Organisational Behaviour: Influence of Culture, Power, and Politics

This document explores the influence of organisational culture, power, and politics on individual and team behaviour and performance. It also evaluates content and process theories of motivation in an organisational context.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
P1 Analyse organisational culture, politics and power that can influence individual and team
behaviour and their performance.................................................................................................1
M1. Critical analysis about the ways in which culture, power and politics could influence team
behaviour and individual performance........................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Evaluate content and process theories of motivation in organisational context.....................5
M2. Critical evaluation of the ways to influence behaviours of other with execution of
effective theories and concepts of motivation.............................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 An understanding if what makes and effective team as opposed to ineffective team............7
M3. Analysis of suitable team along with group development theories which supports dynamic
co-operation development..........................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of OB in organisational context with business situation 10
M4. Justification and evaluation of diverse range of concepts along with philosophies that
includes ways of informing and influencing behaviour positively and negatively...................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour refers to study of both group and individual activity and
performance within the organisation (Chumg and et. al., 2016). It is an essential concept that
examines the human behaviour at the working environment that mainly impact on the job
structure, performance, communication, leadership etc. Keen understanding about the concept
aids managers to improve their potentials in devising teams along with managing conflicts
effectively. It assist professionals in having awareness about desires of subordinates along with
other factors that highly impact on motivation. This project study is based on the ASDA that is
one of the largest British supermarket retailer store in UK that deals in varieties of range of
products such as home ware, food products, financial services, clothing etc. Besides core
supermarkets, it also offers mobile phone provider as well as financial services.
The project showcases various terms like power, politics and culture that will majorly
impact the individual and group behaviour at the working place. To encouraging the employees
this project involves the motivational theory and the concept of effective and ineffective team so
that team can be developed for gaining higher profits. At last path goal theory is the best option
that helps in solving the present situation at the working environment.
TASK 1
P1 Analyse organisational culture, politics and power that can influence individual and team
behaviour and their performance
Organisational behaviour involves the various factors that includes power, politics and
culture which may influence the team and individual person behaviour for getting the proficient
results (Miao and et. al., 2020). Within ASDA, organisational behaviour supports improvements
of effective business performance. Culture, power addition to politics in an enterprise have huge
role in influencing behavioural attitude and performances of people. In case of ASDA, the ways
in which the terms influence behaviour and performance of individuals as well as teams are as
analysed:
Organisational Culture
Culture defines as a norms, belief, values and actions of the individual person that is
helpful in the longer sustainability of the business in marketplace. In other words, organisational
culture refers to underlying values, concepts, mechanisms, beliefs and ways to interact with
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unique business environment (Akanni and Ndubueze, 2017). In context of ASDA, Handy culture
model can be defined as follows:
 Task Culture- It refers to that culture in which manager are assigned the work as per the
abilities and knowledge of the employees to complete the work on time and in a
productive way. In this manager of ASDA can execute this type of culture for enhancing
the performance of quality of work so that profit earning is easy and firm will enjoy
longer sustainability.
 Power Culture- This culture is reflected the power that can influence the subordinates to
follow the orders and done the task before deadline. If ASDA in their organisation can
follow the power culture than it will not motivates the individual person for sustain in the
firm but it will helps the team members to show their high performance within specified
period of time. In this professional one can hold the power so that assisting workers is
effective and results are getting in better way(Pereira, Malik and Froese, 2017).
 Person Culture- In this type of culture, company manager can analyse the individual
potential of the staff members that helps in completing the task in effective manner. In
this employees individually show their abilities and capabilities rather than focus on team
collaboration. If this style culture follows in ASDA than it will helps in enhancing the
individual performance but reducing the team development in effective manner.
 Role Culture- In this type of culture manager can assigned the role to the employees
according to their skills and capabilities. In context of ASDA this culture model helps the
manager in assigning the responsibilities to the employees at the working place. It also
helps in increasing the overall performance of the individual and also enhance the
efficiency of team members.
As per the analysis, it is determined that Task Culture is suitable for ASDA. It is because
companies in which teams are devised for attaining targets along with resolving issues generally
follows the culture. It have chances of influencing performance and behaviour of people along
with team with common interests. In this kind of culture, each team member contributes equally
for reaching at set targets in innovative manner that plays huge role in influencing behavioural
performances (Nazir and Islam, 2020).
