Understanding and Leading Change in Organisations - Desklib

This report discusses the impact of organisational strategy and operations on team and individual behaviour, drivers of change, measures to minimise negative impacts of change, and leadership approaches. It analyses the case of Marks and Spencer and compares it with Asda. The report also evaluates the impact of internal and external drivers of change on leadership, team, and individual behaviours. It applies SWOT and PEST analysis to critically evaluate organisational responses to change and explains different barriers to change and their influence on leadership decision-making. Get study material, solved assignments, essays, and dissertations on Desklib.

Understanding and
leading changes

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change on
an organisation’s strategy and operations...............................................................................1
M1 Assess the different drivers for change in each of the given examples and the types of
organisational change they have affected. .............................................................................4
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team
and individual behaviours within an organisation..................................................................4
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour........................................................................................................6
M2 Apply appropriate theories and models to critically evaluate organisational responses to
change.....................................................................................................................................7
P4 Explain different barriers to change and determine how they influence leadership decision-
making in a given organisational context...............................................................................7
M3 Use force field Analysis to analyse the driving and resisting forces and show how they
influence decision-making......................................................................................................8
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to dealing with change in a range of organizational
contexts...................................................................................................................................9
M4 Evaluate the extent to which leadership approaches can deliver organisational change
efficiency applying appropriate models and frameworks. ..................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational strategy is a roadmap that facilitates smooth functioning of operations to
achieve organisation goals and objectives in a dynamic business environment. It determines the
organisation how to allocate its resources effectively and efficiently which will help the
organisation to achieve a competitive edge in the marketplace. It enables the organisation to
implement the changes and direct the efforts of its workforce using different strategies (Jones,
Horton and Warburton, 2019). This report is based on a leading British organisation, Marks and
Spencer, which provides its customers with great value of products to millions of its customers
all around the globe. Its headquarter is in Paddington, London, England. It is specialised in
selling beauty, home appliances and food products and more. This report analyze the impact of
organisation strategy and operations in affecting the behaviour of teams and individuals. It assess
the internal and external change drivers and the measures that are required to implement those
changes effectively within an organisation. Further it will also include different leadership
approaches that are being used by the leaders to execute the plans and strategies to achieve goals
and objectives and attain profitability.
MAIN BODY
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change on an
organisation’s strategy and operations.
Every business organisation operates in a dynamic and uncertain environment. Changes
occurs constantly in a business environment due to various internal and external factors. It is a
strategic planning which plans to implement modification in the business operations and
structures which can lead the organisation to achieve growth and success. With reference to
Marks and Spencer, the company follow sustainable development by constantly upgrading and
modifying its structure and functions which can lead the organisation to achieve competitive
edge in the marketplace and attain a large consumer base (Giles and Day, 2021).
Change in a business environment can be understand properly by performing a
differentiation between two organisation. It enables a leaders to understand the different
strategies and plans, which are followed by organisation to implement the changes smoothly and
effectively. Innovation and upgradation in business structure can increase the overall
productivity and profitability of the organisation. Organisational changes is a set of actions and
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plans where major changes are being adopted in an organisation structure whether it is
technological changes and major innovations, political factors and many more, which can lead
the organisation to achieve success in the long run.
Basis Marks and Spencer Asda
Introduction of organisation It is a leading British
organisation. It was founded in
1884 by Michael Marks and
Thomas Spencer (Jaffari,
2021). It has its headquarter in
Paddington, London, England.
It is listed with London Stock
exchange. It specialises in
selling home appliances,
clothing , beauty and food
products. It has its multiple
stores with multiple products
all around UK. The
organisation operates its
services through online mode,
which enables the company to
hold competitive advantage.
It is a British supermarket
chain. It was founded in 1949
and has its headquartered in
Leeds, England. Asda was the
second largest supermarket
chain in United Kingdom
between 2003 and 2014. The
organisation has core
competencies in the
supermarkets all across UK. It
also offers assistance for
insurance and payment
services and a mobile phone
provider. It is a valued
organisation which encourages
everyone to be open and
honest.
Plans and strategies Marks and Spencer, follows
Cheshire Oaks Strategic Plan.
The organisation aims to
establish multiple stores that
enables the organisation to
have a wider customer base
within marketplace
(WorkAbility Queensland
(Organisation), 2019). It plans
It is crucial for a company to
establish the changes in the
organisation whenever it is
required. The company
follows the business strategy
which focuses on increasing
employment opportunities,
multiple stores , cost reduction
and establishing innovations
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to provide environmental
protection support, educational
support, social support and
economic assistance because
there is direct interaction
between the customers and
employees. The strategic plans
involve employment strategy,
policy development plans,
community development
initiatives and more.
and advancement in
organisational structure and
have a online presence which
will help to have a large
customer base (Clicque,
2021).
