Healthcare and Public Policy Analysis

This assignment requires an in-depth analysis of healthcare within the context of public policy in the United Kingdom. Students will examine various topics including safe waste management, economic evaluation methods for healthcare programs, the prevention and treatment of C. difficile infection, care home residents' health status, autophagy guidelines, maternal mortality surveillance, ethnicity data completeness in UK healthcare databases, youth mental health services design, the impact of beta-blockers on myocardial infarction mortality in COPD patients, and addressing liver disease in the UK. The assignment emphasizes critical evaluation of evidence-based research and real-world applications within the healthcare system.

UNIT 16: UNDR SPECIFIC
NEEDS
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Concepts of health, disability, illness and behaviour ............................................................3
1.2 Assessment about how perception have been changed..........................................................4
1.3 Impact of past and present legislation ...................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Different care needs of individuals........................................................................................5
2.3 Evaluation of services ...........................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Approaches and interventions that are available for supporting individuals with specific
needs ...........................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Effectiveness of intervention strategies ................................................................................9
3.3 Potential impact of emerging developments .......................................................................10
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Different concepts of challenging behaviour ......................................................................11
4.2 Potential impact of challenging behaviour .........................................................................11
4.3 Strategies for working with challenging behaviour associated with specific needs ...........13
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................15
2

INTRODUCTION
Government has formed various policies that are mandatory to be followed so that effective care
should be rendered. Perception about specific needs have changes and people are taking more
initiatives for providing care to disable people who have specific needs. Present report discuses
about the specific needs of people going through disability and illness. Concept of health and
behaviour is also explained. Impact of various interventions made by health care homes is also
illustrated.
TASK 1
1.1 Concepts of health, disability, illness and behaviour
In social care there are various concept and styles related to health of people. Heath is
defined as state of human body which is completely balanced in terms of mental, physical and
emotional with no presence of any disease and fragility (Drummond and et.al, 2015) Health is of
three types physical health, metal health and emotional health. Physical health is state where all
parts of human body are performing their work properly and perfectly. In physical health all
parts of body should be there and should be in natural position. Mental health is state where
human body is capable of sensing, feeling, perceiving, judging and recalling. Mental health
includes metal aptitude which should be average more than average. Human should have the
ability to get thing as they are and do not include any assumptions. Whereas emotional health is
ability of brain how to response and react on particular situation.
Disability is termed as a condition in which affects daily life activities of human .It is
condition which impairs ability of person to perform tasks and actions. Disability can be mental,
physical and intellectual. The most common type of disability is physical disability in which
some part of body do not work properly (Klionsky and et.al, 2016). Some people suffers through
sensory divisibility in which human body is unable to sense and hear.
Illness is situation in which body suffers from some disease which can internal or
external. It is a condition in which human body becomes fragile and get infectious. Behaviour is
defined as actions and activities of individual with another person. It is ability of person how to
talk and communicate in surroundings in which he/she lives.
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1.2 Assessment about how perception have been changed
Perception of people regarding specific needs is changing in this advanced and new
world. Values and beliefs of individual have changed drastically over time.
According to case study given Peter is an old man and is suffering from mental illness. Cerebral
palsy has lowered down his hearing ability. Intellectual capability of him is very strong and he
handles various activities in theatre group (Williams and et.al, 2014). It is clear from the study
that government policies are supporting people in their safeguard during disability.
Perception of people towards person with specific need have been changing. In past these people
who have specific needs were neglected form society. Society use to treat them as an object of
fear. The attitude of people was dominating and due to this people with specific needs were
unable to participate and contribute in society. These people have to rely on charitable trusts for
their welfare. Now a day’s attitude of people towards disabled people is changing and they are
getting respect form society. People with specific needs have rights to participate in society.
Some rules and legislation have been made by government for these people. Government and
public authorities are giving attention to Peter. Due to that even suffering from mental disorder
he is able to perform his daily life activities properly. Accommodation provided by authorities to
disabled people is supporting them very well. Rule and regulations for the safeguard of disabled
people is helping people to survive in that condition. Governments making polices to support
person who are suffering from any type of disability.
1.3 Impact of past and present legislation (M1)
Various policies and legislation made by government for the safeguard of disabled people
has impacted specific needs of individual. Heath and social care organization are getting
facilities from government to fulfil specific need of individual patient properly. There are
different acts and policies made by government of UK for disabled people which is helping Peter
and his family to survive. Some acts are as follows:
Health and social care act 2012: This act provides rule that must be imitated by social care
organization in order to provide best services to patients. It provides various guidelines to social
care sector that should be used for monitoring regulating the health of individual patient. This act
describes that health care homes should make their proceeding smooth and fair for people. It
4

