Understanding and Leading Change

This document discusses the impact of change on organizational strategy and operations, evaluates the drivers of change, explores measures to minimize negative impacts, and discusses different leadership approaches to dealing with change. The chosen organization is Marks and Spencer, a British multinational organization operating in the clothing market.

Understanding and
Leading Change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.............................................................................................................................3
TASK1.......................................................................................................................................3
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change
on an organisation’s strategy and operations.........................................................................3
TASK2.......................................................................................................................................6
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership,
team and individual behaviours within an organisation.........................................................6
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour........................................................................................................7
TASK3.......................................................................................................................................9
P4 Explain different barriers for change and determine how they influence leadership
decision-making in a given organisational context................................................................9
TASK4.....................................................................................................................................10
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to dealing with change in a range of
organisational contexts.........................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................13
Books and journals...............................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Changes are important function for every business organisation as their helpful in
achieving the objectives and leading with an appropriate mind-set to improve the functioning
of organisation according to the current trends within market (Bell, 2018). Changes are
helpful to the organisation increasing the skills and performance as well as developing new
opportunities in the business market so that organisation can follow its objective and perform
the functions in an effective way. Under the present report the chosen organisation is marks
and Spencer. It is a British multinational organisation which is primary selling clothing
products within the market. This is operating at a global level but headquarter of organisation
is situated in England. Under the current report there is discussion about different
organisations and their impacts on changing strategies and operations. There is also
discussion about evaluation of different ways which are related to internal and external
driver’s effect team behaviour and leadership. Thereafter, there is discussion about different
measures which are taken to minimise the negative impact of changes in organisational
behaviour and barriers for changes which influence leadership and decision making. In end of
this report, there is discussion about different leadership approaches which can be used under
the change management context.
MAIN BODY
TASK1
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change on
an organisation’s strategy and operations
In accordance with the current business scenario, it can be evaluated that the major
motive of business organisations is to achieve their objectives by getting a better position
within the market (Bondurant and Armstrong, 2016). Leading which changes can help
organisation in improving its operations within details actors such as Mark and Spencer can
use the changes to improve its functions in the sector where it is trading. Order to identify the
importance and compare the functions of organisation it is mandatory to identify the
similarity and difference between different strategies of organisation in comparison to its
main competitors. Some of these are discussed below:

Basis Marks & Spencer John Lewis Partnership
Structure In order to carry out different
business activities and
functions marks and Spencer
use circle organisational
structure. This structure is
consisting of different stages
which have to be formed in
order to divide the work
according to the needs and
requirements in three
categories. These are upper
lower and middle level. This
facilitates mood decision
making process to the
organisation where it can
easily implement the strategies
according to the needs and
requirement of global level.
This function is also useful for
the organisation as it help in
managing the demands
separating the departments in
different areas for quick
decision making processes.
John Lewis also follow
hieratical structure within the
organisation. This structure is
helpful to organisation in
managing the successful
communication where it can
reduce the chances of
misunderstanding and will
boost the profitability by
reducing conflicts within the
organisation this function is
also useful for the organisation
in improving its problem
solving skills and getting a
better structure according to
the needs and requirements of
currents changing
environment.
Strategies In order to improve the
organisational structure and
achieve the objectives of and
goals in a timely manner. it is
needed by organisation to
develop a separate planning
strategies which will help in
In context of John Lewis, there
is no certain need to change
the structure of organisation
where organisation can use to
provide effective training and
development to the employees
so that it can boost the

designing a new and efficient
structure according to the
current requirement for
achieving better results.
Modifications within the
existing structure will help the
organisation and boosting the
profitability and enhancing the
skills and abilities of different
individuals working on the
jobs. One more benefit of this
function is that it will reduce
the conflicts within the
organisation and help in
performing the function in
better way.
profitability and productivity
and improve its organisation
functions and structure
(Donnelly, 2020).
Strategies
it is needed by marks and
Spencer to use an appropriate
action plan which will consist
different activities regarding the
functions and achieving the
strategies in a time. this will
ensure effective functioning
within the organisation which is
helpful in men managing the
functions and reducing the
conflict which are arranged at the
in accordance with John Lewis it
can see in the organisation can
adopt a flat structure of herical
jobs which will help you to the
organisation in improving
different sessions and managing
the functions according to needs
and requirements. And this
organisation can also use
strategies to strengthen its
communication channel as well

