Urban Tourism: A Case Study of Cambridge, UK

This research project examines the impact of urban tourism on the local community of Cambridge, UK. Through a survey of 10 residents, the study explores the positive and negative effects of tourism on employment, local businesses, culture, and the environment. The findings reveal a complex relationship between tourism and the city's development, highlighting the need for sustainable tourism practices to balance economic growth with environmental protection and cultural preservation.

Urban Tourism
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background:.........................................................................................................................3
1.2. Purpose of the research.......................................................................................................3
1.3 Research Aims:....................................................................................................................4
1.4 Objective..............................................................................................................................4
1.5 Research questions...............................................................................................................4
1.6 Case study............................................................................................................................4
Literature review........................................................................................................................6
2.1 Define urban tourism............................................................................................................6
2.2 The demand and supply of urban tourism............................................................................6
2.3 Current debates.....................................................................................................................7
2.4 City type that Cambridge fits in (tourist-historic city) and related features of tourism in
this type of city...........................................................................................................................8
3 Methodology...........................................................................................................................9
3.1 Research approach (what, why, how)..................................................................................9
3.2 Research method (what, why, how).....................................................................................9
3.3 Sampling technique and selection......................................................................................10
3.4 Data analysis technique......................................................................................................10
4 Results and discussion...........................................................................................................10
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................10
4.2 Findings and discussion.....................................................................................................10
5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................26
6 References.............................................................................................................................27
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1. Introduction:
Tourism affects greatly upon the local residents including both their cultures and life style.
Historical places, which are situated in any urban areas, are the main attraction for tourism.
Because of increased tourism demand, the local residents face changes in their life style and
in the existing culture. Therefore, the main aim of this research objective is to find out the
changes and the development of the local community that is directly connected with the
tourism. Hence, to complete this research, both qualitative and quantitative data collection
method will be followed to conduct the survey. Though it is time-consuming process, a group
of researchers is involved to conduct the survey to observe the changes faced by tourism.
Hence, the residents’ perspective about tourism and the pros and cons faced by the residents
are the main elements of this research study. This research study will be conducted in
Cambridge in United Kingdom.
1.1 Background:
Spirou, (2011) stated earlier that the main aim of this research study is to survey the
consequences of tourism upon local residents, the researchers will select group of historical
places and surrounding people to continue the survey. Therefore, the background of this
research project is related to the nearby places of Cambridge. There are several places of
wonderful site seeing like rolling countryside, majestic cathedrals in Cambridge and these
places are the main attraction of the tourists. Hence, the area of Cambridgeshire, a place
famous as university town and the unique Fenland landscape are the areas to be covered for
this research project. For the last few decades, the condition of urban tourism is developing in
Cambridge and the number of visitors is increasing parallel. Therefore, the present scenario
of the tourism and the local business related to tourism is also affecting by this. Apart from
this, several impacts have been noticed in the local community that is causing due to tourism
and the local culture is facing changes from the different cultures and religion of the
foreigners. Hence, the existing culture is facing both positive and negative impacts, which in
term also reshaping the existing cultures.
1.2. Purpose of the research
As it is mentioned that the purpose of this research study is to understand the perspective of
the local residents regarding the tourism. Hence, Primary qualitative and quantities data
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collection method will be conducted with the local residents to understand their views about
urban tourism. This will help to make a diplomatic conclusion about the effects of tourism in
a global perspective. The main aim of the research project is to indicate the main features of
the urban tourists spot and to critically analyse the specific components offered to the visitors
in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Besides this, researcher will highlight the issues related to
urban tourism and the basic concepts of urban tourism.
1.3 Research Aims:
The main motto of this research study is to recognize the changes that are directly related to
tourism. However, this research is conducted to understand the positive and the negative
impacts of tourism faced the local by the local residents.
1.4 Objective
The objectives of the research project are as follows:
 To understand the impacts of tourism upon local community by collecting data from
survey
 To be familiar with urban tourism and its consequences upon the community
 To investigate the identified perspective of the residents of Cambridge City and to
judge the impacts of Urban tourism
1.5 Research questions
The researcher while conducting this research faces several research questions as follows:
 The understandings of the local residents towards urban tourism
 The impacts of ongoing tourism upon the existing community and culture
 Pros and cons faced by the residents due to urban tourism
 The changes in the existing culture and the present condition of tourism in
Cambridge, UK
1.6 Case study
Case study will be based on the City of Cambridge and the related historical places of this
city. Furthermore, the local people are the prime object in this research project, as the reviews
will be collected from them about tourism. Hence, some of the historical places like Great St
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Mary’s Church, University of Cambridge, and St. John ’s College is selected for conducting
the research. These are the top most priority by the visitors and most of the time of the year
these places are crowded by the visitors. The natural landscapes of the Massachusetts Bay are
the prime attraction of the visitors and the population of this place is more compared to other
places.
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Literature review
2.1 Define urban tourism
According to Ashworth and Page, (2011), urban tourism is described as the impacts by the
multiple activities by the visitors in historical destinations and places of interest. However,
this particular form of tourism is relatively old and the nature is complex to understand.
According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), urban tourism is a type of activity
that takes place mainly in the urban areas and in non-agricultural based economy. Therefore,
the products of the urban tourism and the demands will directly suffer from the response of
the visitors. Steinbrink, (2012) stated that urban tourism in Cambridge city is increasing day
by day and the local residents have faced several impacts from it including both positive and
negative effects. Due to urban tourism, both the financial and the economical condition of the
tourist destination improve and a huge change can be identified in the cultural aspects.
