Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology, Nursing Interventions, and Policy

This presentation provides an overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus, including its pathophysiology, nursing interventions, and policy recommendations for prevention. It discusses the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels, foot care, and lifestyle changes. Additionally, it explores the nursing code of ethics and code of conduct for treating diabetic patients.

INTRODUCTION
• In Australia, the type 2 diabetes is one of the fattest growing chronic disease and this
has contributed to an increased amount of health system costs and the increased
hospitalisations. Moreover, it is a threat to the workforce productivity in Australia
(Holmes-Truscott, Pouwer and Speight 2014).
• It is important to mention that the everyday about 175 Australians develop diabetes
and the 85 percent of it is type 2 diabetes.
• People that are under the high risks, ion such people type 2 diabetes can be prevented
through the behaviour change program and also bringing changes to the social
determinants of health (Harding et al. 2014).
• Prevention of the type 2 diabetes includes the obesity prevention strategy for all the
Australians and the it has been targeted by the government for the people that are at
the risk of developing the disease
• It is important to highlight that the lifestyle risk factors like the alcohol muses,
smoking, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity contribute to the positive development
of the type 2 diabetes. However, it can be modified with a combination of the systems
change and behaviour change (Static.diabetesaustralia.com.au 2019)
POLICY
• Ensure a national prevention strategy so that the type 2 diabetes can be
prevented by the targeted prevention and it will focus on the underlying
social determinants of health that concurrently addresses the risk factors
like the behavioural risk factors that are specific for the disease.
• implementation of the recommendations of the national Preventive Health
taskforce
• establishment of the national Preventive Health Agency and along with it
government will also appoint a nominee for Diabetes Australia to the
proposed Advisory Council or the governance body
• Ensure that the type 2 diabetes is targeted by the national strategy and it
includes the people that are at the high risk. People must participate in to
the national strategy for the prevention of the type 2 diabetes. this will be
carried out in the communities and by the implementation of the related
strategies and the obesity prevention strategies
(Static.diabetesaustralia.com.au 2019).
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH
RELATION NURSING INTERVENTION NURSING INTERVENTION WITH RATIONALE
Nursing Intervention: Foot monitoring and patient education for the
monitoring of the foot.
Rationale: Type 2 diabetic patient tend to develop pressure ulcer in their
foot. Therefore, it is vital that the patient should be educated for the
monitoring of his/ her foot for pressure feeling.
Nursing Intervention: Monitoring of the blood pressure
Rationale: Type 2 diabetic patient are in higher risk of hypertension as
they ages. Hence, their blood glucose level should be monitored
regularly.
Nursing Intervention: Dietary education and change in lifestyle
Rationale: One of the most effective management method for diabetes
is dietary and life style change. Hence, the patient should be encouraged
and educated to change his/ her lifestyle and dietary habits.
NURSING CODE OF ETHICS AND CODE OF
CONDUCT
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
According to the code of ethics, the Nurses recognise the
patients as the one that is entitled to the quality of nursing
care and the nurses must strive to pro provide the best
available nursing care (nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au 2019).
Due to this the nurses are allowed to participate in the
decision making and regarding the nursing care as an obliged
to take care pf patients. The nurse participates in the care so as
to reduce and minimize the risks (Epstein and Turner 2015).
Nursing professions should follow below mentioned code of
conduct while treating diabetic patient:
 Nursing professions are expected to be abide by the constitution of
Australian Diabetes Educators Association
 Respect patient’s wish for their choice of health care provider
 Not to partake in activities and treatments which are not
authorised
 Provide adequate information about diabetes to the patient
 Educating the patient about the self- management (Adea.com.au
2019)
 Secretion of Insulin from the body is responsible for the breaking down
glucose presence in the body. However, Insulin secretion depended on the ion
flow through the cell membrane. This ion flow get hindered in the diabetic
patient which in turn causes irregular insulin secretion and this is the reason
of fluctuating blood glucose level (Chen, Ovbiagele and Feng 2016).
Among diabetic patients, neuropathy and decreased blood blow reduced
sensation in their lower extremities. Due to the lower sensation and reduced
blood flow, any small injury or blisters takes more time to heal and it may
aggravated to the serious wounds (Chen, Ovbiagele and Feng 2016).
Arteries gets damaged among diabetes patients and it gets targeted for
hardening which leads to a condition known as atherosclerosis. This condition
is responsible for the high blood pressure.
NURSING INTERVENTION WITH RATIONALE
Nursing Intervention: Educating patient about the blood glucose level
monitoring
Rationale: Blood glucose level can fluctuate very much in the Type 2 diabetes
patient and immediate doctor attention is needed in case of abnormal level.
Therefore, it is imperative to teach the patient about the self- monitoring of
the blood glucose level and to seek medical assistance immediately.

REFERENCE
Adea.com.au 2019. Code of Conduct For Diabetes Educators. Adea.com.au.
Available at:
https://www.adea.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/code_of_conduct_a
dea_may_2010.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Chen, R., Ovbiagele, B. and Feng, W., 2016. Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology,
pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. The American journal of the
medical sciences, 351(4), pp.380-386.
Epstein, B. and Turner, M., 2015. The nursing code of ethics: Its value, its
history. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(2), pp.1-10.
Harding, J.L., Shaw, J.E., Peeters, A., Guiver, T., Davidson, S. and Magliano, D.J.,
2014. Mortality trends among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in
Australia: 1997–2010. Diabetes Care, 37(9), pp.2579-2586.
Holmes-Truscott, E., Pouwer, F. and Speight, J., 2014. Further investigation of
the psychometric properties of the insulin treatment appraisal scale among
insulin-using and non-insulin-using adults with type 2 diabetes: results from
diabetes MILES–Australia. Health and quality of life outcomes, 12(1), p.87.
nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2019. NURSING CODE OF ETHICS. [online]
nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Available at:
https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsforn
urses_%20eng.pdf%20 [Accessed 13 May 2019].
Static.diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2019. Better Management and Prevention of
Diabetes for all Australians. [online] Static.diabetesaustralia.com.au. Available
at: https://static.diabetesaustralia.com.au/s/fileassets/diabetes-australia/
283db11a-ec5c-479a-adc3-59dd66935d5d.pdf [Accessed 11 May 2019].