provide regulation to give primary care services to patient and his family (Gordon and et.al,
2014).
National Health Service act 2006: This act is made for proper fund allocation to social care
homes and organization. This cat provide guidelines to give all required facilities to health care
home for appropriate functioning of them. This is concerned with monetary support to social
care.
Social policy made by government is also supporting and ensuring specific need of
people legislation and social policies are blessing society for people with specific needs. Society
and culture is playing significant role in progress of social care organization. Citing example of
Peter it can be concluded that family of Peter is able to live in society due to changed behaviour
and perception.
The legislations that have been stated before have severe impact over the services which
are made available to individuals with specific needs. In case of Peter, the absence of any sort of
legislation could have resulted in inappropriate treatment and negligent behaviour from the
individual that is providing respective services. Social policies like the National Health Service
Act (2006) and The Health and Social Care Act (2012) help in devising a disciplinary behaviour
amongst both service providers and users. It can be inferred that social policies and legislations
developed by the government help in ensuring best delivery of services for the person that has
conditions of specific needs.
5

TASK 2
2.1 Different care needs of individuals
(M2)
CARE NEED OF ANIS
 Communication: Due to speech
impairment, Anis is not able to
speak properly and he requires
communication support from his
family. He requires a moral
support from his family members
in understanding his problems.
People around him should try to
understand his words by his
facial expressions so that he
would be able to speak about his
problems. All the people around
him should support him in
speaking. People should try to
understand what he is trying to
say and do not make fun of him
while he is speaking.
 Support in daily activities: As
described in the case study his
right part of the body is
paralysed and he is unable to do
his daily work properly. Anis
requires support in his daily
work and activities like going
from one place to another. He
requires a wheel chair to go from
one place to another so that he
can do his work appropriately.
To perform daily activities like
wearing clothes, eating food he
needs support of one person.
 Language Needs: Anis had
experienced paralysis which left
him slightly disoriented in terms
of speech and language. This
barrier of speaking can be
addressed only when language
needs of the person are fulfilled.
Hence, Anis requires vocal
expert who could guide and help
Anis to overcome his language
needs.
Care needs of Nilam:
 Needs support in managing
household work: Nilam is
recently diagnosed with
hypothyroid disease. Due to that
she is unable in managing her
household activities. She need an
assistance of person who can
help her in performing her
household work like dusting,
vacuuming, food preparing etc.
6

 Needs care due to depression:
People around Nilam should
give her moral support. She
requires proper medication
and care during this condition.
Support from family members
is required for her. She also
needs proper sleep. Assistance
from care home doctors is
also needed.
 Spiritual Needs: Depression is
a severe mental condition
which requires proper
attention and care so that
patient doesn't lose hope and
willingness to survive. The
spiritual needs have been
recognised for Nilam so that
her depression gets cured
quickly. This shall further
help in attaining emotional
balance and mental peace.
Needs of Nafis
Nafis needs help in her studies
because she remain busy in caring for
her parents. She requires guidance in
her studies.
Support for studies: Financial support
is required by her for her expenses in
studies (Knight and et.al 2014.).
Intellectual Needs: Nafis is facing a
severely destructive atmosphere at
her residence due to the health issues
faced by her parents. In such
conditions, a person requires
intellectual capabilities for fighting
the circumstances and strive for
overcoming depressing factors.
Hence, intellectual needs of Nafis in
terms of education and knowledge is
recognised.
7

