Leadership Styles and Change Management

The provided text is a compilation of articles and studies on leadership styles and change management. It covers topics such as conscious change leadership, leading complex change, and collaborative leadership. The resources include journal articles, books, and online sources, offering a comprehensive understanding of effective leadership techniques for facilitating positive change in organizations.

Understanding and leading
change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Impact of changes on organisation's strategy and operations...............................................1
P2. Ways in which internal and external factors affect leadership, team and individuals..........3
P3 Measures which helps in minimising negative impact of change..........................................5
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Different barriers which affect change and leadership decision-making...............................6
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................8
P5 Various leadership approaches which help to deal with change............................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Change is defined as the system which stimulates resistance as it challenges people's
habits, beliefs and values. It includes several factors that affect the human behaviour because it
helps in finding answers regarding people as asks them to take any kind of losses, experience
uncertainty and express their disloyalty to people and cultures. So according to this scenario, it is
required for the organisation to deal with any type of change in environment. Thus, every
company needs to adopt several strategies for surviving in the competitive marketplace. This
report is based on comparison between two different companies where they deal with changes
that are happening in the market (Alkahtani, 2011). This assignment is based on Primark and
Mark & Spencer which deal in clothing, accessories and food products in the market. It will
explain various drivers which bring change and effects in the working environment of the
company. It also defines several measurement that helps in minimising the negative impacts on
entity. Further, report will describe different barriers of change and the way they influence
leadership decision which is applied in various approaches to deal with organisation's changes.
TASK 1
P1. Impact of changes on organisation's strategy and operations
Organisational changes consider various aspects such as policy, procedure and methods
that change according to the environment as it is being affected by variations in market. So
company is required to adopt strategies and take actions for facing these kinds of challenges
because change is must and firm should accept it for surviving in the marketplace. There are
some effects on organisations that are as follows:
PRIMARK
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Illustration 1: primark store
source: PRIMARK Store 2018

PRIMARK is one of the most famous companies which deals with range of products such
as new-born children's clothing, men and women's wear, home appliances, accessories, footwear
and beauty products (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). This company has expanded its business in
different countries. It serves the best quality of products and services to their customers which
help in making them loyal towards company's product. But due to some changes in market trends
that brings changes and variations in customer's choices, tastes and preferences as well as
demands of customers, so company is required to meet their expectations as well as likes and
dislikes in an effective manner.
Example: PRIMARK should conduct environmental study or research for analysing the
market trends, customers and competitors as well as they should adapt strategies regarding the
latest fashions and choices or demand so that they can cope up with change in market with
bringing innovative products and services with satisfying consumer's needs and wants. Primark
is the most famous brand and so, it is easy to attract more customers through quality of products
and fashionable clothes or accessories as well. This firm is focusing on reducing the costs and
increasing sales that help in contributing more profits and achieving business goals or objectives.
Change in strategy and operations
Any type of change can affect the strategy and operations of an organisation. Every
company tries to reduce their costs and expenses as well as minimise wastage in production
activity with gaining maximum output as much as possible from minimum input of available
resources so that they can earn higher profits with less expenses (Branson, 2010). Company
makes decisions regarding strategy adoption which helps in facing many challenges and
situations so that they can work accordingly in a proper manner. Research plays an important
role in analysing several changes and it supports entity in making decisions which can help in
motivating the employees for effective work.
MARK AND SPENCER
It is also one of the most famous brands in textile, luxury foods, etc. M&S is a
multinational retail company which deals in selling of clothing, home products and luxury food
items in the market. This firm provides high quality of products to their customers and it
captured a wide market. They focus on promotional strategies to create demand as well product
awareness among customers which helps in attracting them towards company. Firm sells its
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items at reasonable price so that people can afford and buy easily them for satisfying their needs
and demands (Brown, 2012). Due to changes in marketplace, they are also required to adapt such
kind of changes and make strategies accordingly so that company will influence its employees
for doing work effectively and efficiently for achieving the set organisational goals and
objectives.
Example: Mark and Spencer requires to make effective strategies that helps in developing
business and achieve competitive advantages. Due to market changes, it also affected because of
various competitors and customer's choices or preference which is totally different so they have
to be ready to face any kind of challenges in the market to obtain set targets and objectives.
Change in strategy and operations
M&S focuses on the recent trends and customer's preferences by conducting survey that
helps in gathering data regarding market environment and then they produce the products and
services which can satisfy consumer's needs or wants as well as demands in an effective manner.
Changes always affect the decisions of company in its strategies and operations.
Change impact analysis: this was identify by Bohner and Arnold as they defined the potential
consequences of changes and also finds some changes which is required for accomplishing goals
or objectives. They described that risks evaluation is based on various changes including effects
on resources, efforts and schedule etc.