time of implementation of
strategy.
as boosting the performance
according to the needs and
requirements.
Operations
Implementation of appropriate
structure within Mark and
Spencer will directly modify its
operations and will lead to
changes in them. Under this
organisation has to use the
minimum time for making
decisions and using the
avoidance of uncertain situation
which can arise conflict within
the organisation.
There are number of changes
within the management function
of organisation while
implementing the flat structure
of hierarchy in context of
existing structures. Using
appropriate function in
organisation will help in
improving communication and
employee engagement
employees productivity
minimum wastage and achieving
the goals and objectives in a
proper manner by combining
them according to the needs and
requirements of current
functions (Doppelt, 2017).
From the above it can be evaluated that there are a number of similarity in marks and
Spencer and John Lewis for implementing the change process at the workplace. in context of
this it is valuable for organisation to encourage the adoption of changes and will perform the
functions according to a proper road map. This will help in guiding the employees and
working according to the requirements for successful business operations.

TASK2
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team
and individual behaviours within an organisation.
There are number of factors which are directly related to the changes in the business
operations of the organisation which is performing its activity in the current business market.
These functions can be defined as internal factors and external factors which are related to the
performance of organisation in the market where it is trading. Some of these functions are
discussed below in context of marks and spencer:
Internal factors: these are those functions picture related to internet payment of
organisation and will impact upon the internal matter. These factors are directly related to the
functions of marks and spencer which will impact on the performance. Some of these are
discussed below;
Organisational culture: organisational culture is that internal factors which are
directly related to values are junctions believe and style of inter relation between different
employees and their culture while performing job. In context of marks and spencer it is
essential for organisation to develop effective organisational culture in order to achieve the
strategies which are created and formulated by the top level management. This is helpful in
achieving the strategies in a timely manner and performing the functions according to the
needs and requirements (Dorac-Kakabadse, 2017). For instance, marks and Spencer follow
and appropriate culture which promote changes within the working for stop here culture will
directly influence on the change management strategies where uh but following philosophies
of changes within working will help in managing the attitude of different individuals and they
can easily adopt changes.
Employee morale: this is also important function in order to achieve the employee
morale within the organisation. This is helpful in creating attitude outlook and satisfaction as
a way of confidence within the employees at workplace. This will develop effective functions
and will improve the productivity of employees while working on different jobs. Using
appropriate training sessions will also provide better employment how did increase in morale
of employees. For example, if employees are motivated to work the working then we can
easily adopt the changes which organisation wants to implement.

External factors: External factors can be defined as a factor which are related to external
business environment of the organisation (Houwer, 2016). In context of marks and spencer,
there are a number of external factors which are impacting on the performance of
organisation and will related to the rules and regulation of economic changes which can
impact on functioning of firm. Some of these external factors are discussed below
Political factors: Political factors can be defined as in practice which include change
is within the organisation which take place due to political environment of nation and
changes under it. In context of marks and spencer, organisation is dealing with in the market
of UK where there is political certainty. This is helpful to organisation in improving its
function as well as working in appropriate direction so that it can reduce the negative impacts
by working according to the needs and requirements of political government. For instance,
changes in government policies related to selling of particular products and services by marks
and Spencer will directly influence the decisions as well as change management process
within marks and Spencer.
Economic factor: Economic factors are also important for organisation which
includes tax rates interested wages rates policies and many other functions which are related
to economic conditions. In context of marks and spencer, economic condition of the
environment is continuously changing which will impact on the performance level of
employees. It is mandatory for organisation to use collective approach in managing the
economy by using appropriate system. This will bring better management in organisation in
order to use the functions (LeMaster, 2017).
Social factor: Social factors are also important factors which are needed by
organisation in order to maintain the potential customers within the market as well as using
appropriate development decision. In context of marks and spencer, organisation can use
social factors in understanding and leading the changes within the industry where it is
trading. There is continuous changes within the industry which will lead to use of effective
strategies in order to gain the image of organisation in social market. It follows appropriate
structure which will support in achieving the goals and objectives of organisation. For
instance, changes in some social patterns related to conception of products offered by marks
and Spencer will directly impact to the change management policies of organisation for staff
under this organisation will directly change the functions in order to meet the requirements of
society.

