Impact of Organisational Culture, Politics, and Power on Behaviour and Performance
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This report analyzes the impact of an organization's culture, politics, and power on individual and team behavior and performance. It also evaluates various motivation theories and techniques for achieving organizational goals.
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Organisational behaviour
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1 P1 Analysing the impact of an organisation’s culture, politics and power on individual and team behaviour and performances..............................................................................................1 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4 P2 Evaluation of various theories and techniques of motivation with respect to achievement of organisational goals and objectives............................................................................................4 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6 P3 Explain what makes a team effective as well as ineffective..................................................6 TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8 P4 Determine different concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour in reference of business organisation..................................................................................................................8 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10 .......................................................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION Organisational behaviour is referred as the study to determine the way an individual or a person behave with others in an organisational setting. it is very necessary for the leader and manager to ensure that all the employees behave well with others at workplace so that productivity can be improved. This report is based on Tesco which is a British grocery retailer of United kingdom and offers variety of products and services to customers. This report covers description about the way the culture, politics and power impacts of behaviour and performance of team and individuals. it also includes content and process motivation theoriesalong with discussion of effective and ineffective team. Tuckman team development model is applied in order to develop effective team within organisation. At last, path goal theory is applied on a specific situation in reference to business organisation. TASK 1 P1 Analysing the impact of an organisation’s culture, politics and power on individual and team behaviour and performances Organisational culture: Organisational culture refers to a model of shared beliefs, assumptions and values which act as a governing body of how people behave in an organisation. Culture within an organisation has huge impact on the performance of its employees and how they behave. There is not a perfectordefinedmodeloforganisationalculturewhichcanbeimplementedinevery organisation since every organisation differ in terms of its operations, size, objectives, resources etcetera(Bakotić,2016).Organisationalcultureplaysacrucialroleinsuccessofan organisation. Many models have been proposed that try to explain the organisational culture, one of them is Charles Handy’s model under which he has defined four types of culture that may exist within an organisation. Here are the four types of cultures which any organisation may practice: Power culture: In many organisations, the power or the authority remains only in the hands of a few people. Only these people are responsible for the decision-making and also enjoy some special privileges at the workplace. The employees of such organisation have no option but to follow the 1
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orders and instructions from their superiors. With no or very little liberty, employees often feel demotivated and it influences their behaviour and impact their performances negatively. It often restricts the creative potential of the employees. Task culture: Organisations under which teams are constructed to perform any particular task or complete any specific project are said to follow the task culture(Balmer and Burghausen, 2015). Every team consists of generally four to five members and every team member is expected to contribute equally in the completion of the task. People with similar interests and skills are put together in a team. Working in teams with the right mix of skillset and specialisations can be highly productive for completion of tasks. Role culture: In the organisations that follow role culture, every employee is aware of what his role and responsibilities are and is accountable in some way or the other for the work assigned to him. Under such culture, power is determined on the basis of ‘role’ of a person in the organisation. Matching responsibility comes automatically with power in role culture(Beauregard, 2014). Person culture: In organisations with person culture, people view themselves as superior and more important than their organisation. People are generally more concerned about their personal and individual interests rather than the interest of the organisation. Such an organisation usually suffers as the employees are not motivated enough to work towards attainment of organisational goals and objectives. Currently, the management of Tesco plc ltd. are following the power culture in their organisationwherethedecision-makingauthorityisvestedinthehandsofonlyafew individuals. As a consequence, the employees are not highly motivated and feel restricted. The most suitable type of organisation culture for Tesco would be a right mix of role and task culture in general operations of the organisation. It can continue the practice of power culture in areas where even the smallest decision creates a massive impact on the whole organisation. However, it should welcome employee participation and suggestions in such matters also(Bester, Stander and Van Zyl, 2015). Organisational politics: 2