P2. Ways in which internal and external factors affect leadership, team and individuals
Leaders are those who guide and lead an individual or group of people in the right
direction to achieve their common goals and targets. They help the organisation in creating
vision and mission as well as setting path goals that employees have to achieve in future and
perform better for organisation success (Carrington and Deppeler, 2010). Apart from these,
leaders play an important role in providing better directions to the employees and motivate as
well as influence them to work hard for accomplishing targets and aim in an effective manner.
Therefore, with the help of leadership, work can be done effectively and efficiently as it reduces
the chances of redundancy in workforce.
There are some internal and external factors which affect the leadership, individual and
team which are as follows:
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Internal factors:
Internal factors are those forces which affects the business from inside and it can be
control by top level management. Such changes directly effects on decisions making for entire
organisation operations as one in great way. So company required to understand all these factors
and adopt strategies to face many changes for making organisation effective as well as able to
work in a proper manner. There are some internal factors which affects on the business
operations such as:
Wastage: One of the most important factor that directly affects on productions process as
it can be occur if appropriate method is not using. So company need to minimise wastage as
much as possible by optimising resources in proper manner (Doppelt, 2017). Every firm tries to
reduce their waste material and utilise effectively of available resources so the maximum outputs
can be get. Generally wastage increase the cost of productions and firm try to cover such cost
from customers by making pricing strategies and charge high price on particular product or
services. So it effect on customer's behaviour as they do not prefer high value of products and
result will be decline of sales in the market. So it is requires to minimise wastage and produce
good quality of products for satisfying buyers needs and wants.
Employee morale: Change in market can effects on employees morale as due to
technologies and working environmental changes that have adopt or accept by the company so it
affects on employees morale because they have to use new technology and also structure of
working which bring their motivation in higher level and they can work in effective way
(Fagerström and Salmela, 2010). In PRIMARK company, all top level managers and leaders try
their level best to motivate or influence employees behaviour for adopting new changes as well
as treat with customer in fairly so they can make them loyal towards company's products and
build good relations among consumers. Leaders provide various rewards, awards and
remuneration according to employee performance which helps in motivating them and able to
face any kind of situations and challenges.
External factors:
External forces are those which affects on functions and operations of an organisation
from outside such known as external factor. So these forces affect to the company in several
ways as well as in huge criteria that helps to firm in choosing another working structure and
strategies. It cannot control but managers can try to manage these factors by using several
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strategies and changes adaptations. Although it is required to cope up with changes in business
organisation. There are some external factors such as:
Competition: In present scenario, there are lots of competitions in the market so it is
difficult to stay among strong competitors. PRIMARK is strong brand as many buyers prefer its
products and services for satisfying their needs and wants. There are many competitors who
affects this business in different criteria so they requires to face these kinds of challenges (Fullan,
2014). Mark and Spencer can be strong competitor of PRIMARK as both are selling cloths and
luxury food products and there beating to each other by adopting various kinds of strategies.
M&S use promotional strategy and also keep their price low so this create a situation of
competition. Therefore Primark requires to work in effective manner and as well as face these
situations and challenges in proper manner.
Customer satisfaction: People are most important factor in external environment, so that
firm always try to satisfy customers in effective manner and they can become existing customer
of firm for longer period. According to market trends, it affects on consumer's choice, taste and
preferences so company requires to meet their demand and desired expectations. Organisation
always conduct market survey to know about customer's needs and wants and then decide to
produce effective goods and services.
P3 Measures which helps in minimising negative impact of change
Organisation always try to minimise all negative affects regarding changes so they bring
many measures for reducing such impacts of change in business environment as PRIMARK also
does same (Malenfant, 2010). There are various negative impact that can bring down
effectiveness of an organisation as well as affects on it in achieving company's goals and
objectives. Firm has to make effective decisions for adopting best strategies in such kind of
situations and various decisions can be affected by external forces. So there are some measures
that helps in reductions such as:
Coordination: It must be compulsory for every organisation that collaborate with its
several department and coordination with various business activities for effective working. So it
is requires for everyone to accept the change and coordinate with employees in changing
environment as working together helps directly to the firm in achieving their set goals and
objectives so it can support to reduce negative impact of change.
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Training: It is also a important component that support to accept any kind of changes in
the business environment. PRIMARK company follow this technique for overcoming the
negative impacts in the company by providing effective training to their employees which helps
in doing work effectively for attaining set targets and objectives. Training helps in enhancing
employee's skills, knowledge and abilities that brings confidence and motivation in changing
environment.
Talk to employees: In this defines as proper interactions with employees is must be
required for every business entity as it helps in building good relations among people within the
firm (Parsons and Cornett, 2011). Management should discuss with every employees regarding
adopting new technologies for producing innovative product according to market changes and
demand.