2.2 Current systems for supporting individuals
Following are the current system
for supporting individual with
specific needs: Self-help groups: Self-help
groups in London are helping
people who have some
particular needs. They provide
counselling sessions to people
who are suffering from
depression as in case of
Nilam. These groups in
London are helps in providing
mental support to people.
They organizes various
counselling session so that
people can talk about their
problems. Primary care is
provided by these groups to
support people who are
disabled.
 IAPT programmes:
Improving access to
Psychological therapies
programs is helping people of
London who are disabled and
needs specific care. Aim of
this program is to help people
in getting therapy service in
conditions of depression and
disability. This programs is an
initiative by NHS to provide
psychotherapy for the needy
ones.
 Voluntary organisations:
Voluntary organisation are the
communities who help people
with specific needs. They
provides nurses and doctors to
disabled people for caring
them. They also provides care
workers to people so that they
can perform their daily
activities propelry.
 Apart from these systems
currently personal
development program are also
conducted by NHS to support
people who have particular
needs. Social and health care
8

home in which Anis and
Nilam are living can provide
them facilities to improve
their condition. Infrastructure
and equipment used in social
care home should be designed
in way that can make it easy
for people with disability.
Anis and his family cab take
advantage of these facilities
for betterment of their life.
9

2.3 Evaluation of services (D1)
Special facilities, equipment and
infrastructure in the locality in
which Anis and his family are
living can help them to reduce
their depression in following
way:
In London there are various
service available for the
individual person who have
specific needs. Locality in which
Anis and his family is living has
various social care homes and
health care organisations..
Personal development program
started by NHS also helps
individual to get rid from the
barriers and hurdles they faces in
society. These programs support
people to survive in society and
builds confidence in them. There
is availability of devices and
tools that are made for people
with disability. These suitable
devices are improving life of
people with specific needs..
Generic system is also available
in locality which will help in
taking care of MR. Anis.
Locality have number of number
of medical institutions for
treatment of people in emergent
situations. In the locality
recreational centres in which
offers people services for
amusement activities so that they
can recover from their diseases.
Various counselling session and
personal development programs
are organized by car organization
in this locality. However, locality
is lacking in good transportation
facility so that people could be
moved to medical centres in
emergency situations medical
institutions are very less in
number in that locality.
From the ideas synthesised
through this evaluation, it is
inferred that the availability of
efficient medical practitioners
and care providers helps in
meeting requirements of
individuals at any instance of
10

time. The locality of London and
community authorities must
make it a point that rehabilitation
centres do not have any sort of
discrimination or bias when
providing services.
11

TASK 3- ARTICLE
APPROACHES AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES THAT SUPPORT
INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIFIC NEEDS
June 30, 2017
Present article is about various approaches used for supporting people with specific needs. Three
are various like counselling, TEACCH methods use for intervention. The “Bourne wood case” is
concerned with Mr. L who was a patient of Bournewood hospital and was suffering from
autism.
3.1 Approaches and interventions that are
available for supporting individuals
with specific needs
The “Bourne wood case” is concerned
with Mr. L who was a patient of
Bournewood hospital. He was suffering from
autism. He was not retard under Mental
Health Act 1983. He filed case against
manager of hospital by alleging that he was
illegally detained from the hospital. His claim
was reject by high court. After this judgement
some changes have been made in supporting
individual with specific needs. After
Bournewood case approaches that are used by
social care homes to support people with
disability are changed. Some approaches and
interventions are as follows: Counselling: Many counselling sessions
are provided to autistic people.
Counselling helps person in dealing with
different situations. It includes talking
with patient to find out their problems and
issue in disease.
 Interventions for behaviour and
development: This intervention includes
various type of behavioural development
strategies and programs to make people
educate and learn about their illness and
disease. In these behavioural programs
special trainer and counsellors provides
training to people with specific
requirement. Training helps people to live
confidently in society.
 TEACCH approach: In this approach
knowledge and information about autism
is given to people suffering from this. It is
used for educating people about
collaborating with peoples.
 Cognitive Behavioural therapy: This
approach is very significant which used

