Unit 12 project

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Describe the impact of organisation culture, politics and power of an individual and overall
team........................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Describe the several theories of motivation.....................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.......................6
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................8
P4. Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour...........................8
Evaluate how concepts and philosophies of OB influence the behaviour in positive and
negative manner......................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour draw the attention to the study of an individual or group
performance and activities within an organisation. In order to operate all the business functions
appropriately it is necessary for the manager of a firm to evaluate the organisational behaviour
which includes various factors like motivation, leader, behaviour, change process, work design,
interpersonal communication and many more. This file is based on the Mark and Spencer which
is a British multinational retailer that is dealing in higher quality of clothes, food commodities
and home products. This report will cover about the effect of organisational culture, power and
politics on the performance of each individual as well as overall team. Along with this, various
motivation theories will discuss in this study which will assist the manager of organisation that
how they can apply these theories in their organisation in terms to motivate their employees so
that they will be able to get their expected results in limited period of time.
TASK 1
P1 Describe the impact of organisation culture, politics and power of an individual and overall
team
The combination of these three factors such as organisational culture, power and politics
have great spectrum within the organisation. As all these are greatly impact on the day to day
activities of the business so due to this it is essential for the manager to give their emphasis on
managing their human resource. Organisation culture embrace the values and behaviour of the
employees within or outside the organisation. Other, power and politics is related to the
management and leadership which either reason for the success and failure of the
business(Ashenden and Sasse, 2013). The impact of these components on the business can be
seen by following points:
Organisational culture: Organisational culture define about an organisation beliefs,
values, concepts and assumptions which is responsible for creating the societal and psychological
environment within the organisation. The manager of the M&S must focus on creating a unique
culture in their firm as it has great impact on the team members and enhance the committed
employees by clearly defining the values and belief. Here are define Handy model which help
them in ascertaining the most perfect culture for the organisation.
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 Power culture: It represent that kind of culture within the firm in which power is held by
few individual who is liable for operating all the activities and formulating decisions. An
organisation with this culture does not allow their employees to share their ideas and
perceptions but they force them to accomplish their task as per their instructions. It is
generally regulated in small firms where a single person is responsible for taking speedily
decisions but it might create the negative effect on the employees which results lower
productivity and profitability of the business(Balmer and Burghausen, 2015).
 Role culture: A firm with this culture is working on the basis of rules due to this it is
highly controlled. As in this everyone is well aware from their roles and responsibilities
which enables them to accomplish their assigned task on time. The power in the culture is
comes from the position of each individual.
 Task culture: This kind of culture is regulated in those organisations which are comes
together to address a particular project or issue. In this, each and every individual has
power to accomplish their work and solving out all the issues.
 Person culture: In this type of culture, each and every person considered themselves very
unequalled and superior. Due to this nature they give their more emphasis on their own
profitability rather than the overall performance of the business. It create the negative
environment in the organisation which create various conflicts within the firm.
According to above different cultures, manager of M&S must consider the task culture as
it will enables them in taking the advantage of each and every employees efforts in achieving the
business set targets and objectives(Bester, Stander and Van Zyl, 2015).
Organisational politics: Politics can be understand by the rules, regulations and
guidelines, working procedures which has been formed by the business organisation and which
are necessary to adhere by each and every employee within the firm. It is mainly concerned with
the both unofficial and official efforts of the manager to insist the employees to act or behave in
the organisation. The negative impact of politics on the employees are as follow:
 Decrease in overall productivity: The overall productivity of the business is highly
affected by the politics as it drawn the attention and interest of the employees in playing
politics which results wastage of time of them on the unofficial issue. This will lead the
direct negative impact on the productivity and profitability of the company.
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 Demotivated employees: It also create the discrimination and demotivation in those
employees who are highly concerned for accomplishing their work but due to the politics
they are not able to get the promotion and career development opportunities which will
increases the employees attrition rate in enterprise(Boddy, 2015).
 Spoils the ambience: Also, it will also direct lead the negative effect on the interrelation
of workers and administration that will create unhealthy environment within the
organisation which results downfall position of the organisation.
Organisational power: Power is the ability of an individual to changes others behaviour
even in the condition they are interested or not. Power is executed with various elements
organisational behaviour, culture, social responsibilities and management teams. The various
types power are existing which can be determined by the French and Raven's power concept
which are given below:
Positional power: Reward power: This power is handed on the manager which they can utilise in rendering
the rewards and extra benefits to their employees because of their higher efforts. Manager
of M&S must use this power as it will help them in attaining the fuller efficiency of
employees in accomplishing a specific task.
 Coercive power: This power refers to the ability to establish control and impose
punishment to the employees in order to force them to accomplish their function as per
their instructions. The manager of M&S rarely give focus on this power as it might lead
negative effect on the performance of the employees(Christina and et. al., 2014).
 Legitimate power: The person who has this power is comes from a higher position or
formal rank due to their excellent skill and talent. In M&S CEO of this organisation have
this power which allows them to establish control and monitor on subordinates.
