Child Development and Transitions

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of child development, covering various aspects such as emotional, physical, mental, and intellectual maturation. It highlights the importance of preventive measures in resolving issues related to developmental processes. The report draws from a range of books and journals, including 'Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development' by Bornstein and Bradley, to provide a comprehensive understanding of child development and its associated transitions.

Unit 3 – Understand Child and
Young Person Development

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth till 19 years......................1
1.2 Difference between sequence of development and rate of development.........................2
2.1 Influence on personal factors on children and young people's development...................2
2.2 Influence of external factors on the development of children and young people............3
2.3 Support from theories of development to impact current practices.................................4
3.1 Ways of monitoring children and development of young people....................................5
3.2 Reasons why development may not follow the expected patterns...................................6
3.3 Impact of disability on development................................................................................7
3.4 Promotion of positive outcomes by different Interventions.............................................7
4.1 Importance of early identification....................................................................................9
4.2 Role of multi agency teams to work together...................................................................9
4.3 Role of play and activities in development of children..................................................10
5.1 Impact of different transitions........................................................................................11
5.2 Effect of children and young people of having positive relationships...........................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Child development is considered as one of the effective phases of life in which all the
essential factors, processes, whether they are associated physically, emotionally or mentally are
being taught and implemented in the life of the child (Owens Jr, 2015). Also, after a few times, it
gets into the development of young person. At this stage also, there are various factors that are
needed to be ensured for better development. The report is about different aspects of the
development of an individual from birth to the younger stages. The factors throwing an influence
on the rate of development have also been included in the report.
1.1 Sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth till 19 years
The sequence along with the rate of aspects have been discussed as below:
1-2 year
This is the starting of the journey of a child. In this, the child learns to crawl, being
playful, etc. Playing with things comes in this stage (Bornstein and Bradley, 2014). Then, in the
second year, they play with toys. Also, in this phase, they enjoy spoon-feeding by mothers and
others. Taking care properly is very important, especially extra care is being provided by
mothers. Also, it involves breastfeeding for better development. In this stage children start
observing and reacting to things and situations.
3 - 5 years
In this phase, mobility tends to get increased. Activities like playing with more helpful
toys becomes a part such as puzzles etc. Climbing up the stairs also become a habit of them. In
this phase, parents and family members tend to take care of the children so that while climbing,
the child may not have to face any complexity or trouble. At this stage children start learning
about basic things such as colours, objects, words etc.
6 - 8 years
At this age, the children tend to make use of pencils to draw by copying different things
and also, by their own. Writing of a child also gets better if it is being given with proper
attention. Their confidence for climbing and playing games outdoor also increases to a high
extent. At this stage a child develops feelings and emotions such as jealousy, anger, passion etc.
9 - 12 years
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This is the age when children think that they are mature enough and sometimes,
overconfidence in terms of playing get worsened enough as it results in hurting themselves. So, a
proper care and support by parents is required in this phase.
12 - 19 years
This is the age when the child starts becoming adults. Children development takes place
in this phase. Also, the rate of development differs in every single child. Males and females also
reach to the stage of puberty at this phase and various changes are visible in their physical
development. Role of family also takes place in this stage because making them understand
about the changes that will happen with their body is important. At this stage a child comes to
maturity and phases major changes physically and mentally.
1.2 Difference between sequence of development and rate of development
Sequence of Development Rate of Development
 In sequence of development, the
child undergoes with basic set of
skills and development that help in
better process of development. On
the basis of age of the child,
different factors are being taught to
them so that they can analyse it
better.
 In the sequence of development, it
relies on a set of patterns that on
the basis of the specific ability of
the age, different processes have
been set on various patterns
fulfilling all the factors.
 The rate of development is considered
as the speed at which the child takes
the learning and follows the same. The
speed at which they grow with the
required factors is considered as the
rate of development.
 Rate of development is also classified
as a time frame so that on that basis,
the development of the child takes
place.
The difference is important because the sequence means that on the basis of the
requirement of the age, which means that on the behalf of the accurate time, some factors are
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being taught to the child whereas the rate means the overall speed at which the child is learning
and implementing the changes. Therefore, this can be considered as the change between the two.