for people who have sensing problems. In
this strategy stimulating senses are used to
activate neurons of individual body. Loud
music and sound is used to trigger the
deactivated neurons (Quint and et.al
2013). Counsellor in this therapy helps
autistic people in understanding that
negative thoughts impact on their health.
It also supports in understanding that
these thoughts make their behaviour and
action aggressive. Social conversations: This intervention is
used to help autistic people and to
understand them. Conversations are held
with people to know about their feeling
related to their disease and disability.
 Social stories approach: This approach
helps autistic people in developing greater
solutions to understand society and
staying safely in it. Social stories are short
description about specific condition.
These stories supports people in
understanding how to react in such
situations.
There are some simple techniques and
intervention also which can be helpful for
people who have specific needs. Some of
them are as follows:
 Doors and windows of room where
people are admitted should be made
convenient to use.
 Railings and bars should be there to
hold and get support in washing and
cleaning areas.
 Cushion can be used to sit properly on
chairs used by disabled people.
 Floors should be non-slippery so that
wheelchairs can be easily move on
them.
3.2 Effectiveness of intervention strategies
Intervention strategies are very useful
for individual who have specific needs and is
suffering from disability. These strategies
focuses on improving health of individual
rather than curing them. Intervention
strategies are very effective in improving
health of individual who needs special care
and treatment. Here are some effects of
intervention strategies:
 App for screening autism: This app is
helpful to communicate and
understand people especially children
who are suffering from autism.
Children are found responding to
counsellor using this app.
 Health interventions: Health based
interventions has helped in teaching
people about their illness. People with

specific needs have learned to live
confidently in the society.
Counsellors have helped disabled
people in getting employment. Social conversation effect:
Counselling session social
development programs has supported
people to cop up with their current
situation. These programs have built
confidence in people with disability
and specific needs. People have
responded to counsellor and told them
about their feelings s related to their
disability and challenges they are
facing during that. Effect of social stories : Social stories
has helped with autism in how to
respond in situation and how to
behave in these situations. Self-care
skills develops in people by suing this
approach. However, obsession and
aggressiveness in people does not
improve by this.
 Effects of counselling: This approach
increases confidence in people. It also
helps people with autism in dealing
with difficult situations.
D2
The effectiveness of the planned
interventions is assessed through proper use
of evaluation techniques. It is not necessary
that people with specific needs shall respond
the same for a particular subject. Group
discussions and meetings have to be
developed so that people with specific needs
can share their views without any issues to the
service providers. The effectiveness of
services is increased and this further helps in
quick recovery from the medical conditions.
3.3 Potential impact of emerging
developments
The impact of the strategies made by
government and authorities in the favour of
people with specific needs will impact
individual in many ways. Social norm are
benefiting individual with specific need and
improving their social condition. Activeness
of social care workers and staff can decrease
the problems of people who need special
assistance. Potential development in favour of
individuals is motivating society to behave
well with these kind of people. These changes
are impacting greatly the services provided by
health and social care homes. Potential impact
of emerging development benefits people who
have metal and physical problems. Here are
some potential impact of these development
in social and health care:
 Most significant impact is that
disabled people are able take care

themselves and are not dependent on
others. This is due to proper
technological facilitation and
improvements in the basic
infrastructure. The reduction in
dependency does creates a positive
impact over the health of people with
specific needs. Society is getting
benefits from these developments.
Increased awareness among society
has helped people to deal confidently
with their situation.
 Individual who require special care
and treatment are getting employment
and jobs through these development in
society. People with specific needs are
getting educated and contributing in
increasing the economy of country
(Knight and et.al, 2015). Various
technologies and tools provided by
these social care home are supporting
disabled people to handle their daily
life activities.
 Conversation and counselling session
are affecting patients to share their
problem and challenges. Through this
care homes are finding problems of
individual and giving solutions to
them. Regular interaction is also
helping a lot people who have specific
needs in a positive manner.
 Medical institutions are providing
assistance to people in buying
medicine for them at lower costs.
Economic support in terms of cheaper
medical help and support helps in
easier access and reduced barriers for
improving the health situation of the
person. For instance, a person who has
learning difficulty finds it hard to cater
economic wealth so that respective
treatments can be initiated. When
voluntary support is provided then
these individuals are able to survive in
the society.
M3
Physical and mental problems are
reducing among people other specific
needs and are getting better life. Disabled
people who are ignored by their family
and society are provided residence
through these development in social and
health care homes. Challenging
behaviours of people is also reducing
though social conversation and
counselling with people. These
developments or positive potential impact
is addressed due to increase in number of
rehabilitation centres and care homes.