Technology changes Marks and Spencer uses
various software's and
applications which will help an
organisation to maintain its
sustainability efforts. Marks
and Spencer are being valued
because of its valuable
products and customer services
. The company incorporated
technological modification and
innovations in the operations
which increases the overall
profitability and productivity
of operations, due to which
company holds a competitive
edge in the market (Quainoo
and Goureeva, 2019).
With reference to Asda, The
organisation uses social media
marketing and
commercializing as a
technological upgradation in
the operations. It is the first
supermarkets in UK, which
use autonomous cleaning
robots in its stores in the covid
pandemic . It attain a core
market share because of its
food discounting opportunities
and e commerce experiences.
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M1 Assess the different drivers for change in each of the given examples and the types of
organisational change they have affected.
There are various external and internal change drivers that can impact the operations of
an organisation (Espinós and et.al, 2021). To growth and acquire success it is crucial to adopt
those changes adequately and frequently, that drives an organisation to hold a competitive
market share. In context to Marks and Spencer, the organisation is constantly upgrading and
modifying its operations, which helps the organisation to have a global presence. It provides its
customers valuable products at reasonable prices which leads the company to acquire a great
share of customer base. The organisation focuses on fulfilling the needs and expectation of the
customers by offering them with the valuable products and services.
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team
and individual behaviours within an organisation.
Business organisation are being effected by various internal and external factors that
effect organisation success and growth. Internal driving forces involves technological capacity,
organisational culture,systems and structure. External driving forces involves customer needs
and wants , population demographics and factor which a business has no control and can impact
productivity and profitability.
SWOT analysis
It is a planning tool which helps the organisation to evaluate competitive position and
develop strategic planning to implement the necessary changes that are taking place in the
business environment. It analysis internal and external as well as current and future potential and
capability of a business, which enables organisation to achieve success and growth. In context to
Marks and spencer, this planning tool enables the organisation to get a realistic overview of the
organisation which are discussed below-
Strength
 Well experienced: Marks and Spencer
is one of the leading retail businesses in
United Kingdom (Adem, Çolak and
Dağdeviren, 2018). The brand have
many big partnerships over the years,
which enables the organisation to have
Weaknesses
 Decreasing sales: It has been observed
that Marks and Spencer sales are being
declining due to poor chain system and
non availability of products which can
lead the company to have a bad
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good experience in this field.
 Multinational company: The company
have its operations all around. It has
multiple stores in Europe, Asia and
Middle East (Biswas and Giri, 2019).
The company operates online and
offline which enables to have global
presence.
reputation in the marketplace.
 High cost due to manual process: The
major weakness of Marks and Spencer,
due to heavily relying on manual
operations. It is costly and time
consuming process which in turn effect
the effectiveness and efficiency of
organisation operations.
Opportunities
 Global expansion: Marks and Spencer
is a multinational brand and has its
stores all around the world, which
enables the organisation to provide its
valuable products and services to the
customers and build a honest and
trustworthy customer base.
 Online stores: The organisation have
initiated and develop its reach within
the customers through online stores. It
is one of the leading e-commerce
stores and is old, well experienced and
have strong brand name.
Threats
 High competition: There is high
competition in the retail market in UK,
which acts as a threat if suitable
strategies and plans are not being
established as per the changes that are
taking place. It is essential for company
to establish and implement all the
changes as and when required.
PEST Analysis
It is an assessment of political,economic,social and technological factors that can impact
organisation present and future operations (Amoabeng and et.al, 2021). It enables the business
leaders to understand the market properly in which they are operating to implement the changes
accordingly and retain a competitive edge in the market. In context to Marks and Spencer, this
analysis enable the organisation to understand the business environment and implement the
changes accordingly.
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 Political environment: Marks and Spencer, is being benefited due to free trade and
tariff policies to have a global reach. But Brexit have negative impact, it increases the
overall production costs that ultimately increases the prices and lead in loosing
customers (Xu and et.al, 2018).
 Economic environment: Budget retail stores are direct threat to the organisation as they
allow lower prices to their customers rather then Marks and Spencer which charges
premium prices for their products and services.
 Social environment: Marks and Spencer is a well known name in household projects
due to its long existence in the marketplace, which help the organisation to hold a good
customer base. It has been dominating in ready meals industry as there has been a sharp
rise in the consumption of ready meals all over world , enable company to hold a
competitive edge.
