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Management accounting
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................4 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4 P.1.ManagementAccountingandimportantneedsofvarioustypesofmanagement accounting system?.....................................................................................................................4 P.2. Methods used for the purpose of management accounting reporting ?...............................6 M.1. Management accounting system benefits and their application in context to organisation? .....................................................................................................................................................8 D1 How management accounting systems and reporting is integrated in the organisation........8 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................9 P.3. Ascertain cost with the help of using suitable cost technique to make income statement by using marginal & absorption costing?.........................................................................................9 ...................................................................................................................................................12 M.2. Accurately apply a range of management accounting techniques and produce appropriate financial reporting documents ?................................................................................................13 D.2.Produce financial reports that accurately apply and interpret data for range of business activities?...................................................................................................................................14 TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................14 P.4. Explain advantage & disadvantage of various types of planning tools used for budgetary control?......................................................................................................................................14 M.3. Analyse the use of different planning tools and their applications for preparing budgets and forecast?..............................................................................................................................16 TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................16 P.5. Compare how company are following management accounting system to respond to financial problems ?..................................................................................................................16 M.4. Analyse, how , in responding to financial problems, management accounting can lead organisation to sustainable success ?.......................................................................................17 D.3 Evaluate how planning tools for accounting respond appropriately to solving financial problems to lead organisations to sustainable success..............................................................18 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................18
INTRODUCTION Management Accounting is the process in which records of internalinformation is to maintained by finance team of the organisation so it become possible to do effective decision making. On the basis of these record performance of business is analysed by workforce, managers etc. It is also helpful for externals such as shareholders, investors, financial institution that to analyse the actual position of company so that it they can take whether to invest or not in the respective project and how much risk is involved in it. With the help of these data return on investment can also be calculated. The organisation that was chosen in this assignment is a consultancy firm whose name is Pearl Chartered Accountants. It was established in London also it serve the services related to auditing, taxation, Accounting Standards , corporate laws etc. firm has client Connect Catering as it deliver quality catering service solutions, specialising in managing clients on site catering as it deliver delicious food , with exceptional services. The topics that are included in this project are demonstration of need of management accounting system(Cheng, M.T., 2012).Application of wide range of management accounting technique, use of planning tool in context to management accounting is also explain in it. Comparison in different ways in which company could use management accounting with respond to financial issues are also discuss in this report. TASK 1 P.1. Management Accounting and important needs of various types of management accounting system? Management accounting is the presentation of accounting information in such a way as to assist management in the creation of policy as well as day to day operations of an undertaking. It is a combination of both the activities such as management and accounting. Connect catering use this method to measure actual performance of the company and to take effective decision making . Difference between financial and management accounting: Financial AccountingManagement Accounting It is done by finance team of connectInthisorganisationsperformance
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cateringtoanalyseactualfinancial status of the company which tends to providesupporttoexternallike creditors,underwriters,shareholders, merchant bankers, etc. AccountingPrinciplesaswellas applicableaccountingstandardsmust be follow by connect catering company toconductthetaskoffinancial accounting. information is given to internal stake holderssuchasmanagers,Chief executiveofficers,chieffinancial officers etc. Forperformingmanagement accounting, no specific standards are followbystaffmembersofconnect catering firm(de Lautour, V.J., 2019) There are different type of management accounting system used in business, few example of these are as follows such as - Inventory management system-As inventory in the organisation changes constantly due to the reason of daily sales, receipts, returns, damage, theft etc. that leads to develop various problems also in the company. So to overcome with the issues of overstocking and under inventory, properstock management system is used. There are various methods like LIFO, FIFO, HIFO, weighted averageare followed by manufacturing concern to make control over their inventory. As connect catering services use inventory management system to track all their stock that are used to serve their services. The storekeeper of company use FIFO method but in some cases HIFO method is adopted by them. For effective results storekeeper maintain bill of material and proper recording of stock receipt, sales or return is done on cards. The need of this system in connect catering is that it helps to avoid problems of obsolence. If inventory is over than it tends to create difficulty to manage and to place such extra stock. It leads to increase expenses related to carrying cost which indirectly makes negative impact on profitability of connect catering so their requirement is must in business to eliminate unnecessary expenses (Garrison, R.H. And et. al., 2010). System relates to cost accounting-It is generally adopted by manufacturing company to ascertain the indirect , direct cost that are implied inproducing particular product in the industry. In this system costing of specific item is to be calculate for the purpose to set profit margin and fixing selling price. As organisation connect catering follow this system for the
