Understanding Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

In this diabetes will discuss about causes and risk and below are the summaries point:- Type 2 diabetes: A condition where blood glucose levels rise higher than normal due to insulin resistance. Causes and risk factors: Unhealthy foods, lack of exercise, genetics, overweight, and family history increase the risk. Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis through FPG and OGTT tests, treatment options, prevention through nutrition, nursing assessment, intervention, client education, and adherence.

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Type 2 diabetes

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Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
The causes and risk factors....................................................................................................................2
How is it diagnosed?..............................................................................................................................3
FPG test.............................................................................................................................................3
OGTT test...........................................................................................................................................3
Treatment options.................................................................................................................................3
Prevention of type 2 diabetes through nutrition...................................................................................4
Nursing assessment...............................................................................................................................4
Nursing intervention..............................................................................................................................4
Client education....................................................................................................................................5
Adherence.............................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................5
References.............................................................................................................................................6

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Introduction
Type 2 diabetes is defined as the health disease which causes blood glucose level
to rise higher than normal. It is one of the most common forms of diabetes where the
human body system does not use insulin properly (Nolan, Damm, & Prentki, 2011). The
objective of this report is to analyse the type 2 diabetes, identify their causes and risks
factors and prevention methods for this health issue. Individuals with type 2 diabetes
make insulin but their cells do not utilize it as well as they should and it present when
consumers take unhealthy foods and exceed the level of sugar. In which the build-up
glucose in the human blood does not move through cells which may cause few health
risks such as cardiovascular disease, obesity and many more.
The causes and risk factors
Type 2 diabetes is one of the common health issues which is growing rapidly and it
occurs in both Youngers and adults. Such kind of problem also increases the rate of
obesity due to the use of unhealthy foods and lack of exercise (ADVANCE Collaborative
Group, 2008). It is observed that type 2 diabetes make insulin or consumers are not able
to produce enough insulin which is happened due to environment and genetics factors
like overweight, inactive, and many more. There are numbers of risks factors associated
with the type 2 diabetes which are following:
 Overweight
 Fat distribution
 Inactivity
 Family history
 Pre-diabetes
 Areas of the darkened skin mainly in the armpits and neck
 Bad communication between the cells in the body system
Blindness and kidney failure both are very common of type 2 diabetes problem and
mainly, adults are more likely to be diagnosed with this health infection because they
use the unhealthy foods like fast foods rather than healthy nutrition.

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How is it diagnosed?
There are major two methods and tests are used to diagnose the type 2 diabetes,
for example, FPG test and OGTT test.
FPG test
The Fasting plasma glucose test evaluates the human blood level at the single
point in time and it is the best to have this test in the monitoring. It involves the A1C test
which provides a consumer level of blood glucose over the past three months (Alberti,
Zimmet, & Shaw, 2007). It is observed that the fasting plasma glucose method is one of
the best processes for diagnosing the type 2 diabetes and it work by checking glucose
level in the human body system. For using this process doctor first consider few factors
like age, any other problem and blood group and individuals can manage their health
issue with the help of this technique.
OGTT test
Oral glucose tolerance test determines the blood glucose after individuals fast for
minimum 8 hours and it takes more time rather than the FPG test. Initially, the doctor
will draw human blood after that consumer will drink the liquid which contains the
glucose. For diagnosing the type 2 diabetes consumer will require blood drawn each
hour for 2 to 3 hour. Moreover, OGTT is more expansive and it is not easy to perform as
compare to the FPG test.
Treatment options
There are numbers of treatment options that can be used for reducing the issue of
type 2 diabetes health diseases which are the following:
 Control and monitor type 2 diabetes through diet and exercise plan
 Losing the weight of the body around 5 to 7% by following the proper dietary
plan
 Adopt physical activities for example; play the game in the ground, walking on
the road, and using stairs rather than lift (American Diabetes Association, 2019).
 Reduce the fat of the body and take low-calorie food in the lunch and dinner
 Follow proper medication process and steps
 Eat at regular intervals