Technological factors: Technology is a major accident to the organisation which will
help the organisation and boosting the profitability and productivity by providing good
quality products and services to the customers. Under this function, marriage within the
organisation as to provide effective quality services to the customers so that form can achieve
its objectives and maintain a separate image within the market according to the needs and
requirements. Manager also needs to bring changes in technical know-how so that it can
perform strategies according to the requirements of customers (Main, 2017).
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour
There are a number of measures which can be taken by the organisation in relation to
minimising the negative impact of changes in organisational behaviour due to using changing
patterns and functions of the organisation. In context of this marks and spencer can easily
drive these changes according to the needs and requirement of organisation and improvement
within the performance of staff by increasing their moral. Conducting different business
activities in an appropriate manner to achieve the process is will effective function for
manager of marks and spencer. In context of this organisation can use an appropriate model
which will support effective learning in the organisation and leading the changes according to
the needs and requirements of current scenario. Along with this, this model will also support
effective learning process which will improve organisational profitability for the current
period of time. This model is known as PCDA model which is explained below:-
Illustration 1: PDCA Model
(Source: PDCA Cycle: 4 steps to improve processes, 2018)

Plan: It is a primary stage in this model which is related to identification of a person it
is and issues which can be address by the manager in relation to formulation of appropriate
strategy. These strategies are directly linked to the opportunities for resolving the issues. In
context of marks and spencer, organisation is going to identify the nutrients and opportunities
which can be helpful to the form and developing appropriate function to minimise the
negative impacts of changes in a successful way. For instance, organisation is going in retail
business where it is missing issues related to attracting customer. In order to retain the
position of the organisation it will adopt a plant which is related to digital media and social
presence of organisation by improving promotional activities (Neumann, James and Vince,
2019).
Do: It is second stage in this process which is related to evaluation of potential
solution and helping it develop appropriate system in organisation. In context of marks and
spencer, organisation is going to use an appropriate evaluation of strategies where a proper
plan will be developed. This plan will consist about improvement in the promotional
activities of the organisation by using effective training and development sessions so that
better results can be achieved in effective way.
Check: It is the third stage in this process which is related to identification of all those
activities and strategies which are implemented by the organisation. This is a check of
validity of different organisation as well as analysis of expected outcomes according to the
needs and requirements of modification. In context of marks and spencer, organisation will
also use to identify the digital and social media presence i didn't using the current issues of
improvement within the activities. These strategies will be analysed to improve the
performance and achieve the objectives in in the appropriate time frame.
Act: It is the last age in this process where organisation has to implement the strategy
which is used to conduct different changes according to the situation. It is an effective
strategy as marks and spencer can use to find appropriate social media platforms where it can
implement the current strategy. It can use Facebook, twitter, instagram, linkedin and various
other platforms as a new method for implementing in new changes and achieving objective in
limited time (Neumann, James and Vince, 2019)

TASK3
P4 Explain different barriers for change and determine how they influence leadership
decision-making in a given organisational context.
There are a number of areas which are directly related to the organisational
performance in the current time and will impact on the leadership decision-making abilities.
It is essential for the organisation to identify these changes so that it can perform its function
as well as achieve the objective in a time related manner. In context of marks and Spencer,
organisation is also facing different kind of challenges which are directly related to the
functioning of firm in the market where it is trading as well as selling its products and
services in various other markets. Some of these issues are addressed below:
Insufficient communication: Lack of appropriate communication is a major issue
which is faced by the organisation and act as an main barrier in the leading which changes.
This is because due to in sufficiency of communication organisation has to face various kinds
of issues like conflicts dissatisfaction among workers as well as lead implementation of
decisions related to leaders. This has different impact on the organisation as well as reduced
the working environment capacities. In current business time this is impacting on the overall
performance of Marks and Spencer where organisation has to overcome with different
barriers to providing accurate information regarding the changes within operations (Popovic
and Plank, 2016).
Low level of staff engagement: Staff engagement is also an issue which is directly
related to performance of organisation in the current time and will lead to improper working.
In the current business time, this issue is faced by a number of organisations. It is mandatory
for organisations such as marks and Spencer to ensure appropriate modification in their
strategies so that they can ensure good engagement of employees in organisational working.
It is impossible for organisation to perform its functions in appropriate manner without
appropriate staff engagement. By using appropriate leadership decision making function
organisation can use to improve the staff engagement by providing them essential content and
encouraging them to participate in activities (Ruhanen, Moyle and Moyle, 2019).
In context of marks and Spencer, in order to achieve the objectives and perform the
functions in an appropriate manner organisation can use five force field analysis model. This
model is helpful to the organisation in improving the current challenges as well as
implementing the strategies according to the leadership decision-making ability.