Personal power:
 Expert power: It comprises in those people who has strong knowledge and some
expertise. Team leader of M&S handed this power which enables them to guide and
control on their subordinates in order to achieve the organisation objectives.
 Referent power: This type of power comes when an individual wants to be like you and
want to attain same position. In the M&S it refers to the abilities of a leader which have
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great positive impact on the employees which helps them in attaining their desired
outcomes in limited period of time(Elsmore, 2017).
Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and team behaviour and performance
Basis Influence on Individual behaviour Influence on team behaviour
Power By using the power manager of M&S
will be able to force each and every
employee to accomplish their task with
higher efficiency and on set deadlines.
Manager of the business organisation
needs to use their power in devising
positive e relationship with their
employees so that their support can be
attained in achieving the organisational
goals.
Culture The opposition of an effective culture
increase the learning skills of each
individual which enables them to carry
out all their business operations in a
significant manner.
By adopting the task culture the manager
of the M&S will be able to utilise the skills
and expertise of each individual which will
results the overall succession of the
business as well as employees.
Politics Basically, it has negative impact on
employees performance and behaviour
as it snatch the attention of employees
towards the irrelevant gossips and
distract them from their responsibilities.
As due to drive the attention of each
employees in unnecessary aspects the
overall performance of the business get
affected.
TASK 2
P2 Describe the several theories of motivation
Motivation within the organisation plays an important role as it help the manager in
stimulating the actions and behaviour of the employees towards attaining goals and objectives of
the business. In this aspect, the various theories are available which the manager of M&S can use
in their business(Gkorezis and Petridou, 2017). These are as follow:
Content theory of motivation: This theory reflects all those factors which tells the
reasons behind changing in the human needs as per the time.
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 Maslow's Hierarchy of needs: The founder of this theory is American psychologist
Abrahan Maslow which depicts the stages of the human needs which needs to be fulfilled
as per their series.
Psychological needs: This define the biological needs of a human such as water, food, shelter,
and many others which are require to be accomplished first(Hooi, 2012).
Safety needs: It comprises all those needs which are related to the security and protection of the
employees during their working hours. By considering all the employees legislation M&S will be
able to keep motivated their employees.
Social needs: This refers to those needs which are related to the interpersonal relationship of the
employees within the organisation.
Esteem needs: It refers to nature of the employees of being respective and recognised in the
organisation for the extra efforts so that they can remain motivated towards the business goals.
Self-actualization needs: It drawn the attention of the manager to the needs of the employees
which are related to providing huge opportunities for their personal as well as organisational
development so that their job satisfaction can be raised and objectives of the business can be
attained.
Illustration
1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. 2018
Source: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, 2018
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 McClelland's need for achievement, affiliation and power theory: This theory define
that each and every individual has three types of motivational needs as per the culture,
wealth and demography. These all are driven from experience and background of a
person(Mclaggan, Botha and Bezuidenhout, 2013).
1. Need for power: It refers to those employees who wants to have higher power in order to
establish control and monitor on other persons.
2. Need for affiliation: It is categorised those employees who seeks to maintain healthy
relationship with other team members.
3. Need for achievement: All the employees who wants to attain higher success and
recognition in their business organisation(Norton, Zacher and Ashkanasy, 2014).
Process theory of motivation: The consideration of these theories in the organisation
will help the business manager in assessing that how an employee need will affect their behaviour
in terms to achieve a specific target that is related to their requirements. Some of the process
theories are define here which can be use by M&S:
 The expectancy theory: This theory has formed by Yale Victor Vroom who pertains that
motivation is outcome of their own choices which can create both aspects like maximise
the pleasure and minimise the pain. It focus on providing the rewards to the right person
so that the motivation of that person or other members can be increased.
 The equity theory: It has developed by John Stacey Adams in which they have described
that manager of M&S must treat every employee equal and give them the assurance that
all the employees will get equal promotional opportunities in the organisation so that they
will be able to create the positive environment within their firm which results higher
succession and growth of the business.
TASK 3
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
In the modern era, competition has taken huge place due to which an organisation needs
to formulate effective strategies and plans. It is same with M&S, they also have to face tough
competition in the marketplace which makes essential for them to work with in a team so that
they will be able to utilise the skills and knowledge of each person in taking the advantages of
available opportunities in the marketplace(Ruck, Welch and Menara, 2017).
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Effective team contains various characteristics like clear direction, defined roles,
communicate freely, support in implementing changes, mutually accountable etc.
Effective team Ineffective team
An effective team comprises all the talented
and work-oriented employees who always
seeks to get their desired results on time and
believes on established proper coordination in
team members so that conflicts will not be able
to take place.
An ineffective team always create hurdles in
acquiring the success as this type of team is not
centralised and coordinated for a common goal
due to this various conflicts are arising in the
organisation which create the lower succession
chance for the business.
