Key Milestones in the Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry

This report discusses the key milestones in the development of the travel and tourism industry, including personalization, technology recognition, automation, and more. It also explores the different elements of the industry, such as hotels and flight packages, ancillary services, and the changing purposes of hotels. Additionally, the report examines the factors affecting tourism behavior and the models of motivation and consumer decision-making process. It concludes with an analysis of recent and emerging patterns and trends in the international travel industry and the factors influencing the popularity of global destinations.

International Travel and
Tourism Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Key milestones in the development of the travel and tourism industry.................................3
P2. Different elements of travel and tourism industry................................................................4
LO2..................................................................................................................................................5
P3 Factor affecting Tourism behaviour.......................................................................................5
P4 Models of motivation and influence consumer decision making process.............................5
LO3..................................................................................................................................................6
P5 Recent and Emerging pattern and trends in the international Travel Industries....................6
LO4..................................................................................................................................................7
P6 Factors affecting the popularity of a range of global destinations.........................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERANCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Travel and Tourism refers to moving from one location to another for either business or
pleasure purpose which can be short/long distance, domestic/overseas travel, for at least 24
hours, but no longer than 1 year. In this report, Marriott Hotel is taken as organization, which a
leading global is lodging company operating in UK. This report will discuss developments in
Travel and Tourism industry and the factors affecting tourist behaviours. It also includes current
and future trends in tourism and different levels of popularity of global destinations.
LO1
P1 Key milestones in the development of the travel and tourism industry
There are various milestones in development of T&T industry and some of them are
mentioned below:
1. Personalization: Apart from standard travelling process, people value unique
experience on the go which has become top priority in modern trends like
granting airline's special offers for most loyal clients.
2. Technology Recognition: The high-tech technology of recognition like facial,
fingerprint recognition, retina scanning & other biometric identification methods
(Olya and Al-ansi, 2018). It helps in not only security purpose but also in quick &
hassle free process.
3. Automation: Travel industry is introducing robotic technologies which can help
them to detect weapon and other forbidden items and also can provide
informational assistance and travel preferences.
4. Mobile Application: It is being seen that half of the booking are done through
mobile which is easy to implement. Also, it not only facilitates booking and
reservation but makes traveller know about the hotels and other facilities it
provides.
5. Augmented and Virtual Reality Technology: Travel industry has realized that
this technology can be very beneficial to the travellers (Cohen and Cohen, 2018).
Travellers can digitally get to the surroundings of the places they are willing to
visit, hotel or any other tourist spot.

6. Emerging Internet of Things: In hotels, it can be used to control all the devices
in the room according to visitor's preferences. It can also help in check-in process
by sending electronic keys to guest’s smartphones.
7. Healthy & Tasty Food: Today's travellers demand excellent cuisine with better
nutrition. Tourist's wants to know what they are eating is as healthy as it is
delicious.
P2. Different elements of travel and tourism industry
Tourism industry has two types of elements namely direct and indirect elements. Direct
elements are those which come in a direct contact with tourists. Some of them are stated below.
1. Hotels & flight packages: Travelling around becomes more fun if exciting offers
are provided. Same thing Marriott works on, it provides different travel deals
based on travel destination, travel interest (Bond, Packer and Ballantyne, 2015). It
provides best deals on a complete holiday with airfare and earns Marriott Bonvoy
points.
2. Ancillary services: Many hotels are providing the facility of tours and activities
and the same has been adopted by Marriott by providing amazing travel
experience such as culinary experience with locals in Rome, yoga on beach, spa
holiday, golf holiday.
3. Serving different purposes: Nowadays, purpose for hotels have been changed. It
is being used for business meetings, conferences, weddings, social events etc.
Marriott is providing all these facilities with a differentiation.
Indirect elements are those which may not come in direct contact with tourists but
without them T&T industry could not function, these elements are described below.
These elements include proper infrastructure, communication, electricity, water supply,
food, waste disposal systems, it has a huge impact on tourist's behaviour. If these are not
satisfactory then the above facilities provided will be of no use. Marriott takes care of all these
indirect elements in order to satisfy customers. Both the above elements are interrelated to each
other and together enhance the tourist experience.
LO2
P3 Factor affecting Tourism behaviour

There are various factors which have a strong impact on the behaviour of tourism and
their decision making process some of the important factors are mentioned below:
1. Social factors- These factors includes culture, family and social level and have a great
influence on individual behaviour as they define individual (Lim, Soutar and Lee, 2016).
Thus group or outsiders influence purchase decision directly or indirectly.
2. Cultural factor- It play am important role in deciding the tourism behaviour and thus
affect the business to large extent. The tourist will like to visit those place which have
great historical significance such as ancient architecture, monument,ornament and other
allied heritage. For example pyramids of Gaza (Egypt).
3. Personal and Physiological factors- Personal factor explain change on the customer
preferences as per the situation and thus it influence buying behaviour of an individual .It
includes age, life cycle stage, lifestyles (Prayag and et.al., 2017). Physiological factor
also affect buying behaviour of consumer includes motivation, perception, learning,
belief and attitude.
P4 Models of motivation and influence consumer decision making process
1. Need recognition: Needs arises when customer feel something is missing and these
needs should be addressed in order to fill the gap. There may be various needs which may
arise within customer as per Maslow's Hierarchy Needs and tourism is the one way of
satisfying the physiological, safety, love, self-actualisation and esteem needs of the
customer such as travelling, leisure activities, creativity, need for relaxation and
belongingness. It provide intangible rewards such as fun, assurance and other emotional
needs which drive the tourist to opt tourism.
2. Information search: The decision of buyer change continuously as they acquire more
and more information about different options of the hotels which satisfy their needs. It
can be positive or negative (Feldmann and Hamm, 2015). On the basis of information
gathered customer will take decision related to which hotel should be chosen that can
satisfy its needs.
3. Evaluation of Alternatives: In this step a customer will look for various alternative
from the information searched and will match the information gathered as per its need
and will choose a particular hotel accordingly. This evaluation is based upon various
factors such as quality service, price or any other factor which is important for customer.

