Annotated Bibliography on Tourism and Destination Management

This assignment provides an annotated bibliography of 17 research papers and studies on tourism and destination management. The papers cover various topics such as the development of origin-destination matrices using mobile phone call data, the role of individual entrepreneurs in rural tourism destinations, and the impact of social media on tourism. The bibliography includes references from journals such as Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, and International Journal of Tourism Research, among others.

Tourist Destinations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK-1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 The main tourist destinations of the world in terms of numbers and income generation 1
1.2 The latest trends in tourist destination and prediction of future trends............................4
TASK-2 ...........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Cultural social and physical features of London zoo.......................................................6
2.2 Comparing and contrasting cultural, physical and social features of London zoo and
Tenerife...................................................................................................................................7
TASK-3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 The economic and political characteristic of both destinations:PPT................................8
3.2 Characteristics of a tourist destination that affect its appeal:PPT ..................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Three issues that can affect the popularity of UK destination and comparing it with Spain
destination...............................................................................................................................8
4.2 Sustenance of UK in appealing tourist towards its destination and emphasizing on
responsible destinations..........................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Tourists destination is an important sector that have an impact on the economy of the
country (Mowforth and Munt, 2015.). The job opportunities to individuals is been given through
tourism activities. For many unemployed individuals this sector have created jobs. The tourists
selected their destination for travel is per their needs and requirements. This may vary from
person to person. More and more countries are trying to make their destination attractive so that
the number of visitors are increased in number and also a positive image about their destination
will be developed in their mindset (Telfer and Sharpley, 2015).
This report will analyse the world's leading tourist destination and comparison of this destination
will also be made with UK in terms of income generation ,number of visitor etc. The future
trends in tourist destination for UK and other detonation will also be examined in this report.
Further more the cultural, social and physical feature of UK detonation wills also be identified in
this report. This report will also compare the cultural, physical and soil features of UK with
overseas destination. This report will also pay emphasis on “Responsible tourism”.
TASK-1
1.1 The main tourist destinations of the world in terms of numbers and income generation
The country is called tourist receiving country when the number of tourists that are
visiting that particular country are more in number. For example of the tourists that are visiting
UK are more then to will be known as tourist receiving country (Mowforth and Munt, 2015).
Similarly, the country is called as tourist generator country when the tourists are generated from
that particular country. For example if the tourist are generated more from UK then it is called as
tourist generating country (Volgger and Pechlaner, 2014. ).
The visitors that are visiting France are more in number in comparison with other destinations.
As Germany is a global destination so may tourist are also visiting this destination. The visitors
are also visiting UK in order to see London, Manchester ,Cambridge , Glasgow and many others
(Pearce, 2014.). There are also some well-known attraction in the UK such as tower of
London,St.paul cathedral, London park etc.
Rank Country Location
market
Visitors
visiting
Visitors in
2014
Change 2010
to 2015
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1 France Europe 70.2 m 71.7 m 2.0 %
2 USA America 52.4 m 57.2 m 8.3 %
3 China Asia 56.8 m 47.3 m 8 %
4 Spain Europe 48.2 m 48.9 m 1 %
5 Italy Europe 41.6 m 41.1 m 0.6 %
6 UK Europe 27.0 m 22.1 m 0.1%
7 Turkey Europe 22.9 m 21.7 m 5.6%
8 Germany Europe 21.25 m 26.2 m 9.2 %
From the above table it had bee represented that at rank 1 is France this means that
number of visitor that are visiting France are more in number in composition with other countries
such as china,UK ,Spain , Germany etc. The people are vising France due to fashion trends and
excellent architectural design (Pike and Page, 2014.). In comparison, with France UK stands at
6th rank. The number of visitors that are visiting UK are less in numbers in comparison with
France. The visitors that are visiting UK to visit the London eye, science museum etc.
Rank Country Location market Income generation
1 USA America 100.5
2 Spain Europe 50.5
3 France Europe 45.2
4 China Asia 44.8
5 Italy Europe 35.6
6 Germany Europe 32.6
7 United
kingdom
Europe 30.5
8 Australia Oceania 30.2
2

