Theories, Principles, and Models in Education and Training

This report explores the theories, principles, and models in education and training. It analyzes learning principles and theories, communication models, assessment principles, curriculum development models, and evaluation and reflection models. The report provides critical analysis and insights into these topics.

Theories, Principles and
Models in Education and Training

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................3
Analyses of learning principles and theories.........................................................................3
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................4
Analysis of communication models, theories and principles.................................................4
Task 3.........................................................................................................................................4
Examination assessment, principles, models and theories.....................................................4
Task 4.........................................................................................................................................5
Curriculum development models and theories.......................................................................5
Task 5.........................................................................................................................................5
Models and theories of evaluation and reflection..................................................................5
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................5
Reference....................................................................................................................................6

Introduction
The theories and the principle of learning or teaching are helping in order to instruct
students in the right path. There are a number of ways in which such education can be
promoted through a healthy environment and fulfilling all the necessary requirements. The
following report focuses on various principles and theory of learning along with their critical
analysis. Different models of communication, assessment principles, curriculum development
are also successfully discussed in the report along with their critical analysis.
Task 1
Analyses of learning principles and theories
The learning philosophies of principal or helping in properly applying the procedure
of learning as well as enhancing the ability so that better education can be provided. There
are a number of different model and designs which are used for this purpose below
mentioned are some of such models:
Scaffolding learning is a theory which is related to various aspects of learning. According to
the name the following method is related to solving a problem while the process of learning is
introduced. The method is successfully developing various guidelines in order to make sure
that students are supported while their learning abilities enhanced. This is a great way to
effectively support cooperative and exercise of working with each other during the training.
Gagne’s model for instructional design is another model of learning which is based upon
different information processing events that are to be mentally focused and bring out different
results. It basically refers to gaining attention of students while providing knowledge and
making sure that they can recall the learning with help of some stimulus. Apart from this the
theory also focuses on feedback and performance in order to enhance retention of students.
There was also a theory of skill development proposed which involves various past as well as
present experiences. This theory majorly focuses on four skills which are intellectual skill,
attitude, cognitive strategies and motor skills. The theory has also help in providing proper
advantage to a teacher through engagement of students in the procedure of learning.

Task 2
Analysis of communication models, theories and principles
Communication is an important element in the process of learning. Without proper
communication the information which is to be transferred by teachers to students cannot be
completed and can often be distorted. However there are a number of different theories which
helps in effective communication during learning process. Piaget’s four stages of cognitive
development is one of such theory which includes four major elements that are operational,
pre-operational, sensor motor and concrete operational. The first stage in this reflects upon
the child who is up to 24 months of age. The second stage reflects upon the children who are
up to age of 12 years and next stage is for adulthood. There are different learning methods
which are depending upon the learning abilities of children. This theory mainly represents
different moods which are linked to language and communication which helps in
development stages for a child. The transactional model of communication is another model
which is majorly focusing on three stages of ego that our state of parent ego, child ego as well
as adult ego. These three rules that are engaged with ego help in understanding the feelings
and behaviour of an individual.
Task 3
Examination assessment, principles, models and theories
Formative assessment refers to analysing different skill that are possessed by students
while assessment or lesson. It is necessary for teachers to use this approach which will be
based on test and the test will be conducted on the lessons that are learnt by students in class.
The summative assessment also includes conducting assessment at the end of lesson. It will
also help to understand the capability of student to move to next level or next chapter. The
cognitive theory of learning is based upon different behaviour of students while the process
of learning is going on. It is majorly focusing on connection between internal processes in
learning as well as external effects of it.

Task 4
Curriculum development models and theories
Curriculum development is referring to a process that goes on step-by-step in order to
positively create and enhance the curriculum that is offered at various universities and
educational institutions. There are basically two different type of curriculum models which is
product model and the process model .The result oriented model in order to form different
curriculum is product model whereas process model refers to a different model that is based
upon open-ended learning for students. It is necessary that grades are remaining major
element in a product model whereas in the process mode major focus is put upon
development throughout learning at different levels.
Task 5
Models and theories of evaluation and reflection
Kolb’s reflection model is a model which is used in order to reflect and experience.
There are different phases included in this model. The learning style of Kolb’s mode includes
concrete experience, reflective observation of new experiences, abstract conceptualization as
well as active experimentation. The Gibb’s model of reflection is another model which helps
in performing systematic reflection and isolating all the feelings. There are six different faces
included in this model which are description of the event, opinions upon it, evaluation of the
event, analysis of the event, conclusion of the event, as well as an action plan.
Conclusion
With the help of the above report it can be concluded that developing diverse type of
students educational technology is helping instructors to successfully frame different
curriculum development and guidelines. There are a number of applications present which
helps in optimizing in-depth learning process as well as maintaining the constant
communication between student and instructor. However there are also number of challenges
and issues which are needed to be fixed while planning of different assessment.

Reference
Books and Journals
Lo, W.L. and Hsieh, M.C., 2020. Teaching communication skills: Using
Gagne's model as an illustration. Tzu-Chi Medical Journal, 32(1), p.19.
Merrotsy, P., 2017. Gagne's differentiated model of giftedness and talent in
Australian education. Australasian Journal of Gifted Education, 26(2),
p.29.
Wotela, K., 2017. A proposed monitoring and evaluation curriculum based on a
model that institutionalises monitoring and evaluation. African
Evaluation Journal, 5(1), pp.1-8.
Yang, C. and Shanks, D.R., 2018. The forward testing effect: Interim testing
enhances inductive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(3), p.485.