 Technological environment: Marks and Spencer, have adapted new technology with
the changing environment. The organisation have introduced self checkout based retail,
it has increased the role of AI in operations. The organisation also have e-commerce
platforms which enables the organisation to have a strong customer base.
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour.
In order to implement the changes efficiently, it is essential to analyse all the factors that
can impact the organisation and its functioning. There are various measures that can be taken by
an organisation to minimise the negative impacts of the changes that are taking place in the
environment which can help the organisation to hold a competitive edge in the marketplace.
 Involvement of employees: Employees are the most essential resources of the company.
It is of great significance if the organisation makes them a part of the organisation
decision making , as it will boost their morale and lead them to contribute their best
performance towards the organisation (Stone, Cox and Gavin, 2020).
 Enhancing knowledge of employees: To enable the organisation to implement the
changes properly, it is essential to provide them with adequate training which enhances
their overall knowledge and skills. It will enhance their productivity level and help them
to hold a competitive edge in the marketplace..
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 Flexibility: Business organisation operates in a dynamic environment , hence it is
important for the business to have a flexible organisational structure which is capable of
adopting frequent changes and does not have that much impact on organisation
performance and overall productivity (Kiker, Callahan and Kiker, 2019).
 Leadership: It is essential for a organisation to have competent and coordinative leaders
and mangers, which will help an organisation to effectively run all its operations and
activities. It will enable the organisation to achieve their targets and goals within
specified time.
M2 Apply appropriate theories and models to critically evaluate organisational responses to
change.
Implementation of changes are significant for an organisation to hold a competitive
advantage in the marketplace. There are various internal and external factors which the leaders
have to manage otherwise they can have a negative impact on organisation operations and
functions. In order to adopt these changes adequately, it is essential to analyse and assess all this
factors and their impact on organisational performance, which will help an organisation to design
and produce strategies and plans to be effective in their overall performance and lead the
organisation to again a competitive edge in the marketplace and establish a coordinative and
cooperative workforce.
P4 Explain different barriers to change and determine how they influence leadership decision-
making in a given organisational context.
Organisation growth depends on the the efficiency of the business to adopt the frequent
changes that are taking place in the business environment. These changes can effect different
areas which have impact on the total productivity and profitability of an organisation. Leaders
and mangers should be competent enough to adopt and implement those changes adequately
which can help an organisation to gain competitive edge.
Structure of change: It is essential for an organisation to have flexible organisation structure
which are able to adopt the changes smoothly within an organisation (Birasnav and Bienstock,
2019). Structure determines the competencies and competitiveness of employees and their ability
to adopt the changes frequently. With reference to Marks and Spencer, it should follow a flexible
structure that are able to adopt changes promptly and gain competitive advantage.
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Senior management modelling: Any organisation success depends on the leaders and managers
and their efficiency to organise different organisation functions. In context to Marks and
Spencer, efficiency and effectiveness of top executives can lead the organisation to achieve their
objectives and retain a large market share in the long run (Islam and et.al, 2021).
No follow up: It is important for Marks and Spencer, to follow all the policies and procedures
that would help an organisation to achieve all its objectives and maintain a good reputation in the
marketplace.
Lack of adequate knowledge and skills: It is crucial for management leaders and managers to
provide adequate training to their employees and subordinates which will help an organisation to
be competent in their tasks and objectives. With reference to Marks and Spencer, they should
provide constant training and skills which will help an organisation to achieve their objectives.
M3 Use force field Analysis to analyse the driving and resisting forces and show how they
influence decision-making
In order to analyse the driving and resisting forces and their impact in decision making
process, Force field analysis is adopted which is of significance in change management process.
With reference to Marks and Spencer, this analysis will help the organization to evaluate positive
and negative impact of environment changes and their effect on organization performance which
are discussed below-
Defining the problem: It involves evaluation of the issues and challenges that may arise in an
organisations and can have a negative impact, It is essential for leaders to implement strategies
and plans to regulate those changes accordingly.
Change of objectives: The objectives of an organisation are being set by the leaders and
strategies and plans required to achieve those goals and targets.
Identifying the driving forces: It is significant to evaluate all the change drivers and their
impact on the performance and operations of an organisation. The organisation should mange its
operations in accordance with the changing trends, technological advancement and upgradation
and more that enables the organisation to hold a edge in the marketplace (Travnikov and et.al,
2020).
Restraining forces: These are the forces that are responsible for organisation ineffective
performance . They drives the performance away from their objectives and their desired
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direction. Hence, it is essential for an organisation to incorporate these changes in operations by
using different methodologies and techniques.