purpose to analyse fixed , variable and semi- variable cost. The basic requirement of such system is in the organisation is to ascertain the cost as well as to do allocation in appropriate and effective manner(Kibangou, S.R., 2019) Job order costing –In this method costing is differ from product to product. As per specification of customer , order is completed and each order has different prices. It is commonly used in producing company. The need of this system in connect catering company is to traced the cost of direct material and direct labour as well as direct overheads. so thatsmart work force take most appropriate decision and frame smart strategies to lower the cost of production. Price optimisation system-It is a strategy with which a company, after getting to know how sensitive its existing clients are to changes in product prices. It is most significant component for over all price management which is crucial to profitability. The organisation connect catering use this system because it help executives to set most suitable prices for their product & services to serve the purpose of selling the product to customers. It also help to identify that cost which is fixed for services or items are capable to satisfy clients expectations or not(Lukka, 2014) P.2. Methods used for the purpose of management accounting reporting ? ManagementAccountingreportingistheprocessinwhichvariousmanagement accounting reports are generate, also in these reports detailed information regarding performance of organisation is mentioned. The use of management accounting reporting is very important in businessbecauseinthebusinessvariousactivitiesrelatedtodecisionmaking,planning, performance measurement, book keeping, regulating etc is to be done and it become possible only with the help of it. Managers of connect catering time to time analyse such reports to highlight some specific patterns as well as to convert them into important data and useful information with is beneficial for organisation(Relander, 2020). In the below paragraphs some examples of management accounting reporting is describe such as - Performance report-this report is maintained in company to review their performance at particular period of time. Top manager can take investment decision and other import decisions on the basis of these reports only. With the help of these report connect catering
company decide and give incentives to workforce. To make increment in the performance of employees as well as on business operations, entities framed various smart strategies after analysing these reports. As per the efforts put by employees in completing the task which were given to them, and on the basis of financial performance dividend &bonus is decided (Rosenthal, 2019) Inventory management report-This main objective behind preparation of such report is that it become possible to track record of inventory. It is most valuable for manufacturing company. Connect catering through preparing this report easily analyse their stock level and take effective decision to solve the problem of under stocking and overstocking.It also provide information regarding ordering cost and carrying cost. For the entity it is most advantageousness becausestock status that whether the inventory is in warehouse, transit or deliveredis to be analyse with the help of this. Budget report-It is an internal report of the firm which is used by management for the purpose to make comparison between estimated and actual resultsduring particular accounting period. Connect catering company maintained various budgets like master budget, overhead budget, sales budget, cash budget, etc and conclusion of all these budgets are mentioned in the main report so that they can easily compare and take effective decision to meet the difference that exist.This report help firm to determine in advance that whetherstaff members& organisation meet the projections or not(Suomala, 2012) Accounts receivable report-this report cover the information related to credit sales. This report gives an overview of credit balance during the financial year. On the basis of credit days, category are set such as one month late, 45 days, 120 days etc. so that it become simple to observe the total outstanding during particular period of time. Credit policies can also be adjusted by Connect catering company with the help of this report. The finance team of Connect Catering services prepare this report after analysing vouchers. These reports also support to collect money in exchange of bills. Connect catering prepare such reports and mentioned the details of debtors such as their name, credit value, recovery date , address and other personal information. On the basis of these report follow up regarding is taken by their executives at regular period of time as it is done with the intension to fast recovery(Warren, 2020)
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M.1. Management accounting system benefits and their application in context to organisation? Management Accounting system as well as their benefits Management accounting systemBenefit Inventory management systemConnect cateringcompany use thissystem for the purpose to ascertain better product visibility in the event of recall. By using this system , company avoid the problem of excess stock as well as eliminate unnecessary charges such as ware house cost, lighting expenses, ordering cost, carrying cost etc. Price optimisation systemAs connect cateringfix different suitable prices for different styles and menus of food and for services as per the occasions so this system supports the company to meet expectations of customers. Cost accounting systemAsby using this system connect catering can easily collectthe informationwhich is relatesto cost and properplanningisdoneonthebasisofitsothat company can get competitive advantage. Job costing systemIt is most flexible method. With support of this system connect catering can easily analyse indirect cost that are incurredatthetimeofperformingtaskrelatedto business operations. And if the cost is unnecessary than effective strategies are formulate as well as initiative steps are taken to decrease such indirect cost. D1 How management accounting systems and reporting is integrated in the organisation. For beneficial to connect catering it is most significant for company to integrate both the activity such as accounting reporting and management accounting system for the purpose to
resolve financial issues. It also supports management team to doeffective decision making as well as to prepare plan so that goals and objectives can easily achieve by the organisation. Through preparing and maintain detailed transactional records which are performby prime furnitureinmanagerialreportscantendstobecomepossibletoprepareonlyifcorrect management accounting system are used like inventory management system. As ithelps to provide appropriate information regarding present inventory levelthat tends to be further recorded in inventory management report. It tends to give true and fair information regarding stock. TASK 2 P.3. Ascertain cost with the help of using suitable cost technique to make income statement by using marginal & absorption costing?