Organisational Power
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Within the organisation manager are holding power due to this task can be attained on
desired period of time. In this manager of ASDA can following the various types of powers as
per the situation occur within organisation so that effective and productive work can be gained
by the business. In this John French and Raven has proposed the several types of power that can
be elaborated below.
 Reward power- It refers to that power which is adopted and followed by the top level
managers for encouraging the workers for getting proficient results. In this ASDA,
manager can use this type of power for boosting the morale for effective working so that
targets can be achieved on time. As it is helpful for accomplishing the goal by enhancing
the individual performance in the team. In this top authority can appreciate the employees
good work by getting them higher rewards so that proficient results can be enjoyed by the
company(Wong, Mahmud and Omar, 2015).
 Coercive power- This type of power could be adopted by business manager for
punishing the workers for their mistakes and poor performance. In context of ASDA this
power will reflects that manager can fire the workers for their poor performance this will
demotivated the employees but it helps in increasing the output of the company.
 Referent power- It can be adopted by the ASDA manager to boosting the employee
morale and courage for effective working. In this leaders can motivates employees for
representing the impactful functioning of the team members (Chumg, Shi and Sun, 2019).
It reflecting the major team performance that also develops the trust and loyalty in the
workers of ASDA.
 Legitimate power- This type of power have high chances of being adopted by CEO of
ASDA for controlling and managing the activities of the employees. This helps in
enhancing the team performance in effective and appropriate manner so that targets can
be achieved on specified period of time (Anagnostopoulos and Papadimitriou, 2017).
From the analysis, it is determined that legitimate power is best for managers of ASDA as
it is a formal category of power that is derived from positions which is hold by people in the
enterprise. With this power, managers of ASDA have the power to control or exercises power for
subordinates with the hope of performing the task effectively. It is underpinned with laws and
regulations through which directions and strategies for individuals and groups are set that
influences their behaviours positively in ASDA.
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Organisational politics
Politics within organisation is refers to the involvement of workers in the informal
discussions that can includes the negative impression on the overall working place. In terms of
ASDA, politics can be played by the managers that impact positively and negatively on the
performance of the employees. It also impacted the team working and affected the work. It can
be affected in two ways i.e. positive and negative way that can be shown below.
 Positive impact- If manager of ASDA can implement the politics in positive way by
listening the ideas and suggestions of the workers at the time of taking decisions that it
would helps in maximising the overall performance of the team members due to this task
can be attained on time frame (Chang and et. al., 2016).
 Negative impact- Politics within the ASDA, negatively affect the working productivity
and proficiency of the employees because in this top authority does not listen to their
workers due to this they feel demotivated and does not work interestedly but in this they
work forcefully due to this goals can be attained in informal ways.
By analysing the above several aspects i.e. power, politics and culture it is evaluated that
using all this in an appropriate way helps in maintaining the proper decorum at the working
place. This also encourage employees for effective and productive working so that organisation
may gain higher profits and sustain for a longer period of time.
M1. Critical analysis about the ways in which culture, power and politics could influence team
behaviour and individual performance
In ASDA, behaviour and performance of employees along with team could be influenced
through implementation of categories related with culture, politics and power. In context to
culture, use of task culture puts emphasis of people towards particular practices and projects. In
this, employees are brought to work on different tasks so that they share ideas so that all
practices are carried out properly leading to positive influences in individuals and groups
attitude. Similarly, power influences employees behaviours widely (Bakari, Hunjra and Niazi,
2017). In relevance to the establishment, adoption of legitimate power could influence behaviour
and attitude of people wither working individually or in group. It is because the it is based on
rules and laws that may not be suitable for workforce or using this power, managers might be
exercising huge control on activities performed at workplace. Likewise, it is analysed that
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politics when arise negatively then it reduces motivation, efficiency and ability of employees
resulting to impacting negatively on behaviours.