Research: Many of organisation use this technique for analysing change so PRIMARK
generally conduct research and survey program for knowing market trends, customers
preferences and strong competitors and then make strategies according to research process to
survive in the market. Research helps in gathering informations and data which is useful for
making organisation successful.
Technology: It is most important factor in changing environment that can affect directly
to the organisation. PRIMARK also requires to adopt new technology in luxury food
manufacturing process (Salmela and Eriksson, 2012). Change in environment is also made by
technology and their innovation, so to create new innovative products and services, technologies
must be adopted. It helps in minimising cost of production and also helps in reducing wastage as
much as possible by utilising available resources in effective manner.
Evaluations :
it is considered with systematic determinations in which includes subject merit, worth
and significance and also use various criteria that governed by a set of standards. Evaluation
generally assist as program, organisation and project for the purpose of attaining aims and
assessing proposal, helps in decision-making so that company can achieve their desired goals or
objectives. It must be there which support in minimising negative impacts on PRIMARK
company by using various factors such as new technologies, research and many more.
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Task 2
P4 Different barriers which affect change and leadership decision-making
Change can be anything which has to be cope up by company as it helps in bringing
effectiveness in their working criteria. Barriers can be create among employees as it can make
entity to get stuck somewhere in work. Generally barriers creates many problems or issues to the
organisation as they have to wind up their business. So every business organisation focus on
effective working environment as well as motivate ton employees for performing their task
efficiently that helps in overcoming risks and barriers easily.
Lack of employees involvement: It is most common mistake that firm do that is not
involving employees in their working criteria. Every employee has fear of any type of change till
they have not choose in change process of company. So it is requires to get involvement of
workers as well as give them chance to share their opinion and view regarding adaptations of any
changes that helps in organisation development.
Lack of Effective communication: It is negative factors which mostly affects on the
organisation as they announce that change will take place in firm and employees has to make
adjustments as well as make themselves ready to adopt changes in working environment, that
leads of lack of effective communication (Suchman, 2011). So it is responsibility of firm to
communicate with their employees and provide information regarding changes adaptations.
Bad culture planning: In an effective organisation, there should be proper culture in
working environment because it affects on people behaviour as well as on their performance.
The team only focus on making policy, work area and job responsibilities which can effect on
the functions of organisation.
Complexities: Company have to consider this factor while making decisions because
complexities can be occur in planing and decision-making process so it contributes barriers in
change because it becomes very complex for employees and members to understand (Thomas,
2013). Company requires to adopt best strategies for overcoming such kinds of barriers that
helps in growing fast for business development.
These all affects on the leadership decision making process within organisation. Due to
lack of employees involvement in decision-making process can be create barriers in adopting
new ideas and technologies as it is require to communicate effectively with every people, who
are working in the firm because they are responsible for achieving goals and objectives.
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PRIMARK focus on continuously improving their performance as well as increasing their sale
volume in competitive advantage. So according to changes of market environment as trends,
customer's preferences and fashion, company requires to meet buyers expectation by providing
them effective products and services.
Various models and theories of identification of barriers to change:
Force Field analysis: there are various barriers can be occur while making decision as it
may be positive and negative that can affect on the business firm. As if manager are making
difficult and challenging decisions, so it support in using effective, well structured which helps in
improving the quality and increase the chances of getting success.
Schein’s organisational culture model: According to Edger Schein, any firm or
organisation do not accept any culture for a single day, so it is formed for long time such as
employees or workers go through several changes, adopt internal as well as external environment
and solve problems. It can be form by past experience and start some practices on everyday basis
for the culture of the workplace.
Self-efficacy perceptions: it can be analyse as the personal views or opinions regarding
the any issues so that decisions can be take in favour. It generally considered as the personal
judgement for identifying and resolving the problems within the organisation.
Task 3
P5 Various leadership approaches which help to deal with change
There are several leadership approaches that helps in dealing with any changes made
within organisation. Leadership styles support to firm in managing their employees as well as
motivate them for adopting the changes in working environment in significant manner. As
leaders motivate and influence worker's behaviour that helps them to accept the changes in
effective way and also support to the employees for using best technologies that can make work
easy or reduces their hard work for obtaining particular task and objectives. There are some
approaches which helps in dealing with changes in environment such as:
Leadership which get result for organisation: Leaders generally use such kind of
leadership styles which deals with change in appropriate manner and get good result to the
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company. In this approach includes six steps which helps the concepts in doing work effectively
for attaining goals and objectives.
Situational leadership: In this leadership style, leader ensure that what kind of changes
are required as well as what strategies should be adopt that can suitable in various changes and
overcome any negative impact in effective manner (Hallinger and Heck, 2011). Leaders motivate
and influence employees for facing the issues or problems regarding change system so leaders
develop worker's skills and enthusiasm which helps them to cover all such scenario in their own.
Employees can get ready to face any challenge and situations in firm which make company to
attain their goals and targets.
