This essay discusses the risk of thrombosis in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, including its causes, effects, and current treatment approaches.
Contribute Materials
Your contribution can guide someone’s learning journey. Share your
documents today.
‘Discuss the risk of thrombosis in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.’ IntroType 2 diabetes mellitus a well-known chronic disease characterized through high blood sugar levels. Beta cells of body resist normal insulin effect; then type 2 diabetes occurs.Thesymptomsofdiseasecanbemildwhichanindividualdonotnotice (Konieczyńska, and et. al., 2017). Thrombosis shares various risk factors with cardiovascular disease involving hypertension, smoking, obesity, dyslipidaemia etc. This is an essay report which is based on current issue in blood science, i.e., risk of thrombosis in patients with type 2diabetesmellitus.Thisreportcoversinformationabouttype2diabetesmellitus, thrombosis and why and how thrombosis affect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from this, it also covers current and new treatment approaches which are available to regulate thrombosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Discussion Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one among the common diseases today from which many people are suffering. It is a chronic condition which influence the way body metabolize sugar which is a vital source of fuel body. In this, the body either resist the insulin effect or do not produce enough amount of insulin to maintain sugar levels in the body. The disease is caused when pancreas is not able to secret enough insulin. The exact cause of the disease is unknown, however environmental factors and genetics like being inactive and overweight seem to be the main contributing factor occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(Ganesan, and et. al., 2016). The risk factor of the disease includes inactivity in body, overweight, inappropriate fat distribution, family history, age, race or ethnicity, prediabetes polycystic ovarian syndrome, gestational diabetes conducting skill areas. The main symptoms of the disease include increase hunger, blurred vision, frequent infections, frequent urination, increased thirst, slow healing sores, fatigue etc. There are many complications associated with type 2 diabetes including nerve damage, kidney damage, slow healing, heart and blood vessel disease etc. Thrombosis Thrombosis is defined as a blood clot process which is also called thrombus, form in blood vessels. It can obstruct or block the flow of blood in affected area and cause serious issues or complications if clot moves to main part of circulatory system like lungs and brain. It is very normal for the body to develop the factors of clotting such as fibrin and platelets when the vessels are injured, in order to prevent excessive blood loss from body. It is broadly classified into arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis as per where thrombus exist in body(Lisman, and Ariens, 2016).The Venous thrombosis is the thrombus in vein and arterial thrombosis occurs in arteries because of its association with rupture of atheroma. The main cause of thrombosis is abnormal flow of blood, hypercoagulability and injury to endothelial cells.
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Affect of thrombosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for venous thrombosis and the people who are suffering from diabetes have high risk of deep vein thrombosis, specifically those who needed surgery or have rheumatoid arthritis. It includes swelling, aching or pain in the affected leg. The relative risk of thrombosis is high in the younger patient with diabetes. The risk of venous thrombosis occurs to be elevated in type 2 diabetic patients. Increase generation of thrombin and high concentration of procoagulant cell derived microparticles which are circulating in patients who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus suggest that hypercoagulability might play a significant pathogenic role in maximized frequency of Venous thrombosis. Diabetic patient has increased frequency of another clinically significant comorbid medical issue like acute infectious illness, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, immobility and ischemic heart disease which maximize venous thrombosis risk. It has been shown in the study that diabetic patients have maximized thrombogenicity owing to hyper reactivity of platelet, hypo fibrinolysis and activation of coagulation factors(Robson, Kundur, and Singh, 2018). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused due to insulin resistance by pancreatic beta cell failure due to which blood glucose levels are elevated and diabetes occurs. For maintaining the vascular health, normal endothelial cell function is very important. Dysfunction of endothelial cells is earliest abnormality in thrombosis patient which contributes to later diseasestage.VascularpathologyistheanotherCentralmechanismsystematic inflammation that promote vasculardamage. Endothelial cell dysfunction as well as inflammatory milieu are related to prothrombotic as well as hypofibrinolytic environment, that facilitate vascular occlusion and leads to stroke, myocardial infarction, occlusive peripheral vascular disease which all are common complication or issues in diabetic patient (Kato, and et. al., 2019). Current and new treatment approaches available to regulate thrombosis in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The new and current approaches and theories which are available to regulate and minimize regulate thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus comprises of many approaches like Anticoagulant therapy, Prophylaxis therapy, use of Heparin and Warfarin Therapy. The Anticoagulant therapy comprises of medicine to prevent the blood clot which is given to the people to prevent high risk of clotting in people suffering from type 2 diabetes through reducing the chances of developing serious condition of strokes and heart attack. Use of anticoagulant therapy is recommended and helpful for treating the issue of blood clot and to regulate thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with preventing risk of stroke from the increased age (>75 years), hypertension, prior stroke, left ventricular dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Further, it has been also observed that the Oral anticoagulants which is also known as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), are also effectively used to prevent the occurrence and regulate the thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through leading a reduction in unwanted blood clots with the help of inhibit enzymes called vitamin K that are effective to epoxies reductive and vitamin K reductive to manage the issue of thrombosis and blood clot(Koupenova, and et. al., 2017).