TASK 2
P2 Evaluate content and process theories of motivation in organisational context
Motivation is seen as a driving factor which initiates, directs along with maintains
objective based behaviours (Ganesan and Jegatheeswari, 2017). Within ASDA, managers
believes that it engrosses social, biological, cognitive addition to emotional forces which have
potentials to activate behaviour. Mentioned below is evaluation of some ways in which content
addition to process motivational theories enables goal attainment in ASDA:
Content theory
It refers to that motivational theory which defines what motivates the employees towards
working within organisation. In context of ASDA, manager can adopts the Maslow's need
hierarchy theory that can be shown below:
Maslow's need hierarchy theory
This refers to that need which can divided into five different motivational factor such as
basic needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualisation need and it can be set as
per the particular set of actions. The manager of ASDA can follow this model for encouraging
the employees towards attaining the targets that can be shown below:
Illustration 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Definition, Theory & Pyramid
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(Source: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Definition, Theory & Pyramid)
 Psychological needs- This type of needs indicates food, water, shelter etc. In this ASDA
manager can motivates the employees by offering fair pay and accommodation facility to
those employees who are belongs to different cities. This helps in boosting the morale of
staff members and helps in gaining higher profits(Gkorezis and Petridou, 2017).
 Safety needs- It can includes safety benefits that encourages the employees for efficient
working. In terms of ASDA, top authority can provide the safety benefits to motivates
their employees for best work by providing them health insurance and medical facility.
 Social needs- At this level employees of ASDA motivates by getting the healthy and
friendly environment within the working place so that they can maintains the good
relation with other employees. This helps in gaining higher profits and revenues.
 Esteem needs- It refers to those needs in which manager of ASDA can provide the
rewards and recognitions to the employees best efforts. This helps in encouraging the
other one to give their best and get the higher rewards. Due to this goals can be achieved
on specified period of time.
 Self actualisation needs- It refers to that highest level needs in which employees focus
on their abilities and do practices for becoming a specialist in that activity (Mitonga-
Monga, 2018). This helps in getting the best employees by the company who can
attaining the goal on time.
Process theory
It refers to that theory of motivation that helps the managers to take decisions by
evaluated the efforts for the results. In case of ASDA, manager can adopts the Adams Equity
Theory that can be shown below:
Adams equity theory
This theory was established by J. Stacy Adams that suggest that the employees within
organisation is majorly affected by benefits and rewards, generally means getting the fair
treatment within organisation. As it suggest the balance between inputs i.e. related with
employees performance and outputs i.e. related with profits and revenues that a company can
earn. In case of ASDA, manager can provides the higher rewards to their workers as per their
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efforts and performance this helps in enhancing the productivity and overall performance of the
organisation. In offering the pay to the experienced one company can majorly emphasis on the
job equity that helps in presenting the prominent results. On the other hand if manager cannot
focus on the job equity that firm will get the dissatisfied employees and due to this targets cannot
be attained on time period(Barbaranelli and et. al., 2019).
To evaluate the above content and process theory i.e. Maslow need hierarchy theory and
Adams equity theory it is analysed that both the theories helps in encouraging the employees for
effective work so that targets can be achieved on the specified period of time (Orth and Volmer,
2017). In this maslow theory helps the manager to understand the employees basic needs for
insisting them towards the effective work whereas Adams equity theory reflects that manager
can motivates those employees who do more efforts in completing the work.
M2. Critical evaluation of the ways to influence behaviours of other with execution of effective
theories and concepts of motivation
The term motivation reflects to a biological and psychological state which drives an
individual to attempt activities for specific action. As per Bhatla (2017), it is critically evaluated
that motivational theories and models are technical desires which fuels a person for continuing or
performing practices that depends on wants and needs. In ASDA, managers apply two theories of
motivation that are content theory and process theory. Maslow's need theory is part of content
theory that includes five tier model of needs of an individual. When executed effectively, it
serves properly to interpret motivation as well as human behaviour that is its key advantage.
However, limitation of the theory is that it devises hierarchy of needs that narrows the measures
among people to think in similar manner. In association to process theory, Adams equity theory
is applied by managers of ASDA that benefits in reducing exploitation of people at work
premise, acts as great source of motivation and devises better relations among people. In
contrary, the theory generates difference in perceptions and ignores various factors.
TASK 3
P3 An understanding if what makes and effective team as opposed to ineffective team
Team
It refers to that where two or more than two persons are involved and working in a group
for achieving the common goal and objectives on the specified period of time is called team
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(Sharma and Sharma, 2017). In context of ASDA, there are several types of teams can made as
per the circumstances that can be shown below.
 Problem solving team- It refers to that type of team which is developed for solving the
critical issues in the organisation so that proficiency can be maintained within the
working environment. In case of ASDA, manager can assembled the experienced
employees and make a team to solve the major issues that effect the company profits and
after the problems are solved the team cane be dissolved(Mohammad and et. al., 2015).
