Comprehensive Report on Tuberculosis Disease

Running Head: REPORT 0
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................... 2
Etiology & pathogenesis............................................................................................... 2
Causes of the disease and risk factors............................................................................ 2
Explanation of anatomy............................................................................................. 2
Pathogenesis........................................................................................................... 3
Implications for public health...................................................................................... 3
Clinical manifestations................................................................................................. 3
Diagnostic process...................................................................................................... 4
Treatment................................................................................................................. 4
Pharmacological implication....................................................................................... 4
Non-pharmacological implication................................................................................. 5
Health promotion..................................................................................................... 5
Conclusion................................................................................................................ 6
References................................................................................................................ 7
Tuberculosis
3-23-2020

REPORT 1
Introduction
In a study, it was recorded that around 1300 cases of tuberculosis are reported every
year, which accounts to be around 5 cases per 1 lakh of population (Cheung, et al., 2019).
It was reported that a total million people died due to tuberculosis in the year 2018. A large
number of cases were recorded in the South-East Asian region followed by the African and
Pacific regions of the world (WHO, 2019).
This report discusses comprehensively the Tuberculosis disease. It covers different
aspects of the disease including its pathophysiology and etiology. Further, it helps in getting
information about the prevalent diagnostic tests that can be carried out to screen the infection
in an individual. Lastly the treatment methods and pharmacological as well as
nonpharmacological interventions that can be used in treating the patient and the nursing
practices that aid in recovery by following primary care practices. Additionally, it provides
with the health promotion and awareness creation methods to control the complex infection
in the society.
Etiology & pathogenesis
Causes of the disease and risk factors
Tuberculosis is caused due to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria abbreviated as
MTB. It is a potential bacterium is causing the infection. It affects the lungs and is spreadable
from one person to another through the tiny droplets released during coughing and sneezing
from the infected person in the air. It Is then being caught by the healthy person and hence
this way the infection transmitted (Schlossberg, 2017).
People with weak immune systems and the one already dealing with any other health
complications as they have an active immune system are more prone to catch the infection.
People suffering from HIV are at high risk of getting tuberculosis as they have a very weak
immune system. People indulged in smoking are also at higher risk of getting infected. As
tobacco is considered a carrier of the infection (Sakhelashvili, 2020).
Explanation of anatomy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria is a purple-colored rod-shaped bacterium. It
belongs to the family of bacillus due to its rod-like structure. It is stated that the bacteria get
killed when exposed to sunlight. It is around 0.2 millimeters in size and contains a cell wall
that is difficult to destroy due to this unusual composition and structure. The Mycobacterium,
unlike other bacteria, is difficult to recognize due to the Mycolic acid which is present on its
cell wall that makes the bacteria resistant against the host’s immune system. While looking

REPORT 2
for their presence in the laboratory, the staining process is carried out to detect their presence
in the blood or cells which are carried out using Ziehl-Neelsen stain which was invented by
German doctors. (Menardo , Sebastian , Brites, & Gagneux, 2019).
Pathogenesis
The bacteria enter into the body through the inhalation of the droplets that are
suspended in the air. It also occurs due to the consumption of contaminated food and water.
TB starts when the bacteria reach the lungs and specifically in the alveolar air bags or sacs.
These endosomes are present in the alveolar macrophages where the bacterium replicates and
multiplies into a large number of bacteria resulting in the potential disease-causing amount
and hence the infection spreads. By the process of phagocytosis, the alveolar macrophages
tires to destroy the bacteria after recognition. The phagosomes create an envelope around the
bacteria in association with the lysosome. However, the bacterium cell is immune to the
harmful chemicals released by the phagolysosome cells to kill the bacteria. Hence the
bacteria replicates within the phagosome and eventually destroys it and take over the immune
system. All the granulocytes of the immune system help in creating the lysosome cells which
include macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, epithelioid and fibroblasts (Cadena, Fortune, &
Flynn, 2017).
Implications for public health
Public health is an essential matter of concern for both the government health
authority. So, to incorporate effective health strategies in the society for contagious diseases
such as tuberculosis health departments and organizations take measures towards it. Since it
is transmissible the health department makes sure to keep the patients and the potential
carriers of the infection in an isolated condition. Further, proper treatment methods are
provided to the patient for effective recovery. Cases must be well reported in the health care
data, involving details about all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment measures. It helps in
further researches and medicinal improvements (Glaziou, Floyd, & Raviglione, 2018).
Clinical manifestations
Tuberculosis is of two types latent and active. Latent tuberculosis involves the
inactive presence of the M. tuberculosis bacteria inside the host. It involves no visible
symptoms hence it is also called as inactive Tuberculosis. However, it can still be transmitted
to the other person and can even change into the active tuberculosis condition. Active
tuberculosis is the condition which involves the active action of the bacteria inside the body
with significant and visible symptoms of being such and infected. It is highly contagious and