Organisational politics is defined as the informal and unofficial efforts made by the employees of an organisation which may have two types of objectives – personal interest and advantage and organisational politics in the interest of company’s target or goals. Politics within an organisation has a negative side as well as a positive side. Employees may get indulged in spreading rumours and creating an informal network to defame any superior. Employees often face problems or difficulties in concentrating on the work which has been assigned to them with politics and gossips going around in the organisation. At many times, even the most efficient employee loses his interest towards the work and starts getting involved in such activities. Politics often play a major role in promotions, rewards and recognition models which may result in demotivating an employee(Burrell and Morgan, 2019). However, if effectively implemented, organisational politics may help in achievement of organisational goals and targets. With the help of organisational politics, employees of an organisation may be able to select a suitable candidate for the leadership position. It can be concluded that organisational politics have more disadvantages as compared to its advantages. Existence of politics within an organisation creates hindrance in the operations and work often is not executed properly. Tesco plc ltd. should make efforts to minimise the existence of politics in its organisational structure and emphasize on deriving benefits out of the existing organisational politics. Organisational power: Organisational power refers to the ability of an individual to influence other people and get something done. Power comes out of the authority that a person holds. Majority of the power in any organisation lies with the top management(Cáceda and et. al., 2015). Power has a significant impact on the behaviour and performance of an employee. In Tesco plc ltd, power lies in the hands of few people on the top management level who were founders of the company. French and raven studied in detail about the various concepts associated with power and described five bases of power and identified two major sources of power which are: Positional sources of power: Under positional sources of power, there are three distinct bases of power which are: Legitimate power: This type of power comes from the authority that a person holds or the right entitled to a persontodemandcompliancetoanyorderorinstruction.Itisgenerallyunstableand 3
unpredictable. It disappears as soon as the person loses the positon or the authority because people got influenced due to the position of that person instead of the person himself. Reward power: This kind of power comes out of the ability of an individual to reward someone for the work done by them. People will generally follow or take orders from someone who they know has the power to reward them or incentivise them(Chumg and et. al., 2016). Coercive power: Coercivepowerinvolvesgivingthreatslikefiringsomeone,denyingincentives, demotion etcetera in case of non-compliance. Generally, managers have the authority to do these things but that doesn’t necessarily mean they have to use it to create an element of fear in the employees. Too much use of coercive power leads to demotivation of employees and eventually they leave the organisation. Personal sources of power: Under personal sources of power, there are two distinct bases of power: Expert power: Expert power comes out of a person’s knowledge and skills which differentiates him from the other employees in the organisation. People in an organisation often value the suggestions and opinions of a person who according to them is a subject-expert(Coccia, 2015). Referent Power: Referent power derives out of the liking and the respect that an individual has for some person. It is more personal in nature as compared to the other bases of power. It gives a person the ability to influence his co-workers and get work done. In Tesco plc ltd, the management is exercising power derived out of the position and the authority which creates a negative effect on its employees. Scope of legitimate power is only limited to the situations where a person has authority. The management of the company should try to increase the expert power base and make more use of rewards and incentives to motivate employees with minimal use of legitimate power. 4
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TASK 2 P2 Evaluation of various theories and techniques of motivation with respect to achievement of organisational goals and objectives. Motivation theories: Motivation refers to the stimulation of people in order to get desired actions and results. These are the driving forces that are used to get someone to behave in a certain way(Eroglu, 2015). There are two main types of motivation theories – content theories of motivation and process theories of motivation. Content theoryaims at exploring or determining the various factors which motivate people to seek their desires and fulfil their needs. Some of the most important content theories of motivation includes Maslow’s theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, Herzberg’s two factor theories etcetera. In context of Tesco plc ltd, managers and the human resource department can make use of Maslow’s need hierarchy theory to understand the factors behind motivation of employees and increase employee retention. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory: Maslow has classified needs into a hierarchy with 5 levels and according to him, when a need at lower level is satisfied, the need on the next level of hierarchy becomes the driving force for motivating employees(Gnavi and et. al., 2015). Here are the 5 categories of needs as per Maslow’s need hierarchy theory: Basic physiological needs: This category includes basic needs for survival such as food, shelter, clothes etcetera. Physiological needs are considered to be the most essential needs. In context of Tesco ltd, management needs to make sure that it is fulfilling such needs of its employees to motivate them to work for the organisation. Safety and security needs: The next need on the hierarchy is safety and security need such as a safe working environment, financial security, job security etcetera. The management of the Tesco ltd can meet such needs of the employees by providing health & life insurance policies, provident fund, job contract etcetera. Social needs: 5