 Virtual team- It refers to that team that is geographically dispersed and connecting
through via E-mails, Video conferencing etc. In terms of ASDA, manager can develops
this team to make a efficient results in all the locations where the company is exist.
Comparison between effective and ineffective team
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Concept Effective team refers to the
foundation of successful
business. Without it no
company can gain the higher
profits and revenues and also
does not sustain long for a
longer period of time.
Ineffective team refers to the
foundation of conflict ridden,
unfocused team due to this
failure can be faced by the
enterprise (Suciati, Salendu
and Gatari, 2018).
Communication In this type two way
communication can done
where employees are also have
right to convey their ideas and
thoughts.
In this type one way
communication is reflects
where only leader can delivers
the orders and subordinates
can follow it.
Goals In this leaders have clear
vision and objectives that
helps in easily understand by
the team mates so that goals
can be attained on time.
In it leaders does not have
clear vision and targets due to
this employees are not
understanding effectively and
conflicts may arise.
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Belbin Theory of Team development
This refers to that model that was proposed by the Meredith Belbin in which they suggest
that in what manner teams can achieves the goals by accomplishing the work on time as per
skills and experience (Suciati, Salendu and Gatari, 2018). In context of ASDA, this model is
useful for developing the team in effective manner so that objectives can be achieved on time.
Some aspects that is effective for ASDA can be shown underneath:
 Team work- It defines that aspect in which issues can be handle in effective way by the
active involvement of the team members. It can assist in attaining the target in an
appropriate manner. In context of ASDA, manager can organised the task in every
situation by providing the active participation of the employees so that high performance
can be showed.
 Resource Investigator: This type of individuals are curious and innovative by nature as
they looks at multiple mechanisms for working. In ASDA, team members who fill the
role seek for investigating on various options, negotiations and nurturing relations.
 Coordinator- This aspect represents that the coordinator can manages their team
member for attaining the task on desired period of time. In terms of ASDA, coordinator
can maintain the experience team who are confident and smart in solving and gaining the
desired goals. The main motto of this is to reduce the conflicts and misunderstanding at
the time of performing the task.
 Specialist- This play an essential role in the enterprise as this person contains the high
knowledge related to achieving the goals in appropriate manner. As in ASDA, this type
of person creates a confidence and dedication within the team members so that they can
effectively understand the task and fulfils it for getting higher outcomes(Memon and et.
al., 2017).
 Implementer – They are the person who implement the plan in effective and efficient
manner so that goals can be attained on specified time frame (Pradhan and Jena, 2017). In
ASDA, implementer is the person who are practical person that only works for turning
the best ideas into the reality so that company can gain the competitive advantage and
gain higher profits and revenues.
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 Shaper: This kind of individual drives the team forward in order to ensure that all the
deadlines are meet with objectives. In ASDA, shapers are competitive employees that
challenges team mates as well as focus on using dynamic ways to solve issues.
 Complete-Finisher: They generally ensure completion of projects by team mates with
highest standards. Within ASDA, complete finisher looks at smallest details so to get
perfect working. Moreover, these are perfectionist that observes all situations and works
on expectational benchmarks.
 Plant: People performing role of plant are creative innovator who come with variants of
approaches to solve issues in unconventional manner. In ASDA, plant are free thinking
and imaginative employees in team that solves complex problems pertaining at work.
 Monitor-evaluation: These people bring strategic aspect and are best in testing ideas
(Lathabhavan and Balasubramanian, 2017). Employees of ASDA with monitor
evaluation role think critically for self along with others that work around them.
However, these are poor motivators as well as tend to react to situations despite of
instigating them.
M3. Analysis of suitable team along with group development theories which supports dynamic
co-operation development
Team could be delineated as number of people that are performing activities together for
reaching at set target. In an organisation, it is group of personnel performing independent tasks
towards attaining specific goals. It have been analysed that problem solving addition to virtual
team are some suitable team in the company in which staff are grouped to attain objectives. In
the company, managers have applied Belbin Theory that includes certain pattern of behaviours
which features behaviour of an individual in relationship to others so to facilitate development of
co-operation. The theory includes nine roles that are categorised into action oriented, people
oriented together with thought oriented roles (Casper, Sonnentag and Tremmel, 2017). These all
categories comprises on distinct roles which are named as shaper, implemented, complete
finisher, coordinator, team worker, resource investigators, plant, monitor-evaluation and
specialist.