From the above table one can find out that USA is at first position in terms of income
generating country (Komppula, 2014). However, in comparison with other countries UK's
stands at 7th position in terms of income generation. In UK, the number of visitors are visiting
London as it has attractive paces that tracts most of the visitors .So, it is also termed as busiest
city.
Rank Country Expenditure Market
share
Population Per capita
expenditure
1 Germany 80.5 8.1 76.3 930
2 United States 73.7 7.9 73.2 243
3 China 41.7 6.5 1478 38
4 UK 48.9 5.0 47.5 757
5 France 36.6 4.8 33.6 614
6 Canada 22.3 3.3 27.4 886
7 Japan 21.9 3.0 24.6 206
8 Italy 24.3 2.5 22.7 435
From the above table one can see that country which have the largest economy is
Germany stands at 4th position in terms of economy. A lot of money is funded by government of
UK in order to make sure that sites are maintained and developed properly in order to attract
more number of visitors towards this destination (Iqbal and González, 2014.).
3

4
Illustration 1: London zoo
(Source: Tourist destination in UK, 2017)

1.2 The latest trends in tourist destination and prediction of future trends
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Business 8066 8000 9834 7120 6413 5790
Holiday 9070 9555 9768 9924 10423 10669
Study 500 590 550 450 500 403
VFR 7657 8403 8720 9623 8680 8704
5
06/27/1905 06/28/1905 06/29/1905 06/30/1905 07/01/1905 07/02/1905
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Number of visitors
Business
Holiday
Study
VFR

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Business 3044 3750 3443 3574 3580 3000
Holiday 3567 3960 4011 4478 6270 5509
Study 1012 1110 934 1100 1269 1200
VFR 2210 3300 3490 3716 3680 3559
6
06/27/1905 06/28/1905 06/29/1905 06/30/1905 07/01/1905 07/02/1905
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Income generation
Business
Holiday
Study
VFR