Social needs represent the need for love and affection. The management should make efforts to create a sense of belongingness in the employees towards the organisation by fostering such relationships in the company. Esteem needs: Esteem needs represent the desire to feel good about oneself. In involves elements such as self-confidence, feeling valued by others and most importantly feeling good about oneself. The HR manager of Tesco Ltd. needs to make sure that the employees are being praised and rewarded in the weekly meetings of the company to fulfil their needs of self-esteem(Katou, 2015). Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization needs are on the last and highest level of the hierarchy. It involved the need of feeling content or satisfied or having a feeling that we are living up to the best of our potential. These needs are different for every person. In context of Tesco ltd, human resource department needs to identify such needs of its employees and increase the level of job- satisfaction. Process theoryaims at exploring distinct behaviours of employees which affect their needs and desires. Content theory focuses on determining ‘what’ motivates employees whereas process theory has the objective of understanding how the process of motivation initiates within anindividual.SomeofthetheoriesareVroom’s,Adam’s,Latham&Lockeetcetera. Management of Tesco Ltd. can make use of Vroom’s expectancy theory to find different factors that motivate employees(Kitchin, 2017). Vroom’s expectancy theory: Under Vroom’s expectancy theory, it is concluded that an employee’s performance depends on factors such as skills, knowledge, personality, experience etcetera. He has made use of three variables in this theory which are Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence. Expectancy: Expectancy refers to the belief that an employee has in terms of the effect of his increased efforts on his performance. Factors affecting expectancy are having the resources, support and right skills to do the job. Managers of Tesco ltd. should make sure that employees are confident about the execution of the job and are provided with all the required training and resources. Instrumentality: 6
Instrumentality refers to the idea that if an employee will perform better, he will achieve his desired outcome. Outcomes are the needs and the motivating factors of the employees. HR manager of Tesco ltd. should design a proper reward system to increase the direct relationship between performance and outcomes(McShane and et. al., 2018). Valence: Valence refers to the perceived value of the outcome for the employees. It is important that the employee looks forward to attaining the outcomes linked with the better performance rather than not wanting to attain them. This happens when there is no value of the outcome for the employee. Thus, in context of Tesco Ltd., it is extremely important that the management understands what different outcomes means to different employees and select the best suitable outcome according to the desire any individual employee may have. TASK 3 P3 Explain what makes a team effective as well as ineffective. Teamsincludesthepersonorgroupofmemberwhoperformworkjointlyfor accomplishing work within given time period. It is easy to boosting its productivity as well as proficiency of company through the presence of effective team. According to my point of view, it is compulsory to have an effective team within organisation for increasing productivity and profitability level(Norton and et. al., 2015). In reference of TESCO, the management team of company focuses on maintain appropriate team for achieving goal and objective within stipulated period of time. I am a client manager of company focuses on encouraging team to perform the work within company. It maintains positive atmosphere that helps employees in boosting the productivity level. There are two kinds of team such as ineffective as well as effective team which is going to be mentioned below: Ineffective team:There was some issues and problems which arise within workplace because their goals and objective are not clarify. Therefore, it creates issues and conflicts among the member of team in the organisation. Thus, it imposes negative impact on performance of employees work in a company. As a manager of TESCO, my responsibility is to resolve the problems which arises due to conflicts and grievances occur among the team member of organisation.Effective team’smember have clear goal and objective which must be completed within given period of time. Therefore, the team member must have ability to perform all the 7
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work in given period of time in systematic manner. In context TESCO, I am the client manager of this company and my main purpose is to coordinate team to attain all work and task in less time period. It helps in boosting future sales as well as growth of business organisation in effective manner(Paull and Whitsed, 2018). Tuckman Theory of team development This theory was founded in the year 1965 by Bruce Tuckman.As a client manager of company, my main purpose is to manage team in effective manner. It is necessary to have capable and knowledgable employees to work in a company. There are five level which is used in developing a team that is going to be mentioned below: Forming:This is the basic level which is used for developing a team in effective manner. As a client manager of TESCO company, it is my responsibility to assign task and work among the team member that is performed by them in stipulated period of time. Therefore, there are various people of different heritage and background perform work in order boost the productivity as well as profitability level. Thus, as a manager, I am focusing on coordinating the different member of team who are coming from different background and culture. It helps the company in increase future sales and growth of company in effective manner(Pinho, Rodrigues and Dibb, 2014). Storming:During the process of completing project , the team member providing suggestions to each other. It create grievances and conflicts among the member of business organisation. In this situation, my responsibility is to resolving these kind of issues and problem occurs within company. In context of TESCO, my main purpose is to provide suggestion and guidance among the team member in order to perform task within given time manner. Also, resolve the conflicts and grievance which arise within workplace. Norming:In this stage, the member work according to the rules, beliefs as well value in which they are performing their work. According to my point of view, the member of team work on the basis of value and beliefs. In context of TESCO, my responsibility is to manage the task of team member in effective manner that helps them increasing performance level of employees (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Ainissyifa, 2017). Performing:It is necessary to have high skill, knowledge, competence in subordinates for performing the work in effective manager. As a Client Manager, it is my responsibility to 8