2.1 Influence on personal factors on children and young people's development
There are various personal factors that throws some impact on the development process
of the child as well as young people. All these factors are discussed as below:
Health
Health plays a major role in throwing an impact on the health and development of a
person. It is obvious that if the health of a child is not good, it will surely throw an impact on the
development of the child. A well-known example of this can be considered as the fact that if a
child has some respiratory diseases, then the child must not be able to run etc., Therefore, it can
throw a negative impact on the same because after eating etc., the child cannot be able to
participate in any activity because of the respiratory issue, then it might impact the body weight
of the child, thus causing further complications as well.
Genetic
Genetics play an important role because genes of parents actually throw an impact on the
functioning of the operations of the body. Also, this throws an impact on the development of
child as well (Steinbrink, Zimmer and Kammer, 2014). A very well-known example of this can
be considered as the fact that when a mother is pregnant and still she is addicted to smoking and
drinking if at the time of pregnancy also, then it can throw a very negative impact on the health
of the child. Thus, the child after delivery can face major changes as weakness or being extra
slim or also they can face some respiratory issues as well.
Visual impairment
Children with some sort of visual impairment may have to face issues in facing the
objects in a clear and effective way. The clearer objectives are, much better, the child can be able
to focus on the factors associated with it. Thus, this can also throw some impact on the
development of child as well.
Relationship troubles
If there seems to be some troubles between the couple, then there might be the possibility
that it can throw some impact on the development of child to a huge extent. It is because when
the child sees that the parents are not in a healthy relation, it somewhere throws an impact on the
mental stability of the person. Therefore, it can further throw an impact on the development of
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the child. When the child sees that there are some issues going in the life of the parents, it
directly throws an impact on their mental ability. Somewhere it can actually throw a very
negative impact on the mind of the child. So, it is very important for parents to ensure that such
type of behaviour etc. can prove very negative for the child. Also, the child can go in depression
as well. Therefore, it is better to avoid such relationship issues in front of the children. Also, it is
obvious that when the child will suffer from mental issues such as depression etc., it will surely
throw an effect their body functioning, thus acting as a barrier in the development of the child.
2.2 Influence of external factors on the development of children and young people
There are a variety of external factors that throws an impact on the development of the
child and young people and some of the examples are discussed as below:
Poverty
Poverty can be considered as one of the ways because of which there can occur some
issues in the families such as because of poverty, the family might not have enough sources or
food. It can further result in the deprive ment of the food which will further result in lack of
development of the child. When there will be nothing or very less to eat, it is obvious that this
will affect the functioning of body. There have been still very areas where there are poverty
issues. One of the major reason of this can also be considered as unemployment. If there would
be an equal rate of employment, most probably there will be higher chances of benefits as well.
Therefore, such factors like poverty etc. can be considered in order to reduce the complexities
and issues, thus focusing on making the environment healthy as well as happy. Also, it will help
the families to provide their child an efficient meal so that they can also have a proper
development.
Background of the family
Background of the family matters a lot as well. It involves various factors such as
cleanliness, illness for a longer term, stress etc. These factors throw a negative impact on the
mental as well as physical stability of the child and younger ones as well. If there is no
cleanliness, it is obvious enough that it will throw an impact on the nutritional value of food as
well. No cleanliness means presence of germs, bacteria's etc. It means throwing an impact on the
quality of the food, which somewhere acts as a barrier in a proper development of the child.
Therefore, factors like cleanliness, stress etc. should be prevented as soon as possible in order to
resolve the issues like improper development of child etc.
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Education
A well education and experience can also help in providing a better understanding of
these factors such as if a person is well qualified and skilled, then they must be aware of the fact
that a well diet and processes are important for an appropriate development of the body.
Personal lifestyle
The habits and factors in the daily lifestyle of a person also throws an impact on the
whole development of the child and younger ones. It involves habits like smoking, drinking etc.
So, these factors can actually throw an impact on the whole process of development of the
younger ones. It is because smoking, drinking etc. on a regular basis can actually have some
harm on the functioning of the person. It will further affect the development of the person as
well.