Further, Prophylactic therapy which consists of preventive measure to fend off a disease along with safe guarding an individual with type 2 diabetes from another unwanted consequence like blood clot and thrombosis through medication or a treatment which are designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring. Further, it has been also observed that the Prophylactic therapy also guiding a diabetes patient from preventing the spread of occurrence and other infection tending to prevent and ward off thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from this, Prophylaxis also comprises of a total and entire examination of oral cavity to prevent oral cancer and risk of periodicities and medical problems associated with diabetes and issues of thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(Drabik, Wołkow, and Undas, 2017). Beside this, it has been seen that the use of Warfarin Therapy reduces the risk of thromboembolic stroke which is increased in cases of AF patients especially in those patients who are suffering with type - 2 diabetes. Thus, the main aim of using Warfarin therapy is to decrease the chances of clotting tendency of blood to prevent and regulate the issue of thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from this, use of Heparin which comprises of an anticoagulant or blood thinner which is used to prevents the formation of blood clots and also act as helpful approach to regulate thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heparin is a used as Current and new treatment approaches to treat and prevent blood clotting in the individuals who are caused by certain medical conditions or medical procedures like type 2 diabetes and is also used before certain surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots(Robson, Kundur, and Singh, 2018). Conclusion As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which occurs due to resistance of insulin in the body or not secreting enough insulin by pancreatic cells. In thrombosis, blood clot is formed in the vessels which obstruct flow of blood and causes serious complications when clot moves to lungs and brain part of circulatory system. The risk of vascular thrombosis is high in the patient with diabetes. There are some current and new treatment available which help in regulating thrombosis in the patient who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. This include anticoagulant therapy, warfarin therapy, prophylaxis therapy etc. All these help in regulating the disease in proper way. References Konieczyńska, M., and et. al., 2017. Interplay between elevated cellular fibronectin and plasmafibrinclotpropertiesintype2diabetes.Thrombosisand haemostasis,117(09), pp.1671-1678. Ganesan, A.N., and et. al., 2016. The impact of atrial fibrillation type on the risk of thromboembolism,mortality,andbleeding:asystematicreviewandmeta- analysis.European heart journal,37(20), pp.1591-1602. Lisman, T. and Ariens, R.A., 2016, June. Alterations in fibrin structure in patients with liver diseases. InSeminars in thrombosis and hemostasis(Vol. 42, No. 04, pp. 389-396). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Robson, R., Kundur, A.R. and Singh, I., 2018. Oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitusforassessmentofcardiovasculardiseaserisk.Diabetes&Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews,12(3), pp.455-462. Kato, E.T., and et. al., 2019. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Circulation,139(22), pp.2528-2536. Koupenova, M., and et. al., 2017. Thrombosis and platelets: an update.European heart journal,38(11), pp.785-791. Drabik, L., Wołkow, P. and Undas, A., 2017. Fibrin clot permeability as a predictor of stroke andbleedinginanticoagulatedpatientswithatrialfibrillation.Stroke,48(10), pp.2716-2722.