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M.2. Accurately apply a range of management accounting techniques and produce appropriate financial reporting documents ? Management accounting techniques provide more benefits to the organisation because it supportcompanyto prepareand maintainfinancialstatementsaswell relevantfinancial reporting documents like cash flow statement, balance sheet, profit & loss A/c etc.By using accounting tool correctly the organisation Prime furniture can easily identify the actual financial position of the company by using various techniques like cost accounting system , financial statement analysis etc.
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D.2.Produce financial reports that accurately apply and interpret data for range of business activities? Everyorganisationpreparefinancialstatementtoanalysetheperformanceofthe business. For this cash flow statement, Balance sheet, P&L A/care prepare by accountantson the basis of supporting documents such as vouchers , bank statements, Bills etc.Connect catering industry maintain all their financial documents so that true and fair financial position is reflected. On the basis of Accounting standards these financial statement are prepare and it is also signed by Chartered Accounts as it gives surety that all the information are correct in these financial documents. Financial reports are beneficial forboth internal as well for outsiders. Because investment decisions are taken on the basis of these documents only. TASK 3 P.4. Explain advantage & disadvantage of various types of planning tools used for budgetary control? Budget is a statement where estimation of expenses and revenues are done over certain period of time and on the basis of period it is generally compiled as well as re evaluated. It can be develop for a person, business , individual groups , government etc. It is a financial plan which is done by staff members of finance team as it is consider as formal statement.As per need various budgets are formulate by executives of Connect catering firm. In budgetary control procedure it is used where for long term organisation set financial objectives with the reason to raise performance. With the help of thesebudgets Connect cateringcan compare their actual figures with standards . And smart strategies are made to tackle or control major deviation. Various budgets are prepare by Connect catering staff such as master budget, fixed budget, overhead budget, flexible budget etc for smooth functioning of business. Few more examples are exp[lain as follows along with their merits and demerits. Cash Budget- It is statement which is prepare by making recording of all monetary transaction that deals during the financial year. On the basis of quarter or month, recording of all cash outflows or inflows is done. Organisation Connect Catering developed and maintained budget so that human resource of company can easily track actual position of cash during a period. Advantages:
It helps to identify deficit fund on time so that they can make arrangement to meet the demand of cash. It also support Organisation to eliminate the unnecessary expenses and leads towards profit maximisation. Disadvantages: Some times it not reflects true and fair position due to the reason of errors or value skips. It is time consuming process and it involves large number of transactions in it. Operating Budget –It is prepare by the executives to analyse the working capital need so that regular activities of business can easily functions smoothly. Managers of Connect Catering prepare this budget to analyse how much amount is need to perform operational activity. Advantages: It gives information that whether company earn sufficient profit or not. By using this current expenses can easily be analyse. Disadvantages: manipulation of figure is the most problem of this budget. Long range planning require to prepare budget. Few planning tools used in the organisation are describe in below maintained paragraphs - Master budget- In this various budget are included which are prepare by different department of the company. As it most complex budget because it includes various information. Variable analysis- As it is a most common feature of quantitative results , it helps to find out the solution of hardest problem which company face at the time performing the task. In this variable cost can analyse easily and some strategies are frame to know that in what manner variable overhead are charge to inventory. flexible analysis – After the ending of the month it is generally prepare so that adjustment on static can be done . The main objective of this budget is to determine production cost and overhead cost that has incurred to produce some unit.