Parenting
Parenting plays an important role as well because inadequate or lack of proper parenting
can throw a negative impact on the mental ability of the child. It is because in terms of improper
parenting, often the child tends to get involved in a series of activities that seems not right
enough for them. Whether because of their own will or because of the peer pressure, if parents
do not ensure proper parenting of the child, in that case, it might lead to complexities like this
that can further influence on the development of the child as well.
2.3 Support from theories of development to impact current practices
Theorists Describe their theories (approx. 100 words each)
1. Frued's
psychosexual
developmental
theory
This theory focuses on the conflicts that the mental patients feels. It
says that childhood experience throw a major impact on it. There are
five stages of Frued's psychosexual developmental theory as
discussed below -
 Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months) ...
 Anal Stage (18 months to three years) ...
 Phallic Stage (ages three to six) ...
 Latency Stage (age six to puberty) ...
 Genital Stage (puberty on)
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2. Erikson's
psychosexual
developmental
theory
Erikson's model is elegant and simple, yet very well-informed. The
theory is a basis for complex or broad discussion and analysis of
behaviour and personality, and also for understanding and for
facilitating personal development - of self and others. It assists in
describing the growth and changes through the whole life.
3. Behavioural
child
development
theory
According to the behavioural perspective, all human behaviour can be
described in terms of environmental influences. This theory makes
involvement of the psychology which is associated with the
quantifiable behaviour.
4. Piaget's
cognitive
developmental
theory
Cognitive theory is obsessed with the development of a individual's
thought procedures. It also looks at how these thought procedures
influence how people understand and communicate with the world.
There are various stages that can be considered within this such as
sensory motor stage, preoperational stage etc.
5. Bowlby's
attachment
theory
Attachment behaviour in adults towards the child consists responding
appropriately and sensitively to the child’s needs. Such behaviour
seems universal across cultures. Attachment theory determine how
the parent-child relationship emerges and influences future
development. It focuses on the social development there are various
motivational patterns included in this theory that focuses on a better
implementation of the factors so that the development of the child can
be done effectively.
6. Bandura's social
learning theory
The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the value of
observing and modelling the attitudes, behaviours, and emotional
reactions of others. This theory is based on the characteristics of
psychology. All the necessary factors for human learning have also
been included in this.
7. Vygotsky's
sociocultural
theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory gained worldwide recognition. It
began to influence when their work was eventually translated into
English in 1962 and the significance of both sociocultural perspective
of development and cross-cultural research was acknowledged. This
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is also categorised as a seminal learning theory that assists in a proper
development for the child and its factors.
3.1 Ways of monitoring children and development of young people
Explain a range of
different methods of
observing children and
young people
Although there are various methods that can help in observing
the young people as well as children and some well-known
examples include body language, actions, reactions to different
factors etc. by these ways, it can seem easy enough to observe
people at a higher note. The various types of method for
observation can be discussed as below -
1. Anecdotal Record
2. Running Records
3. Learning Stories
Explain how to use these
methods to monitor
children and young
people’s development
These methods can be used to analyse the development of
young people as well as of the children because as by means of
body language, parents and family members can analyse what
the child is thinking. As if it seems that the body language can
in a suspicious way that they are banging their hands or legs,
then the parents can easily analyse that something is not write.
Also, if the child seems to be aggressive enough than of before,
it also means that there is something which is not right. Then,
on the basis of changes in the behaviour and reaction of the
child, the parents can easily analyse that there is something
which is bothering the child. Then, on that basis, they can take
proper preventive measures.
1. Anecdotal Record - Anecdotal records are a useful
method for recording significant events or actions that
tells us something about the child's development,
interests, skills, abilities and needs.
2. Running Records - Running records provide a more
elaborated account of a child's behaviour in specific
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conditions.
3. Learning Stories - Learning Story give an informative
approach of the experience and the events that occurred.
Create a checklist ready
to carry out an
observation
(You may wish to carry
this through to observe a
child and produce a
report)
Observe the activities of child
Is the child seems aggressive?
Is the child happy?