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Prevention of type 2 diabetes through nutrition
Nutrition is one of the important key factors which are used for prevention of the
type 2 diabetes problems and many health care authorities provided the nutrition plan
to control and monitor the impact of type 2 diabetes (Duckworth, et al., 2009). Nutrition
involves healthy foods, dietary plan, and the process by which individuals can improve
their health. A healthy diet plays a significant role in the reduction of type 2 Diabetes
that has the potential to prevent a human from obesity and other health risks. It is
observed that if any consumer reduces and limit the amount of fat in their body then
he/she can easily reduce the problem of type 2 diabetes. The intake fat is divided into
main two parts for example saturated fat and Trans-fat.
Saturated fat is a part of the fat in which the fatty acid chains produce the single
bonds which are saturated with the hydrogen molecules. Taking foods which involve
the saturated fats can increase the level of cholesterol in the human body system and
high level of cholesterol can increase the heart disease and risks (Holman, et al., 2009).
Trans-fat is also called the unsaturated fat which occurs in small amounts in
nature and people should avoid the use of unsaturated fat as much as possible. The
Trans fats increase individual bad cholesterol levels and lower consumer good
cholesterol level and use of trans-fat enhance consumer risk of developing heart
infections.
Nursing assessment
Nursing plays a significant role for the reduction of the type 2 diabetes and they
also ask patients about their feelings, motivating them for doing exercise and reducing
their fats (Risérus, Willett, & Hu, 2009). With the help of nurses patients can control and
monitor the issue of type 2 diabetes and it is observed that the blurred vision can be
caused by the lenses of human eyes that are very dry due to lack of physical activities.
Nursing intervention
Nurses should ensure that the consumers are taking and eating the healthy foods
and diet prescribed by the dieticians. They should encourage individuals to change their
habits and lifestyle and take administration of medication by which patients can reduce
the issue of type 2 diabetes.

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Client education
Teachers should provide the complete education about type 2 diabetes and other
disease and effective education can help consumers to understand the causes of type 2
diabetes. People and nurses should educate their patients about the risks and
advantages of the treatment options and engage them to change their lifestyle.
Individuals should participate in the treatment plans about diabetes can help them to
reduce the risk of complication and they should build skills to control and manage the
type 2 diabetes.
Family education can help patients for a better understanding of their disease,
causes, and diagnosis and treatment methods to improve their health.
Adherence
Nurses and parents should ensure that the patients are following the proper
treatment plan because if they are not following they can suffer from another disease
like obesity and cardiovascular. With the help of prevention steps, they can get better
results and reduce the issue of diabetes.
Conclusion
This report described the problem of type 2 diabetes, their causes and risk factors and
readers can gather their skills in the field of health diseases and infections. This report
also evaluated the treatment option and prevention methods for reducing the issue of
type 2 diabetes. Patients should ensure that they follow the diet and exercise plan and
do the physical activities which can help for improving their health.

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References
ADVANCE Collaborative Group. (2008). Intensive blood glucose control and vascular
outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England journal of
medicine, 358(24), 2560-2572.
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2007). International Diabetes Federation: a
consensus on Type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabetic Medicine, 24(5), 451-463.
American Diabetes Association (2019). Type 2 diabetes, Available from
http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/?loc=util-header_type2
Duckworth, W., Abraira, C., Moritz, T., Reda, D., Emanuele, N., Reaven, P. D., ... & Warren,
S. R. (2009). Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2
diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(2), 129-139.
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008). 10-year
follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 359(15), 1577-1589.
Nolan, C. J., Damm, P., & Prentki, M. (2011). Type 2 diabetes across generations: from
pathophysiology to prevention and management. The Lancet, 378(9786), 169-
181.
Risérus, U., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2009). Dietary fats and prevention of type 2
diabetes. Progress in lipid research, 48(1), 44-51.