Computer Systems Architecture Assignment
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Added on 2021-05-20
Computer Systems Architecture Assignment
Added on 2021-05-20
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UKCBC Computer Systems ArchitectureName of the student: MD.ABU SAYAD SAZZAD Course:BTEC HND in COMPUTING & SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTStudent ID No: 17000101Campus: WENTWORTH HOUSEName of the Module: Computer Systems ArchitectureIntroduce a computer system. A computer is a complex system consisting of both hardware and softwarecomponents.The Hardware:
The hardware is the machinery itself. It is made up of the physical parts or devices ofthe computer system like the electronic Integrated Circuits (ICs), magnetic storagemedia and other mechanical devices like input devices, output devices etc. All thesevarious hardware are linked together to form an effective functional unit. The varioustypes of hardware used in the computers, has evolved from vacuum tubes of the firstgeneration to Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits of the present generation.The Software:The computer hardware itself is not capable of doing anything on its own. It has to begiven explicit instructions to perform the specific task. The computer program is theone which controls the processing activities of the computer. The computer thusfunctions according to the instructions written in the program. Software mainlyconsists of these computer programs, procedures and other documentation used in theoperation of a computer system. Software is a collection of programs which utilizeand enhance the capability of the hardware.
P1.Identify the main subsystems of a computer and explains how they areorganized and connected?A computer can be divided into three broad categories or subsystem: The central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the input/output subsystem.CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:The central processing unit (CPU) performs operations on data. In most architecture it hasthree parts: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control unit and a set of registers, fast storagelocations.The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The central processing unit (CPU) performs operations on data. In most architecture it hasthree parts: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control unit and a set of registers, fast storagelocations (Figure 1.1).
RegistersRegisters are fast stand-alone storage locations that hold data temporarily. Multiple registersare needed to facilitate the operation of the CPU. Some of these registers are shown in(Figure 1.1). Data registers Instruction register Program counterThe control unitThe third part of any CPU is the control unit. The control unit controls the operation of eachsubsystem. Controlling is achieved through signals sent from the control unit to othersubsystems.
MAIN MEMORY Main memory is the second major subsystem in a computer (Figure 1.2). It consists of acollection of storage locations, each with a unique identifier, called an address. Data istransferred to and from memory in groups of bits called words. A word can be a group of 8bits, 16 bits, 32 bits or 64 bits (and growing). If the word is 8 bits, it is referred to as a byte.The term “byte” is so common in computer science that sometimes a 16-bit word is referredto as a 2-byte word, or a 32-bit word is referred to as a 4-byte word.Address spaceTo access a word in memory requires an identifier. Although programmers use a name toidentify a word (or a collection of words), at the hardware level each word is identified by anaddress. The total number of uniquely identifiable locations in memory is called the addressspace. For example, a memory with 64 kilobytes and a word size of 1 byte has an addressspace that ranges from 0 to 65,535.Memory types: Two main types of memory exist: RAM and ROM Random access memory (RAM) Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Read-only memory (ROM) Programmable read-only memory (PROM). Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).
INPUT/OUTPUT SUBSYSTEMThe third major subsystem in a computer is the collection of devices referred to as theinput/output (I/O) subsystem. This subsystem allows a computer to communicate with theoutside world and to store programs and data even when the power is off. Input/outputdevices can be divided into two broad categories: non-storage and storage devices.SUBSYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONThe previous sections outlined the characteristics of the three subsystems (CPU, mainmemory, and I/O) in a stand-alone computer. In this section, we explore how these threesubsystems are interconnected. The interconnection plays an important role becauseinformation needs to be exchanged between the three subsystems.Connecting CPU and memory The CPU and memory are normally connected by three groups of connections, each calleda bus: data bus, address bus and control bus (Figure 1.11).
Connecting I/O devicesConnecting I/O devicesI/O devices cannot be connected directly to the buses that connect the CPU and memory,because the nature of I/O devices is different from the nature of CPU and memory. I/Odevices are electromechanical, magnetic, or optical devices, whereas the CPU and memoryare electronic devices. I/O devices also operate at a much slower speed than theCPU/memory. There is a need for some sort of intermediary to handle this difference.Input/output devices are therefore attached to the buses through input/output controllers orinterfaces. There is one specific controller for each input/output device (Figure 1.12).
P2 The purpose and operation of the CPU.Central Processing Unit. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part of a computersystem that is commonly referred to as the "brains" of a computer. The CPU is alsoknown as the processor or microprocessor. The CPU is responsible for executing asequence of stored instructions called a program.A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer thatcarries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.Assess CPU dependency and performance with regards to associated systemsand subsystems.This can vary widely by CPU, and it primarily dependent on six things: 1. Clock Rate of the CPU - that is, how many internal operations-per-second(nowadays measured in Gigahertz) does the CPU perform. 2. Number of available calculation units - generally speaking, those CPUs withmore execution units can perform more work per unit time than those with fewerexecution units. Typically, these days we measure this in "cores", though this isn'ttechnically correct. This speed is dependent on the specific workload, so you reallyneed to know what the typical workload of the CPU is, before this metric can beapplied. 3. Size of on-die caches - larger L1, L2, and L3 caches speed up memory access,which leads to faster performance. There generally is a law of diminishing returns incache size, so bigger will not always give you better performance. In addition, certainworkloads are too big to fit into any reasonable cache size, so the performance of theCPU isn't affected by cache size for those workloads. 4.Design of the CPU bus protocol - certain CPU bus protocols are more efficientthan others, and improvements in bus protocols lead to faster communicationsbetween CPUs (in a multi-CPU system) and/or Memory and/or I/O subsystems. 5. Size and speed of the external buses - the "width" of the buses (as well as theclock rate of such buses) attached to a CPU heavily influences the ability of theattached subsystems to get data to the CPU. Data starvation is a primary cause ofperceived slowness in CPUs.
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