3.2 Reasons why development may not follow the expected patterns
There are some reasons because of which the development of the children as well as of
the young people did not go in an efficient way and some of the well-known examples may
include health problems, less motivation, disability, personal lifestyle etc. It is because if a
person is in a routine of smoking and drinking and that too on a regular basis, then it is obvious
that this will affect the development of the functioning of the person. Although the person takes a
rich and balanced diet, still, the impact of smoking will be negative enough on the functioning of
the body. Less motivation also acts as a reason why the person even after deciding the factors,
did not act able enough to achieve the outcomes. So, a better range of motivation is important to
help in increasing the motivation rate of the people. Learning difficulties can also play a major
role. If someone is having concentration issues, then it might act as a challenge or barrier for the
achievement of the factors. For overcoming these, proper preventive measures such as
involvement of therapies etc. can help, so that the development of all the processes and
operations can take place efficiently. There are various other factors that influence a
child/young persons development such as personal characteristics, health issues,, motivation to
learn, sensory impairment, behaviour, disability and learning difficulties etc.
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3.3 Impact of disability on development
Disability can actually throw a much negative impact on the development of the child
because if in case a person is disables, then there might be the possibility that it is obvious that
they cannot be able to take proper care of themselves. Although their parents and family
members can provide a proper range of support and care but along with that, they must have to
be capable enough that they seem independent and can even take care of the basic chores. If a
person is disables, then it is obvious that the child or the person must not be able to provide
themselves any sort of support and care, thus it can result in increased the complexities thus,
affecting the development process as well. Also, if a person is handicapped and is not able to
walk, in that case also, the person is directly or indirectly dependent on someone who can help
them in getting the food etc. So, every time, there cannot be someone available to provide them
food etc. In that case their disability can affect the development of the person. It is because till
the time, someone comes there, the disabled people have to wait and this may surely affect the
development of the child. The social model of disability states that disability is originated by the
way society is organised, rather than by individual's impairment. The medical model of disability
states individual are disabled by their impairments or differences.
3.4 Promotion of positive outcomes by different Interventions
Type of
Intervention
How it can promote positive outcomes
Social Worker The social workers also play an important role. If the development
is not going in a specified manner, then the social worker can help
in analysing what are the barriers that are leading to the lack of
development of all the factors. So, they can discuss whether there
are any issues so that they can resolve it as soon as possible
(Greenfield and Cocking, 2014).
Speech and
Language Therapist
A mild speech and a conversation can also help in gaining the idea
that what is the actual issue. Also, a therapist can help in providing
arrange of therapies that can actually prove helpful in providing a
relaxation of mind by providing some therapies. Also, when the
issues will get clear, the process of development can also be able to
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go better and more efficient.
Psychologist A psychologist can help in assessing the issues and all the
disfunctioning in terms of behaviour, physical or mental health.
Also, they are considered as an important part in promoting a
healthy behaviour and development of a child.
Psychiatrist Psychiatrists are known for specialising in mental health. So, they
can easily help in analysing the mental issues that are acting as a
barrier in the development of the child. So, they can help in
resolving the mental issues, thus it can further help in the overall
and efficient development of the child.
Professional Body Type of Intervention
Youth Justice Youth justice can help in analysing factors that are not going well
and because of that the child is getting into bad habits. So, after
analysing, posing the solution for each, thus the child can be taken
out of all those issues so that they can be able enough to focus on a
healthy mind and healthy body.
Physiotherapist A physiotherapist can help in providing a wide range of exercises
that can further prove responsible enough in opening up of muscles
etc. so that the processing of the body functions can be done in an
appropriate way, thus focusing on a better development of child as
well.
Nurse / Health
Visitor
A health visitor can help in analyse which factors not going good
and are are throwing a negative impact on the health of children.
After analysing these factors, negative factors can be removed as
soon as possible so that the child can focus on a proper
development.
Assistive
Technologies
Assistive technologies are considered as some devices that helps in
coping with the disabilities or impairments that the children are
dealing with.
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4.1 Importance of early identification
Analyse the
above case study
and state what
the problem is?