Force field analysis model
This model can be defined as a Framework which is used by the organisation in order
to operate its operation and identify the concentration on finding appropriate strategy to drive
the factors and influence the decision making process. In context of marks and Spencer, this
particular model is useful for the organisation measuring the performance and brings
efficiency within the firm to achieve appropriate leadership decision making abilities. This
model includes different stages which are discussed below:
Change force identification: It is the primary stage enters this model where marks
and Spencer will use to focus on risk factors which are related to perform in the changes in a
continuous manner. This is essential for the organisation to manage the risk and develop
efficient strategies according to the current consequences.
Change substance: Changing substance is also essential under this strategy where it
is required by the manager to ascertain the reason which is essential to the firm for bringing
changes in future functions (Saarinen, 2018).
Score assign: under this function it become liability for manager with the marks and
Spencer to assign the scores according to the changes and achievement of objectives.
Force against alteration identification: In this stage of the model, manager needs to
identify the several changes which are required as an alternative to improve the functions and
implement strategies formulated. This is essential for making the process simple and
applicable on a secondary resources for bringing appropriate changes in marks and Spencer.
Evaluated and execute: This is the last age in this process where it becomes liability
of manager to evaluate the whole process and execute the function according to the
requirement. This make it helpful for organisation to improve its functioning in achieve the
objective. Manager can conduct appropriate Framework which will used to manage the
functions and perform the objectives.

TASK4
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to dealing with change in a range of organisational
contexts
There are number of leadership styles which can be followed by the organisation in
order to achieve the objectives of changes which are marked by manager to achieve better
efficiency as well as productivity. In context of marks and spencer and different approaches
which can be used to improve the changes and leading with appropriate system. Some of
these are discussed below:
Democratic approach: It is a free approach which can be defined as any style of
leadership. This approach include corporation from subordinate by taking effective decisions.
Along with this, this approach is helpful for the manager to work toward the employee’s
engagement by inspiring them to take participation within systems of farm and performing an
appropriate manner. In context of marks and spencer, organisation can use to adopt the
democratic approach where it can involve the subordinates in the process of decision making
for dealing with changes by bringing productivity and attaining workers motivated
(Sariskumar and Bhavan, 2018).
Autocratic approach: This style of leadership can be defined as a function which is
related to using high level of authority by the leader within the organisation. Under this kind
of system leader will not allow any individual within the organisation to take participate in
decision making process. Leader will become only person who take decisions according to its
needs and requirement without taking suggestions from the employees. In context of marks
and spencer, it is using this strategy will only benefit to the organisation in maintaining the
discipline and using resources in appropriate way without taking their suggestion into the
considerations.
Lewin's change model
This model can be defined as a system which can be used by the organisation in order
to implement the changes within the firm. In context of marks and spencer, organisation can
implement this particular model to design an appropriate structure which will help the
management to formulate different strategies in relation to the circumstances which are
followed by the organisation. There is a detailed description of this model which is
mentioned below:

Unfreezing: It is a primary stage in this model where marks and spencer can identify
the changes which has to be taken within the organisation in order to maintain appropriate
function and use appropriate modifications. For instance, organisation can use to identify the
requirements of modification within its tools and techniques related to promotion. This is
because organisation is going to improve its function from online channels where it can
utilise the personal selling promotional events as well as other strategies. Organisation can
also post its present on social media to promote the products and services and achieve the
objectives of changes within the current trends (Sheldon and Daniele, 2017).
Change: This is second stage in this process where marks and spencer has to execute
the appropriate change within the organisation according to the needs and requirement of
company. In relation to this, management within the organisation has to create design and
organise an appropriate event. This event will describe different functions and utilise the
technology which are required by the firm in order to changing the existing plans within the
strategy of organisation.
Refreezing: Under this function, organisation has to bring all these functions to the
normal level. Here manager can use to implement the strategy in an appropriate way by
removing the resistance from changes. Manager can also identify the current functions and
implement all these functions to bring the normal position within the firm (Tombetti and
Mason, 2019)
Korter's 8 step model of change
This model was propounded by John kotter. Under this, model there are different
stages which can be used in order to create an appropriate system of implementing the change
within an organisation. In context of marks and spencer, these stages are discussed below:
Creating urgency: this is the first step of this model which is related to identifying
and highlighting the potential threats and various systems which will impact on the future
growth of organisation for staff include examining the opportunities which can be tapped
through effective interventions. In the Beginning step which can be adopted by marks and
Spencer in order to begin the change management process.
Forming powerful guiding coalition: this is this second step of this process which is
related to identify the effective changes within the leadership of the organisation as well as
key stakeholders in order to involvement of them in commanding of under process. In context