They compare prices or read reviews and then select hotel which satisfies their
parameters the most.
4. Purchase decision: When all the strategies has been followed and then customer is
willing to take a decision like booking a hotel by evaluating all the facts and arrives to a
logical conclusion.
According to the model of Engel, Kollet and Blackwell, here consumer moves to decision
making stage and chose make a purchase based on the rational sight and also customer are
affected by this decision.
5. Post Purchase Behaviour: It is an analysis to whether destination or hotels was useful
for the customer or not so on these basis booking of hotel take place (Asioli and et.al.,
2017). Customer can serve as brand ambassador if it meet the expectation of the
customer. This is same for negative experience.
LO3
P5 Recent and Emerging pattern and trends in the international Travel Industries
The tourism industry is evolving and keeps on expanding which has resulted in
improvement in the industry New Destination, new technologies and means of transport are the
major cause for the trends in industry (Khodadadi, 2016). Due to recent trends in Tourism
industry have led people to desire more and more to live their holidays. Hotel industry are
following trends right now and in the future.
1. Healthy and organic food: The modern tourist wants healthy foods along with delicious
in taste, that's why number of peoples demands organic foods while industry focuses on
their demands and gives value to offer desire goods and beverage.
2. Personalization: Today's customers expecting experience that closely match their
personal references due to which guests want to personalize their demands.
3. Customer Experience: Customer experience is always important for industry, so their
journey needs to be as enjoyable as possible.
4. Smart Hotels: Smart hotel is a hotel which makes use of internet- connection devices,
which are capable of communicating or interacting with each other.

In the future, this industry will emerge new trends and pattern like, automation, Artificial
intelligence, Virtual Reality, Pocket friendly Travelling.
 Virtual Reality:VR includes high- end entrainment applications, moveable seating and
platforms, sports simulations which excites customers.
 Automation: It includes designing, building, and implementation of automatic
machine/system.
 Artificial intelligence: AI helps customers to personalize the experience of finding and
booking tour and trips at affordable prices.
LO4
P6 Factors affecting the popularity of a range of global destinations
There are various factors which influences to run tourism industries. These are-
Environment at destination
Climate plays vital role in tourism destination because if climate is good in that state
number of tourism gets opportunity to reach destination in minimum time (Lee, Fu and Tsai,
2018). On other hand if climate change on different places such as high winds, flash floods,
draught etc. gives negative impact on tourism journey. Thus, climate affects tourism destination.
Economy
Economy is a valid factor which gives impact tourism destination. For example if country
eco0nomy isn't good and number of people are unemployed as result they unable to pay money
on leisures and travelling. On other hand if country posses high revenue and employment ratio is
high as result number of people potential to spend money on leisures and enables to travel
globally. Tourism industry also gets financial benefits by offering advance services to tourist.
Technology
Technology gives new platform to tourism industry and tourist because peoples can enjoy
internet such as peoples can get information about destination where they want to tour. Beside of
this tourist can check tickets prices and time of travelling. Peoples can share their experience
about visiting places through internet (Yi and et.al., 2018). Thus, population gets positive impact
on their journey. While tourism industry gets benefit to expand business in wide scales through
new technology.

CONCLUSION
This report has been concluded development of the travel and tourism industry and how it
supports to give shape of tourism industry. This report have been addressed about different factor
which affect tourism behaviour. In this report has been covered Maslow's Theory Model and
Engel, Kollet & Blackwell ( Purchasing Model) etc. has been applied for motivation.

REFERANCES
Books and Journals
Bond, N., Packer, J. and Ballantyne, R., 2015. Exploring visitor experiences, activities and
benefits at three religious tourism sites. International Journal of Tourism Research.
17(5). pp.471-481.
Cohen, S. and Cohen, E., 2018. Key Milestones and Changing Directions in the Sociology of
Tourism. The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Management. p.86.
Khodadadi, M., 2016. Challenges and opportunities for tourism development in Iran:
Perspectives of Iranian tourism suppliers. Tourism Management Perspectives. 19.
pp.90-92.
Lee, T.H., Fu, C.J. and Tsai, L.F., 2018. Why does a firm participate in a travel exhibition? A
case study of the Taipei International Travel Fair. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism
Research. 23(7). pp.677-690.
Olya, H. G. and Al-ansi, A., 2018. Risk assessment of halal products and services: Implication
for tourism industry. Tourism Management. 65. pp.279-291.
Yi, X and et. al., 2018. Constructing a model of exhibition attachment: Motivation, attachment,
and loyalty. Tourism Management. 65. pp.224-236.
Asioli, D and et.al., 2017. Making sense of the “clean label” trends: A review of consumer food
choice behavior and discussion of industry implications. Food Research International.
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Feldmann, C. and Hamm, U., 2015. Consumers’ perceptions and preferences for local food: A
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Lim, K. L., Soutar, G. N. and Lee, J. A., 2016. Factors affecting investment intentions: A
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Decision-Making. (pp. 201-223). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Prayag, G and et.al., 2017. Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional
experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal
of Travel Research. 56(1). pp.41-54.