As Jamie is not able to communicate with the other children and often
gets frustrated, it means that he has a problem in the speech. It means
that it is very important to early identify the speech of the child. It is
because after a few months only, a person starts to speak. So, the
parents should ensure that if a child is not able to speak, then it might
have some issues with the speech.
Why is it
important it is
identified early?
It is because if this issue will be identified on an early basis, then
proper preventive measures can be taken in order to prevent the issue.
What are the
risks if we as
practitioners do
not identify the
problem early?
The risks can be that as in case of Jamie, if he is not able to speak
properly and also, it has been diagnosed late, then, there might be the
possibility that he may not able to speak properly for the whole of his
life time. This can turn into a very complicated issue.
What other
agencies may be
involved?
Therapists and practitioners can be involved in order to provide some
sort of help at an early stage only so that Jamie can be able to speak
properly.
Why is it
important to
work with other
agencies, and
how may you do
this?
Working with other agencies is important because everyone is
specialised in some different fields, so taking help from them can
prove helpful enough in identifying the issue, thus resolving the
problem as well.
4.2 Role of multi-agency teams to work together
There are various different type of agencies that work together for achieving better and
more efficient outcomes. Some well-known examples include psychiatrists, physiotherapists,
physicians etc. So, these can work together for maintaining a proper analysis of a person who is
suffering from some issue so that initially, it can be analysed that if there are some mental issues
with which the child is suffering from. It is because some sort of stress or trouble can actually
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throw much negative impact on the mental stability of the person. Thus, it can somewhere throw
an impact on the physical activities as well (Ribot, Hoff and Burridge, 2018). Therefore, if there
are some mental issues, a psychiatrist is there to help and then if there are some physical issues, a
physiotherapist can help in providing a range of ways such as exercises etc. so that the
development of the child can be done in an efficient and appropriate manner, thus focusing on a
better health. The multi-agency team’s work together in order to promote a healthy and happier
development of the child so that they can be able enough to enjoy every single phase of their life.
This is the actual role of the multi-agency teams to work together.
4.3 Role of play and activities in development of children
How play and
activities develop:
Examples
Speech Various activities such as singing can help in analysing the issue of
speech as well if the child has and that too at a very early stage. So,
playing is important for proper development because it helps in
better functioning of the functions of body (Romens, McDonald and
Pollak, 2015).
Language Also, while playing and indulging in a variety of activities, one can
analyse whether the child is capable enough of having interaction or
not. It is very important to analyse it at an early stage so that if there
will be some issues, they can be resolved as soon as possible.
Communication Also, playing and participating in different activities can help in
making better interaction with the other people. Communicating
with others is very important because this somehow relaxes the
mind. If a child does not speak much, he must be thinking deep in
his own understanding, leading to a variety of complications, but
interacting with people can actually prove to be helpful enough in
providing relaxation to a high extent (Hamre, Hatfield and Jamil,
2014).
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5.1 Impact of different transitions
There are different types of transitions that throw some impact on the development of the
person. If considered emotionally, then there might be the possibility that the person can seem in
stress or troubled situations that can actually throw much negative impact on the same.
Physically, if the child is disabled, then it can throw an impact on the whole process of
development because they might not be able to perform much functioning leading to a
complication. The various types of transitions are as follows -
 Emotional - personal experiences such as parent's separating, bereavement,
beginning or leaving a place of care.
 Physical change in environments
 Intellectual maturation, moving from one educational establishment to another.
 Physiological puberty or medical conditions
5.2 Effect of children and young people of having positive relationships
Positive relationships can actually have a positive influence as when the children will see
that there are much positive relationships between parents and other family members, it is
obvious that this will ensure that there is an efficient relationship between them. This can
actually throw a very positive impact on the children. Various types of transitions are as
described below –
1. Going from home and community
2. Moving from one age grouping or room to another
3. Participating in before and after school programs when at full-time school
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the report that the development of child and young people is
considered as an important task. Although, there are various aspects associated with it such an
emotional, physical, mental, etc. All these are very important to be considered for an efficient
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development of the child. There are various factors throwing an impact on the process of
development, but for resolving the issues, proper preventive measures can be taken.
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