Framework leadership: In this leadership style, company introduce the framework which
support in providing right directions and also make work effectively. It brings positive difference
within the firm that helps in building good relations among employees so that they can
coordinate with each other and achieve set targets and objectives (Hallinger, 2011). It provide
directions to work so that they can work effectively as productivity will be increase in the
company.
Transformational leadership: These kind of leadership style use for day to day
transaction of the business as leaders ensure that all employees are participating in various
activities and performing their task to achieve set targets and motivate them to complete their
work in limited time period and cope up with change change in proper way. So transformational
leadership is very important for every successful company as it make easy all daily operations as
well as day to day activities which contributes their goals and objectives in effective manner.
All these approaches of leadership styles helps in dealing with several changes in
effective way so leaders play important role in transforming their employees or worker in such a
way that they get ready to accept changes in business environment. Leadership styles support to
the company with changes or take challenges whether they are internal or external environmental
factors.
Lewin’s change management model:
changes are defined as the common threads which run during the business operations
regarding size, industry and age. World is growing fast and sit is must be required to adopt
changes by organisation for surviving in the competitive environment. It can be understood by
Lewin's change management model such as he described that if any individual has a large cube
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of ice but he realise but he wants a cone of ice then he has to melt that for converting according
to shape. It can be categorised into three stage for better understanding such as:
Unfreeze: in this stage, it is requires to prepare the organisation for accepting various
kinds of changes that helps in finding new way for achieving success. So individual try to make
the organisation effective and they motivate to employees for accepting these changes in
effective manner.
Change: it is next phase where people are aware about following changes and try to
resolve their problems regarding acceptance and they support to adopt new challenges within an
organisation. It will take time for adopting many of changes so they need proper guidelines or
directions for adjustments.
Refreeze: in this phase, changes are taking place and shape as well as people are ready to
accept changes and also organisation prepared for adopting for refreeze. It can be stable
organisation chart, consistent job description any many more.
CONCLUSION
From above this project report, it has been concluded that changes affects to the
organisation in internally and externally so it is requires to handle all those changes in effective
manner for achieving business goals and objectives. This report explained about different
companies such as PRIMARK and M&S as how they are dealing with environment changes in
the market. There are some internal and external factors that affects on individuals and teams in
working environment within the firm and also described what measures taken to reduce such
factor in business. Apart from all these it also barriers that effect on changes which can influence
leadership decisions. Here various approaches applied that deal with the change in proper
manner. Last but not least, some changes are there that helps in competing with another company
and generate more profits.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alkahtani, A.H., 2011. The impact of personality and leadership styles on leading change
capability of Malaysian managers. Australian Journal of Business and Management
Research. 1(2). p.70.
Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010. Beyond change management: How to achieve
breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley & Sons.
Bingham, D. and Main, E.K., 2010. Effective implementation strategies and tactics for leading
change on maternity units. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing. 24(1). pp.32-42.
Branson, C.M., 2010. Leading educational change wisely. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Brown, B.C., 2012. Leading complex change with post-conventional consciousness. Journal of
Organizational Change Management. 25(4). pp.560-575.
Carrington, S., Deppeler, J. and Moss, J., 2010. Cultivating teachers' knowledge and skills for
leading change in schools. Australian journal of teacher education. 35(1). pp.1-13.
Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for
business, government and civil society. Routledge.
Fagerström, L. and Salmela, S., 2010. Leading change: a challenge for leaders in Nordic health
care. Journal of Nursing Management. 18(5). pp.613-617.
Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John
Wiley & Sons.
Hallinger, P. and Heck, R.H., 2011. Collaborative leadership and school improvement:
Understanding the impact on school capacity and student learning. In International
handbook of leadership for learning (pp. 469-485). Springer Netherlands.
Malenfant, K.J., 2010. Leading change in the system of scholarly communication: A case study
of engaging liaison librarians for outreach to faculty. College & Research Libraries.
71(1). pp.63-76.
Parsons, M.L. and Cornett, P.A., 2011. Leading change for sustainability. Nurse leader. 9(4).
pp.36-40.
Salmela, S., Eriksson, K. and Fagerström, L., 2012. Leading change: a three‐dimensional model
of nurse leaders’ main tasks and roles during a change process. Journal of advanced
nursing. 68(2). pp.423-433.
Suchman, A.L., 2011. Leading change in healthcare: Transforming organizations using
complexity, positive psychology and relationship-centered care. Radcliffe Publishing.
Thomas, T., 2013. Leading change and innovation in teacher preparation: A blueprint for
developing TPACK ready teacher candidates. TechTrends. 57(5). pp.55-63.
Online
PRIMARK Store 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<http://www.getreading.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/new-reading-primark-store-
numbers-12109984>
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Understanding and leading change 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<https://execed.economist.com/understanding-and-leading-change>
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