Evaluation of forces: These stage involve evaluation of changes by assigning them scores and
by analysing their impact on different individual and their performance (Bush, 2018). This
evaluation help the organisation to know what changes are viable for an organisation. In context
to Marks and Spencer, this is an important aspect to regulate their operations properly.
Creating an action plan: This is the last step, which involves creation of a plan for dealing
with the restraining forces and strengthening forces that may enable the firm to achieve their
objectives and help to achieve competitive market share. In context to Marks and Spencer, It is a
essential step to regulate their operations in accordance with the change drivers and hold their
position in the market.
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to dealing with change in a range of organizational
contexts.
Leadership is an important aspect for an organisation success and growth. It is a process
of influencing peoples to perform assigned tasks willingly, effectively and efficiently. Leaders
are responsible to convert plans into actual actions which leads an organisation to achieve their
tasks and objectives. There are different approaches and styles which should be used by top
executives for dealing with the changes adequately.
Delegated Leadership: It is a process where the leaders and top executives allocate their powers
to individuals which can lead an organisation to run their operations smoothly and adequately.
Delegation of authority can boost the morale of individual and improve the overall performance
of individual. It reduces the task and stress of a leader to manage all the activities of operations
and help in achievement of goals and objectives.
Democratic Approach: It is also known as Participative leadership, which encourages
participation of all the subordinates in the decision making process. It is the most common type
of leadership approach , which encourages all the subordinates to remain competitive and
competent in all business situations (Tan, 2022).
Situational Approach: It is a type of leadership style where leaders adapt the necessary changes
that are required by subordinates to perform their tasks efficiently. It provides Direction to
employees to perform better, ensures flexibility in operations, encourage participation of
employees and more.
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Behavioural Approach: It is approach which is based on scientific methods which involves
observations, testing and others to evaluate the behaviour and performance of subordinates or
employees (Bandura, Kavussanu and Ong, 2019). It enables the leaders to enhance the
performance of employees by taking various corrective measures and motivational tools and
techniques.
Effect of Leadership Approach: Leadership approach impacts overall functioning of
organisation. It enhances overall employee morale, productivity, decision making process and
more which increases the productivity of an organisation. A good leader always analyses the
factors that are creating problems in the managements and look at the various alternatives that
helps an organisation to achieve their tasks effectively and efficiently.
Change management model: These are the different concepts, theories and methodologies that
should be implemented by an organisation to adopt the changes effectively and improve the
overall performance. Successful implementation of changes in business environment can lead the
organisation to attain growth and success and help an organisation to gain a competitive
advantage.
Kubler- Ross change management curve: There are five stages in which this model works and
operates which includes Denial, bargaining, Anger, Acceptance and Depression. This model help
an organisation to analyse and assess the employee reaction to the changes that are continuously
taking place in the business environment. The subordinates and employees of an organisation are
competent enough to adopt the change properly and achieve the goals and targets adequately.
Kotter's step change model: It involves 8 steps to implement and regulate the efforts of
employees which will increase the overall productivity of employees. It is an easy model which
determines determines how changes could be implemented within an organisation and that will
contribute in the success and growth of an organisation in the long run. These models are helpful
to identify the areas which are resistant to implement the changes and enables the business to
design strategies that help to eliminate those resistance.
Effect of change management model: It ensures that changes are being implemented in a
coordinative manner (Al-Asadi and et.al, 2019). It can help an organisation to improve
communication between their superior and subordinates and their relations. Change management
mode helps an organisation to implement changes in adequate and efficient manner and enables
to coordinate all the efforts of employees towards a common organisational goals and
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objectives. It helps an organisation to maximise their strengths and opportunities and minimise
their threat and weakness and acquire a great market share.
M4 Evaluate the extent to which leadership approaches can deliver organisational change
efficiency applying appropriate models and frameworks.
Leadership approaches are being followed by the leaders to regulate the efforts and
performance of employees in an efficient manner. There are various methodologies, approaches
and techniques which are being used by leaders which help organisation to achieve growth and
success. They are responsible to implement the strategies and plans that will help to execute the
changes properly and acquire market place with the other existing brands.
CONCLUSION
From this report it is concluded that changes that are taking place in the external
environment or through the changes that occurs when organisation improves, restructures or
transforms a crucial part of organisation structure or processes. Changes in organisation can have
a positive impact that enable them to have a competitive edge by encouraging the organisation to
encourage changes, innovations, development of skills and knowledge of subordinates and much
more. This report includes impact of changes drivers on organisation strategy and operations. It
also evaluate the measures that should be taken by an organisation to reduce the overall negative
impact on the organisation by using different leadership approaches and framework.
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