of marks and Spencer, this can use to identify the changes in collection and implementing
them.
Developing a vision and strategy: this is related to determining the core values in
defining the ultimate region and strategies based on the core function which is performed by
the management of marks and Spencer in order to utilise this step. It ensures that the changes
adopted by leader can be described as a vision can be achieved in an effective manner to
understand the functions.
Communicating the vision: In context of this is tab, marks and Spencer can used to
an appropriate communication channel which help in communicating the changes within the
vision. This related to the issues in order to manage people honestly as well as improving
their involvement.
Removing obstacles: under this feature it NGO that organisation process is
appropriate structure which can be used in order to maintain the system and improve the
overall organisation vision. This is helpful to the marks and Spencer in using appropriate
strategies which are related to rewarding the people for endorsing the changes in supporting
the process.
Creating short term wins: in context to this stage of the model, marks and Spencer
can easily understand black creating the short term goals as well as managing the changes. It
help in improving the victory by using small stages as well as rewarding the contributors in a
order to involve the function and meet the targets.
Consolidating gains: achieving continuous improvement by analysing the success
stories as well as meeting the requirements can be used by the marks and Spencer in order to
perform the functions of changes and consolidating the gains.
Anchoring changes in corporate culture: in context to this stage and include
discussion the successful stories in order to meet the objectives related to changes and given
the opportunity is. Under this marks and Spencer can ensure that the change become an
integral part of the organisational culture as well as visible in every organisational aspect.
This model can also be implemented in accordance with the requirements where it
will provide advantage to the organisation in enabling changes in a step-by-step model by

providing a clear description and guidance. This help in managing the changes and achieving
the objectives in a relative way.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above mentioned information that there are a number of
changes which are essential for the firm in order to define the roles and responsibilities in
achieving appropriate leadership structure to facilitate better decisions. This can be seen that
organisations such as marks and spencer is performing at global level where it is required by
the organisation to implement changes in its existing functions related to marketing human
resources and various other. These are helpful to the organisation in achieving its objectives
in the current time in managing the functions according to the needs and requirement of
current business environment.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Bell, D.I., 2018. Leading change: African conceptions of leadership and transformation in
higher education in South Africa. Realizing Qualitative Research into Higher
Education, 7.
Bondurant, P.G. and Armstrong, L., 2016. Nurses: Leading Change and Transforming Care—
Expert Opinion. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 16(3), pp.155-160.
Donnelly, G., 2020. Leading Change: The Theory and Practice of Integrative Polarity
Work. World Futures, pp.1-22.
Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for
business, government and civil society. Routledge.
Dorac-Kakabadse, A., 2017. Creating Futures: Leading Change Through Information
Systems: Leading Change Through Information Systems. Routledge.
Houwer, R., 2016. Changing leaders, leading change: A leadership development model for
marginalized youth in urban communities.
LeMaster, C., 2017. Leading Change in Complex Systems: A Paradigm Shift.
Main, E.K., 2017. Leading change on labor and delivery: reducing nulliparous term singleton
vertex (NTSV) cesarean rates. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient
Safety, 43(2), pp.51-52.
Neumann, J.E., James, K.T. and Vince, R., 2019. Key Tensions in Purposive Action by
Middle Managers Leading Change. Res. Organ. Chang. Dev, 27.
Neumann, J.E., James, K.T. and Vince, R., 2019. Key Tensions in Purposive Action by
Middle Managers Leading Change', Research in Organizational Change and
Development (Research in Organizational Change and Development, Volume 27).
Popovic, C. and Plank, K.M., 2016. Managing and leading change. Advancing practice in
academic development, pp.166-178.
Ruhanen, L., Moyle, C.L. and Moyle, B., 2019. New directions in sustainable tourism
research. Tourism Review.
Saarinen, J., 2018. Beyond growth thinking: the need to revisit sustainable development in
tourism. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), pp.337-340.
Sariskumar, N. and Bhavan, T., 2018. The impact of responsible tourism on destination
sustainability and quality of life in Passikudah tourism destination. International
Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(11), pp.5933-5959.
Sheldon, P. and Daniele, R., 2017. Social Entrepreneurship and Tourism. Philosophy and
Practice, Springer International.

Tombetti, E. and Mason, J.C., 2019. Takayasu arteritis: advanced understanding is leading to
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