allot the task according to their knowledge and ability. Therefore, it helps team member in completing their project within stipulated period of time. Adjourning:In this phase, the project work is finished by the team member of business organisation. Here, the team member get separated from each other after completing their task in effective manner. As a client manager of TESCO, it is my duty to check the work which is completed by the team member is according to the need and requirement of company. From the above mentioned stages, it has been analysed that team management is one of the important factor for performing its business activities and function in appropriate manner. Therefore, As a relationship manager of TESCO, It is my duty to maintain effective team in order to accomplish business activities and operations in suitable way. Team management handle different tasks and work in proper manner. It is essential to resolve the issues and conflicts which occur within business organisation(Rosenow-Williams, 2014). TASK 4 P4 Determine different concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour in reference of business organisation Organisation behaviour is described as a process in which the attitude and behaviour of individual person working within an organisation. It involves different elements like value, customs, belief as well as tradition. As a manager of TESCO, it is my responsibility to accomplish objective within given period of time. Also encourage and motivate employees to perform the work well(Tuna and et. al., 2016). As a manager, I would like to follow various concepts and approaches in TESCO which is going to be mentioned below: Businesscondition:In the contextof TESCO, the presentconditionof business organisation is not good because there is lack of communication among the member thus it imposes the negative impact on performance of company. It create issues and conflicts among the member of team as well as it directly affect the goal of business organisation. Therefore, as a client manager of company, it is my duty to have a proper communication among the subordinate which helps in achieving the goal and objective within short span of time. Also tackle the situation in effective way, we adopt the Path Goal theory which is going be mentioned below: Path goal leadership theory: 9
Path goal model is defined as a framework which specify the style or behaviour of leader that is most appropriate for the work environment and employee in order to accomplish organisational goal. As per the above discussed situation, the performance of Tesco impacts adversely due to lack of communication. Application of this theory in this situation helps manager and leader of Tesco to accomplish the goal to improve motivation of employees and satisfy them so that they become more productive members of the company. Vroom's expectancy theory is considered as the base of path goal theory in which a person will act in a way on the basis of expectation to accomplish a certain outcome(Williams Jr and et. al., 2018). The path goal theory is a process where leader choose specific behaviour which is best suitable to the working environment and the needs of employees so that they enable to guide them through their path in attainment of their day to day goals. There are some best basic steps that are followed in this theory which are mentioned below: Determination of environmental and employee characteristic. Selection of appropriate style of leadership. Emphasize on motivational factors that support employees to get succeed. Employee characteristics: in order to understand employees in better way, it is necessary for leader of Tesco to understand them appropriately to know the way to motivate them in best manner. Taskandenvironmentalcharacteristics:thepathgoaltheoryisespeciallyemphasizeon overcoming the barriers. If a strong obstacle is there in the path, then as a leader it is my duty to help work force to select an appropriate path to work around it. The difficult task characteristics that may arise often includes formal authority system, design of task and work group. Behaviour or style of leader: as a leader, I need to adjust my style of behaviour to 10 characteristics and employees so that their motivation is to excel at objective or goal. There are four types of behaviour or styles of leader that are required to be adoptby me to direct employees on the path to accomplish goal. These behaviour includes directive, participative, supportive and achievement style. Proper application of this theory will help me in attaining the goal of improving communication within the firm. CONCLUSION As per the above mentioned report it has been concluded that organisational behaviour is a crucial aspect in an organisation that needs to be considered by leader and manager in order to 10
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determine the way an individual or employee behave with others in the organisational setting. Organisational politics, power and culture influence the behaviour and performance of individual as well as organisation. Maslow need hierarchy theory helps in motivating employees by satisfying all the five basic needs of workforce. motivate employees helps in improving performance and productivity of organisation. An effective team has a clear vision and is more capable to attain goals of organisation in an appropriate way. Application of path goal theory helps leader in provide employees with the right path to accomplish the goal in a specific situation in an effective way. 11
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