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TASK 4
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of OB in organisational context with business situation
Organisational behaviour denotes as a combination of customs, values, beliefs and many
more. As a leader of the ASDA they are responsible for coordinating and managing the attributes
of the employees related to accomplishing the targets within the business environment. In this
manager can understand the situation for gaining higher revenues and for this they can use the
path goal theory that can be elaborated below:
Path goal theory
It can be propounded by the Robert House in which they states the several styles of
leadership as per the situation arise within the company. In context of ASDA, manager can
adopts the path goal theory that involves three aspects which can elaborated underneath:
 Employee characteristic- This aspect includes the perception of the individual abilities
and locus of control so according to that managers can make the effective strategies to
encourages them. In context of ASDA, employees are demotivated and not satisfied with
the current use of the legitimate power due to this major conflicts may be arise and task
cannot be done effectively(Bakotić, 2016).
 Task and environmental characteristics- In this aspect leaders of the organisation can
assure that the environment that can sustain within the business firm is friendly and
healthy where employees can effectively work and targets can be achieved on given time
frame. In case of ASDA the working environment is very complex and rigid due to this
conflicts may be between the team members.
To examine the above scenario, that is based on two aspects in which ASDA can face the
problem in communicating with the other members because of rigid environment and legitimate
power so that conflicts may be arise in the employees that will impact the productivity and
performance of the individual employee.
 Leadership behaviour- In this leaders can give more emphasis on using the appropriate
style of leadership so that problems can be solved effectively and targets can be done
smoothly and team mates can do their work productively. In case of ASDA, negative
environment can be created because of legitimate power and poor communication
between the members. To overcome this criticisms leaders can adopts the Participative
style of leadership within the working environment. Adopting this approach of leadership
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helps in giving the major opportunities to the workers because in this they can share ideas
and thoughts for getting maximum profits and revenues. This also satisfied the staff
members in their jobs due to this they get high extent outcomes. At the same time using
this style of leadership company may face the delay in taking decisions because of
participation of employees within the decision making process(Weng and et. al., 2015).
This participative leadership approach is impact negatively and positively on the working
of the employees. In ASDA, following this style of leadership helps in getting the higher and
productive results from the employees side as they are satisfied at the job position. This helps in
enhancing the image of the brand into the marketplace. It shows positively within the firm. As it
also impact negatively by consuming more time in taking decisions because of selecting the best
one out of many ideas of the different employees. It also creates complexity for the leader to
select the best idea out of several ideas.
By analysing the above path goal theory it is evaluated that this model is very effective to
solve the conflicts and misunderstanding between the employees. In this above two aspects can
defines the situation so that leaders of the organisation can select the bets style of leadership out
of many according to the situation that helps in gaining higher profits and revenues(Alasad,
2020).
M4. Justification and evaluation of diverse range of concepts along with philosophies that
includes ways of informing and influencing behaviour positively and negatively
There are certain number of philosophies and concepts that assist managers in informing
together with influencing behaviour of individuals and team (Bakotić, 2016). One of the concept
that is applied by professionals of ASDA is Path-Goal Theory that is specifically designed to
explain about the mechanisms used by leaders to help employees in the path of working on goals
through selecting particular behaviours which suits best to needs and situations resulting to
positive influences. In contrary, the concept is undemocratic in nature, creates employee
dependence on superiors, etc that leads to having negative influences on behaviours of personnel.
Moreover, Participative leadership style helps leaders of ASDA to encourage engagement of
team members ideas in decision making. This enhances motivation among team, increases
acceptance of decisions by each individual, devising quality of decisions and many more.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report it is to be concluded that organisational behaviour is an effective
term for understanding the individual and group behaviour within the working place. It
inculcates the power, politics and culture that impact effectively on the team and single person
performance at this time theories of motivation can help by boosting the morale of the employees
by giving them rewards so that company will gain higher profits and revenues. At this time both
content and process are effective. This analysis also involves the effective team and ineffective
team difference so that company can adopts as per the success criteria. In this leadership style
play a significant role by removing the conflicts and taking the corrective measures on random
basis.
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