The graph that had been seen above represent that number of tourists that are visiting UK
are increasing each year and also the income that is generated by this tourist destination is also
increasing from since 2005.
In the UK the most visited city is London .The domestic and international visitors both
visit London (Kim, 2014). It had also given job opportunities to may unemployed people in
London. In the coming period it is expected that number of visitors will increase as the Olympic
games and other games are held in this place. The huge income will also be generated from this
as the chances are high that international tourist will come to visit this desalination. As today the
customers have become more conscious towards environment and sustainable habits are been
preferred by them. So, in order to adapt to this lifestyle of customers UK is planing to have Eco-
tourism (Carlisle and Tiffin, 2013).This type of tourism will both proved better experience to
tourists and hosts and also preserve the environment.
TASK-2
2.1 Cultural social and physical features of London zoo
London zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It is managed by the zoological society of
London. There is 698 species of animals, with 20,166 individual. London zoo becomes a
protected species in their own right. It has one of the most comprehensive animals' collection in
the world. The main attraction for most people visiting the London zoo are the iconic buildings,
history. The human environment is made up of plants and animals in their habitat. It is situated at
the northern edge of regent's park. There are different types of animals which are the reason of
attraction. Area which are the reason of attractions are land of the lions, tiger territory, gorilla
kingdom, the aquarium, the reptile house, butterfly paradise, Blackburn pavilion etc. London zoo
is so widely in size, layout and has a climatic condition. London zoo is oldest in the world.
London zoo was originally built to keep animals for scientific research. Funding of London zoo
is comes from admission, charges and destinations (Della Corte and Aria, 2016). There are listed
beautiful buildings in London zoo. There are a gorilla statue at the entrance of the zoo. African
bull elephant also the reason of attraction. Lake oku clawed frog breeding. The park itself is in
very good conditions, toilets are well kept and clean staff are also very friendly and helpful.
There are also a new dinosaur area, which is opened in September . This is very well laid out,
and good information for children. There are also various other exhibits such as night life
buildings, giraffes, zebras and many more.
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Land of the lions: land of the lions is a new enclosure for London zoo. The enclouser is 2500
squares meters in sized.
Tiger territory: the zoo currently own five tigers. The enclouser is 2500 square meters on size.
Gorilla kingdom : London zoo currently have six gorillas.
Into Africa: champion's zebra, African wild dogs, pygmy, worth dogs are display in this area.
Rainforest life and night life: night life house displays Australian water rats, blind cave fish.
The Aquarium: there is aquarium in the London zoo. The aquarium is separated into three halls,
each home has different types of fish (Horner and Swarbrooke, 2016).
Animal Adventure: domestic animals such as sheep, donkeys, llamas, alpacas are display in this
area.
2.2 Comparing and contrasting cultural, physical and social features of London zoo and Tenerife
Lord park zoo is located on elgin's east site, at the south end of lords park whereas London zoo is
located at northern edge of regent's park. The lord park was initiated in 1895 whereas London
zoo is opened in 1828. In lord park the attraction of people are elk, white tail deer whereas in
London zoo tiger, lions, fishes, pegvion are the reason of attraction. London zoo has more
facilities for the animals. London zoo is big in size more than lord park. London zoo provides
full natural environment for the animals and provide them big areas to live comfortable. London
zoo is old scientific zoo which was opened for the research on animals. Lord park zoo in 1895. in
1895 there were only two donated bears. Bears, elk and even a lion are part of elgin's oldest and
largest park history.
There are various factor that affects the travel and tourism of UK. Natural Disaster:
natural disaster affect tourism. Falling Pound is a main reason which affects the travel and
tourism. Skill gap is also a reason which affect the popularity of UK destination (Iniesta-Bonillo,
Sánchez-Fernández and Jiménez-Castillo, 2016).
The variations in the destination is due to infrastructural facilities provided by both the
countries. Another important aspect that need to considered is hospitality services, rules and
regulations followed and strategies adopted in implementing operational activities also plays an
important role for the tourists for deciding that where they want to go for trip next.
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The promotional activity's aspect is another major difference in UK and Spain. Online
promotions are majorly used by UK and hence it gives its promotion for the London zoo on
social media websites such as Facebook, My Space and Twitter in order to attract young
generation towards it. Tourists blogs are also used in promoting these types of places so that
maximum number of tourists can be attracted towards it. However, in case of case, the
advertisement and promotional policies are mainly dependent on offline basis such as
advertisement in the newspaper, billboards, magazines etc (Zhang, Cai and Lu, 2014).
TASK-3
3.1 The economic and political characteristic of both destinations:PPT
3.2 Characteristics of a tourist destination that affect its appeal:PPT
TASK 4
4.1 Three issues that can affect the popularity of UK destination and comparing it with Spain
destination
There is a great amount of growth in the tourists that visit to Spain as well as UK.
However, there are various issues that is affecting the tourist and preventing them from visiting
these places. Varied amount of negative consequences are faced by the tourist destination due to
large number of tourist coming to the place to visit the destination. The consequences are borne
by the environment of that country in negative manner. The key issues that can affect the
popularity of UK and Spain are as follows:
 Climatic conditions: Climate plays vital role in significantly affecting tourist