Belbin theory:
This theory is considered as useful tool for the business organisation in assessing the
behaviour of each and every employee so that the work can be allocated accordingly. It pertains
that each employee within the organisation posses their different behaviour and style which
enables them to perform their role effectively. It contains several role of a team which are below
mentioned:
Shaper : In this the manager for M&S to give their higher focus on appointing a best
suitable candidate for their association who has the abilities and skills to shape up the
organisation towards the growth and success.
Implementer: It is the second role which focus on that an organisation must give their
higher emphasis on implementing strategies and plans. In this aspect, they should give this
responsibility to that employee who can perform this role in a most appropriate manner.
Complete finisher: Herein, the manager of M&S must ensure that they have gone
through from each aspect of implemented strategies and they have found that no errors and
omissions are taking place.
Coordinators: These are those persons who are responsible for establishing effective
coordination among the employees so that they will be able to drive the employees attention in
achieving the organisational goals and objectives(Tangaraja and et. al., 2015).
Team member : An effective relationship between he manager and employees must be
ensured in order to achieve the organisational goals.
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Resource investigator: In this aspect the manager of M&S must hire a perfect
investigator who is able to track the availability of resources in the organisation in order to
regulate all the business functions appropriately.
Plant : A planter is responsible for brining the ideas of innovation and invention in the
organisation so that the leading position of the business can be maintained(Teh and Sun, 2012).
Monitor Evaluator : The manager of M&S require to select a best evaluator for their
business who will be able to track the level of their performance that they are going in the right
direction or not so that they can operate their business activities accordingly.
Specialist : It represent the skills of a person which helps them in coping up the negative
situations of the business so that the overall profitability and brand value can be increased.
TASK 4
P4. Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
In order to get the higher success and growth in the business the support of the employees
in attaining the organisational goals and objectives is necessary. For taking the higher support of
all the team members in carrying out all the activities business manager needs to give their focus
on understanding the behaviour and attitude of employees which might lead the great impact on
the each individual as well as overall organisational performance. For assessing the behaviour of
the employees leader of M&S can use Path goal theory as it helps the business leader in
evaluating the behaviour of the employees so that all the activities can be allocated as per their
skills and talent. It also help the leader in increasing the job satisfaction and motivation of the
employees as because by analysing the employees behaviour leader can guide them as according
to each and every employee which will enables them to select a most perfect leadership style for
them which will help them in attaining the higher employees support in achieving the desired
outcomes in the limited period of time. This theory comprises four paths which are mentioned
below:
Leadership styles:
Directive: This leadership style give their major concern to the directive nature of leader
as in this approach leader of the business organisation give their focus on revealing that which
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task their employees needs to do, on which time and how they required to do it. It is helpful for
the manager of M&S as it will help them in getting effective outcomes from their employees by
effectively controlling and monitoring their activities. It is also helpful unstable conditions where
the training and guidance to the employees is required in order to get the support of them in
successfully executing changes(Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe, 2012).
Supportive: In order to meet the desired outcomes leaders of M&S must consider this
style as it will help them in taking the higher support of employees in accomplishing the
organisational goals by generating impressive communication channels and fairly treating them.
This will direct lead the positive impact on employees mind which will direct provide the benefits
in raising the overall profitability of the business.
Participative: It is considered as a most efficacious leadership style as it give their more
emphasis on employees involvement in the decision-making process related to making the
strategies or plans. As this will allow the employees to share their ideas, thoughts and opinions
with top management so that the best decisions can be made up by welcoming their ideas. It will
also enable the manager of M&S in expressing the benefits of changes for them and the business
so that their higher support can be attained in successfully implementing the changes.
Achievement: In this leadership style leader set the higher convoluted objectives for their
team members so that they can accomplish their given task with great efficiency. Leaders shows
high faith and belief on the employees in their style that they will complete their assigned work
on time with their best efforts and capabilities and without taking the help of any other person
(Fuchs and Edwards, 2012).
Evaluate how concepts and philosophies of OB influence the behaviour in positive and negative
manner
The above mentioned concepts helps the business leaders in that how they can evaluate
the behaviour of employees and how they can deal in different business conditions. All these
aspects have some positive and negative effect on the performance of the each employee. In
directive, the roles and responsibilities of each individual is clearly defined which enables the
employees to accomplish their work on time but on the other side in this all the employees are
highly depended on leaders which create conflicts sometimes in the case if leader is not able to
communicate with each employee. In participative, leader involve all the employees in
managerial functions and decision-making process which gives the chances to employees to
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freely share their ideas and conflicts but it also has some drawbacks like it might delay the
decision-making as each employees has different opinion due to which the various hurdles can
raised in the organisation.
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CONCLUSION
From the above file, it can be understood that any of the organisation needs to evaluate
the employees behaviour and action before executing and giving any task to them as it will
enables the business to attain the best outcomes from the employees. For maintaining the positive
environment within the organisation manager must focus on regulating an effective culture and
exercise effective power in the organisation. Moreover, the business organisation can also utilise
an effective theory for motivating the behaviour of the employees in order to achieve the desired
objectives and goals in limited period of time.
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Online
The Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s Model of Motivation. 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<https://careerprocanada.ca/maslows-theory-stands-today/>
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