TASK 4
4.1 Different concepts of challenging behaviour
As per the given case scenario, following fact sheet is produced which determines the different
concepts associated with challenging behaviour.
Concept Description Statistics
Self-injurious The individuals that have
challenging behaviour have a
tendency to harm themselves
without any reason. This is
mostly found amongst people
that suffer from bi-polar
disease, schizophrenia or
dementia.
The individuals in the age
group 11 to 16 are involved in
self-injurious activities.
Violent Violence is one of the common
factors that are visible in the
behaviour of challenged
people. They tend to hurt other
people without any association
because of their lost control
over mind.
In 2014, about 70% people are
involved in alcohol and drugs
which leads to violent acts.
Culturally divergent The challenging behaviour has
another aspect and that is
portrayal of cultural
divergence. They tend to
follow their own thoughts and
About 35% of the women that
are present worldwide show
deflective behaviour when
they are challenged mentally.

ideas and do not believe on the
inherited ones.
4.2 Potential impact of challenging behaviour
The potential impact of challenging behaviour is experienced in the form of outcomes which
come up. It is important to understand that health and social care organisations have to deal
with challenging behaviours with much more patience and learning. Mr. JC being an 85 year
old person is suffering from stroke and has experienced isolation because of his challenged
behaviour. Aggressiveness causes the patient to take steps which are more violent or could
cause injury to the person itself. The potential impact of this part of the behaviour is very
brutal and it causes negative impact over the care provider and care receiver's health.
Health and social care organisations have to take crucial steps and strategies so that they can
tackle tantrums and excessive aggressiveness of the patient. They also require effective
training and experience to handle patients with challenging behaviour. Any case of
negligence directly results in negative and harmful consequences. Often the loss of control
over mental behaviour results in individual taking steps like suicide or murders.
Vulnerability is largely increased. Furthermore, health and social care organisations face the
negative impact which is addressed due to higher vulnerability towards crimes. Often
patients or care users with challenging behaviour spit over the care provider whose cases
have been recorded to upto 16% in number while 79% of the incidents had involved care
provider being kicked and hit by the patient. This indicates that negative impact and threat to
life is a dangerous consequence of the challenging behaviour.
4.3 Strategies for working with challenging behaviour associated with specific needs
There have to be well planned strategies and techniques that help in dealing with people
that have challenging behaviour and specific needs. Primary strategy is to establish a decent
communication channel so that care provider and sure can deal with problems and issues
experienced in an effective manner. Furthermore, the use of special combating tactics has to be
included in the training program so that necessary measures can be taken when violent situations
arise. Service providers should have immense patience when dealing with patients of challenging

behaviour because they can quarrel, scream, bite or do anything which creates a non-harmonic
situation.
People who show challenging behaviour needs to be warmed about the problems, issues
and challenges that are faced due to them. It is required that prevention should be taken so that
serious incidents could be avoided. People who show challenging behaviour can be encouraged
for indulging in different tasks so that they should calm down themselves and control their
challenging behaviour. With this it is required that major reasons should be identified about
which people are showing aggressive and challenging behaviour.
D3
As per the case of Mr. JC is concerned it is reflected that he became angry during his
meeting with the social worker. This determines that he is aggressive and angry. The health and
social care organisation has to understand and come up with spiritual strategies which help in
dealing with anger and aggression. Often depression is also a cause of excessive aggression. The
removal of such factors can help in dealing better with the patients of challenging behaviour.

CONCLUSION
Aforementioned report concludes that it is critical that better and effective health care
services should be provided to the patients so that they can be treated properly for the diseases
and health issues from which they are suffering. It can be concluded that needs of individuals
should be evaluated so that better and effective health care services should be provided to the
individual.

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