destinations. As the tourist visit to the place the increase in transportation leads to
affecting the environment. It leads to increase in the air pollution which acts as a driving
force in causing breathing issues and various other skin related diseases. It has an impact
on animals living in the zoo as well (Shahzad, and et.al., 2017). They tend to die early
due to lack of suitability of the climate for them. Hence, there is a significant drop in
number of visitors visiting in UK as compared to that of Spain. It has also led to decrease
in the output of the country from tourism sector.
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 Natural disaster: Occurrence of natural disaster also have direct impact on the tourists
that are visiting to the destination for visiting purposes. Some of the natural disasters for
the country includes, landslides , avalanches , Tsunami , cyclones , earthquakes etc.
These are uncertain and hence can occur at any time. It has significant impact on the
popularity of the destination. Hence, tourists tend to avoid these type of disaster prone
destination such as Spain. Therefore, people choose UK over Spain for visiting purposes.
 Impact on sustainability: The condition for the tourist destination must be stable. It has
been observed that UK is more stable in comparison to that of Spain. Hence, UK is
preferred more rather than opting for Spain for tourism purposes. Hence, it can infer that
sustainability has a great impact on popularity of the destination as well. The more
sustainable country tends to attract large number of customers and vice versa (Tribe,
2015).
4.2 Sustenance of UK in appealing tourist towards its destination and emphasizing on
responsible destinations
It is important to conduct responsible tourism in the country. It means that the tourists
that are visiting to the country are the responsibility of the country so that they can have safe visit
to the destination. It helps in growing the profits through tourism sector and hence assist in
development of the country as well. There are various opportunities and facilities are provided to
the people visiting to UK. All the basic amenities are provided in the hotels in order to make
their stay safe. It helps in providing ample of opportunities for employment to the people of
home country which not only helps in welfare of the guest but for the host as well.
Government has been involved in taking varied initiatives so that effective and efficient
facilities are provided to the tourists. It also provides security to the visitors so that they can feel
safe in the foreign country (Yang and et.al., 2017). It helps in welfare of the standards of the
facilities being provided to the tourists. The condition of the tourist destinations are improved,
providing better opportunities for the destination to grow. It helps in attracting large number of
tourists towards it. It can further helps in increasing the revenue from tourism sector so that it can
further improve in the best possible manner.
Another important aspect of responsible tourism is managing appropriate value for money
touring packages for the tourists so that they can get better utilisation of the money that has been
paid by them for sight seeing (Zeng and Gerritsen, 2014). The country has also been able to
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reduce the carbon emission from the transportation by opting for better pollution control
vehicles. It helps in providing the services without comprising with the sustainable development
of the country.
CONCLUSION
Thus summing up the above report it can be concluded that the number of visitors that are
visiting France are more in comparison with other destinations and the income generated by
USA is more and UK stands at 7th ranks in terms of income generation. Most of the tourists are
visiting London as they find London eye every attractive. The popularity of tourist destination is
being affected due to climatic conditions,terror attacks,political issues etc. The responsible
tourism is making the places safe and secure for people and as well as for visitors. The
economic, social and environmental impact over destination is also reduced by responsible
tourism.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Carlisle, S. and Tiffin, S., 2013. Supporting innovation for tourism development through multi-
stakeholder approaches: Experiences from Africa. Tourism Management. 35. pp.59-69.
Chen, H.J., Chen, P.J. and Okumus, F., 2013. The relationship between travel constraints and
destination image: A case study of Brunei. Tourism Management. 35. pp.198-208.
Della Corte, V. and Aria, M., 2016. Coopetition and sustainable competitive advantage. The case
of tourist destinations. Tourism Management. 54. pp.524-540.
Horner, S. and Swarbrooke, J., 2016. Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge.
Iniesta-Bonillo, M. A., Sánchez-Fernández, R. and Jiménez-Castillo, D., 2016. Sustainability,
value, and satisfaction: Model testing and cross-validation in tourist destinations. Journal
of Business Research. 69(11). pp.5002-5007.
Iqbal, M.S. and González, M.C., 2014. Development of origin–destination matrices using mobile
phone call data. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 40. pp.63-74.
Kim, J.H., 2014. The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale
to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism
management. 44. pp.34-45.
Kim, S.H., Holland, S. and Han, H.S., 2013. A structural model for examining how destination
image, perceived value, and service quality affect destination loyalty: A case study of
Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research. 15(4). pp.313-328.
Komppula, R., 2014. The role of individual entrepreneurs in the development of competitiveness
for a rural tourism destination–A case study. Tourism Management. 40. pp.361-371.
Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and
new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
Pearce, D.G., 2014. Toward an integrative conceptual framework of destinations. Journal of
Travel Research. 53(2). pp.141-153.
Pike, S. and Page, S.J., 2014. Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A
narrative analysis of the literature. Tourism management. 41. pp.202-227.
Shahzad, S. J. H. and et.al., 2017. Tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist
destinations: New evidence using the quantile-on-quantile approach. Tourism
Management, 60, pp.223-232.
Telfer, D.J. and Sharpley, R., 2015. Tourism and development in the developing world.
Routledge.
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