M.3. Analyse the use of different planning tools and their applications for preparing budgets and forecast? Contingency tool, forecasting tool etc. are some planning tools which is used to control the unnecessary expenses that are not covered under the pre-determined budget.LM Engineering Ltd should use these tools in order to reduce cost of operations and complete the business activities within pre-determined allotted budget amount. For example, forecasting planning tool assistmanagementto makeproper estimationof futureexpenseswhichmakeseasyfor management to formulate actions and plans in advance to reduce wastage of funds. TASK 4 P.5. Compare how company are following management accounting system to respond to financial problems ? Financial issues are the problems that develops in the organisation with the reason of insufficient amount of money. Through making proper control over the performance of business , financial problems can easily be eliminated.Following are few examples of financial issues that are face by Connect catering company. Workforce turnover – It is common problem which every organisation face that covers in this industry. As workers/ employees switch to the new job that give them high wages / salary. Also if the working environment is not good than it leads to increase labour turnover rate. For various perquisites , and good packages employees left their current job and shift to new organisation that serves high benefits. Due to rapid increment in labour turnover, make negative impact on operations of business , sales, revenues of Connect catering. Because for new staff again heavy investment is made for arranging training & development programme. It can be done due to the reasons of superannuation, replacement etc. Food waste- For caterers it is major issue because it is difficult to ascertain how many members join the event so there is chances of food wastage is high. As it it is challenge for them to prepare sufficient amount of food for the event. Connect catering take suitable initiatives to overcome with the problem. To overcome with these problem various tools are followed by smart managers of connect catering industry-
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Benchmarking:In this standards are set and on the basis of that measurement of performance is done. It is most significant tool to business to do comparison .between their own results with the competitors.Issues of late payment by debtors are easily tackle by connect catering through comparing their credit policies with their rivals and after that if needed, variation in their policies are done. Key performance indicator: This tool is used by the company to analyse performance. Two type of KPI are used in the company such as financial and non financial. Financials are related to money likeunnecessary expenses incurred . On the other hand non financial are concernedtoanalyseproblemwhichisconnectedtobusinessoperationsofcompany. Organisation connect catering use this tool to solve the both type of problems. Comparison between two catering firms BasisElite catering LtdCurrent catering Ltd ProblemsLabourturnoveristhe challengethatisgenerally faced byorganisation connect catering. Inventory management is the greatproblemfacedby productiondepartmentand store keeper, Due to abnormal lossesthisproblemsalso increase. Techniques adopted to handle the situation KPI is the best tool used to solve the issues. This will help themanagementteamto improvetheperformanceof employeessothattheyget motivated. Propermethodofcost accountingandinventory management system is adopted by team to avoid the problem ofunderstockingandover inventory. M.4. Analyse, how , in responding to financial problems, management accounting can lead organisation to sustainable success ? KPI,Benchmarking,Financialgovernanceetc.arebeneficialtoincreasesthe productivity and performance level of employees. on the other hand, financial governance are beneficial for large sized organisation.
D.3 Evaluate how planning tools for accounting respond appropriately to solving financial problems to lead organisations to sustainable success. Various planning tools are used by the company such as variable budget, fixed budget, flexible budget, master budget as well as forecasting tools to estimate the unexpected situations so that it become possible for company to handle such activities. With the help of pre defined budget, business activities can easily be execute. These tools also support organisation in keeping away various financial issues. CONCLUSION On the basis of deep study and analysis it is conclude that activities can bemeasuring, analysing, controlling performance of organisation with the help of management accounting . It also supports in takingdoing effective decision making . In this Different planning tools are used to serve the purpose of forecasting and prepare budgets. Few examples of such tools are c zero based, operating, master budget. Abnormal expenses,, non availability of funds, late payment by clients can handle will the help of these toolsto overcome, with these problems . techniques like financial governance, Key performance indicator, bench marking,are adopted by organisation to handle such situations.
REFERENCES Books and Journals Cheng, M.T., 2012. The joint effect of budgetary participation and broad-scope management accounting systems on management performance.Asian Review of Accounting,20(3), pp.184-197. de Lautour, V.J., 2019.Strategic Management Accounting, Volume III: Aligning Ethics, Social Performance and Governance. Springer Nature. Garrison, R.H. And et. al., 2010. Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education. 25(4). pp.792-793. Kibangou, S.R., 2019.The use of management accounting tools to improve the business performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Cape Town(Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology). Lukka, K. and Vinnari, E., 2014. Domain theory and method theory in management accounting research.Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. 27(8). pp.1308-1338. Relander, M., 2020. Management Accounting Change and Stability-Resistance and Barriers to Change. Renz, D. O., 2016.The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley & Sons. Rosenthal, C., 2019.Accounting for slavery: Masters and management. Harvard University Press. Suomala, P. and Lyly-Yrjänäinen, J., 2012.Management accounting research in practice: Lessons learned from an interventionist approach. Routledge. Warren, C.S., Jonick, C. and Schneider, J., 2020.Accounting. Cengage Learnin