image of impact in the social status of the people. The native Society of the island was
divided into various class and categories, which is based upon the social hierarchy.
Nevertheless, due to the economic development of the island which was mainly contributed
from the tourism industry, Society of the Barbuda Island has been able to recover from all
type of social backwardness and superstition. As all categories of people in the society at able
to get the job in the tourism sector, they are able to improve on their individual financial and
educational status. It is also important to note that due to the economic development, the
government has also been able to improve upon the health status of the society by providing
better health care facility.
The people of the society are able to interact with several number of foreign tourists,
help to improve upon their knowledge in context of cultural diversity. The high level of crime
rate in the society has been a major cause of concern, which has the risk to lower the
reputation of the tourism sector. However, due to the improve level of education and

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infrastructure and providing employment, it is possible to lower the rate of crimes within the
society (Meng et al., 2016).
Environment
It is important to note that due to the pressure of the tourism industry the environment
in the Barbuda Island has undergone huge change in the past several years. One of the major
issue in the context of environment in the island is due to the distribution of freshwater (Sigala
2017). Due to the construction of several luxury hotels and resorts, the local people in the area
has to face several problem due to shortage of freshwater. There also has been cases of
deforestation, which had serious impact on the local biodiversity. There also has been
excessive pressure due to the huge volume of sea fishing. The sea beaches of the region is
also facing cleaning issues due to the waste deposited from the tourism industry and sector.
Appropriate Planning for Sustainable Tourism development in Barbuda
According to Becken et al., (2014), the main purpose of Sustainable Tourism is to
encourage conservation of the local ecology of a tourist destination. Due to the huge pressure
of the tourism department in the Barbuda Island, it is important to ensure the plan for
sustainable development which will help to maintain long term sustainability of the industry.
It will also help to protect the tourism industry from the severe effect of natural catastrophes
including cyclone and hurricane.
Seghir et al., (2015), have mention that the main purpose of Sustainable Tourism
planning is to ensure maximum protection to the environment, society and culture of the
respective destination. It can also help to provide quality tourism service to all the visitors
and also ensure that business is being conducted in order to get maximum amount of profit.

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The Government of the Barbuda Island plays the most vital role in planning
Sustainable Tourism program. It is important to note that one of the major environmental
issue encountered in the island is due to the excessive construction work of resorts and hotels.
Government need to activation tree in order to ensure that proper eco-friendly measures are
being adopted in the construction work of hotels and buildings related to the tourism sectors.
It is also important to ensure the safety of the construction work, which will cause minimum
damage during the time of natural catastrophes and cyclones.
All the owners of the hotels and resorts need to ensure that wastes that are
accumulated from the activities of the hotel and properly treated before they are being
exposed to the local environment. All the Tourists and visitors should also be given strict
instructions and guidelines in order to ensure that they do act responsibly to cause minimum
harm to the local environment.
The entire tourism industry of the Barbuda Island is dependent upon various type of
resources. It is important for the authority of the tourism department to ensure proper
allocation of the resource is done that will help to prevent wastages. Proper marketing
strategies is also believed to be an important part of the sustainable development plan for the
tourism department. It is important for the government authority to conduct proper marketing
research in the form of conducting marketing survey from the respective Tourists. This will
help them to identify the strengths and weakness of the existing plan that are being
implemented in the tourism sector. Proper product development strategy also need to be
incorporated, which will help in the process of raising the popularity of the tourism sector.
Advertisement with the use of digital platform can also help to raise the awareness level of
the people about various sectors of the tourism industry. Every hotels and resorts need to
introduce the system of online booking for visitors all across the globe.

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In order to deal with the effect of natural Catastrophe is like hurricanes and cyclones,
it is important for the tourism Sector to introduce and work collaboratively with disaster
management team. Proper contingency plan in the form of stocking medicines and food
supply need to be implemented, which will help to ensure minimum casualties after the effect
of the catastrophe. The transportation infrastructure also need to be improved, which will
help to ensure that visitors are able to evacuate the island soon after the period of crisis is
over.
Hence, with the help of proper plan of sustainable development in the tourism sector
it is possible to facilitate and improve the existing condition of tourism industry in the
Barbuda Island.

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