However, in Cambridge city, the development of tourism is increasing day by day and the
local authority is increasing the attractiveness of the local historical places by offering
suitable accommodation and fulfilling the demand of the tourists.
2.2 The demand and supply of urban tourism
Urban tourism demand is a broader term that entitles the factors, which motivates to increase
the tourism. Several special characteristics of demand are there that motivates people to buy
or to avail the service for a set of possible prices for a limited period. The attractiveness of
the tourist spot helps to create more tourists and increases the tourism demand. It has been
observed that the urban tourism demand varies from different time especially depending on
occasions and suitable weather condition. Furthermore, George and Booyens (2014) has
described that the demand among the tourists’ increases if there are any new facilities or any
attractive site seeing is available within the tourist destination. Apart from this, Miller et al.
(2011) mentioned that any new facilities, that increases the attraction of the tourist spot helps
to motivate new visitors for the site. New tourists come out with new demands that are
completely different from the existing ones. As a result, this continuous trial and error
process increases the demand of the urban tourism. In this context, it can be stated that the
demand of the tourist place increases mostly in the period of the occasion and the related
tourism business faces the most consequences in this period.
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According to various researchers, the demand can be further classified as actual, suppressed
and latent demand. As the name implies the term, actual demand is directly involved with the
tourists and the specification preferred by them. Suppressed demand is the type of demand
that is further subdivided in two parts. This type of demands comes from the people who are
unable to complete their journey due to the circumstances that is not suitable for them.
Hence, these types of tourists can complete their journey in a later stage and their demand is
considered as potential demand. The term-deferred demand of urban tourism indicates the
second type of the suppressed demand that is postponed due to the related environmental
problems and other types. Hence, Gössling et al. (2012) commented that these two categories
of suppressed demand is very difficult to measure and the probability of taken into
consideration of these facts are also hectic. Latent demand comes in the last type and these
type of demands are spatial and the chronological expression of the visitors for a specific
sites. As an example, the demand for the accommodation and the type of the services
expected for the tourists are classified as latent demand.
Some researchers identified that the character of tourist demand can be classified in various
categories as follows:
 Tourism demand will keep on increasing for urban tourism and will be differentiated
from time to time.
 Market specialization will be there due to urban tourism and the industrialization will
face noticeable consequences depending upon the demands of the tourists. Hence, the
local community may face a strong emphasis for the tourism supply.
 Customization will be there on packaged holidays and more accommodation will be
there for individual freedom by the means of product design.
2.3 Current debates
Recently, the urban tourism concept has been highlighted by active debates. According to
Farías and Bender (2012), the current debate is about the concept of urbanization along with
the form of identifying the common language for urban research. In this present discussion
there will be brief of recapitulation of the framework. This debate is further elaborated by
using preliminary material and the background to a critique that influences the related issues
involved in the tourism process. Furthermore, to give the debate a direction there will be
discussion about three facts- namely-
1. Urban theory of post colonization and its impact upon the provincialization of knowledge
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2. Assembly theoretical approaches for indeterminacy and eclecticism
3. Planetary urbanism for the radical devaluation and nodality for the urban-economic
geography (Rogerson, 2013)
However, Robinson et al., (2011) pointed out that the current era of the urban tourism is
entirely impacted by the postcolonial urban analysis and the theory of “Planetary Urbanism”.
Researchers may argue that the entire discussion is filled with major blind spots that are
completely uncovered in the urban tourism development. Furthermore, the weaknesses are
not properly uncovered by the concept of urbanization and the social justice is left aside
while discussing the impacts of the urban tourism. Hence, with the increasing tourism in the
Cambridge city has affected the life style of the local people and their perspective regarding
tourism is affecting this discussion most.
The Cambridgeshire city has been affected most by the urban tourism and estimation states
that the population has increased noticeably for the last few years. Richards, (2014)
commented that the environmental analysis and the nature lover is arguing that the condition
of the surrounding and the ecological balance is facing a sever challenge form this urban
tourism process. In occasions when the tourist spot is highly crowded by the foreigners the
surrounding is hampering and in many occasions the sustainability is damaging a lot. Apart
from this, the economical and the financial aspects are also going through enormous
challenges. As the tourism has been restricted to the historical site, the financial condition of
those local residents who are directly involved with the tourism business is developing
compared to the others of normal places.
2.4 City type that Cambridge fits in (tourist-historic city) and related features of
tourism in this type of city
According to Cohen-Hattab (2013), many places are there in Cambridge, which is the prime
attraction of the tourists, are Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge university botanic garden,
Cambridge university colleges, Fitzbillies and so on. All these places are famous for their
uniqueness and the lucrative features offered to the foreigners and the tourists. Especially, the
River Cam for tours and punting provides the most beautiful scenic beauty to the tourists. The
punt is the most favourable choice of the tourists to enjoy the sightseeing. Hence, the
viewpoint of Ashworth (2013), the local authority of Cambridge is taking initiatives to make
the places more lucrative and is offering more features so that the tourists can enjoy to the
fullest. Therefore, the entire infrastructure is being modified from time to time, the residents
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are getting various pros, and cons form these initiatives. Therefore, the local businesspersons
are involving them with the sustainable development project of tourism. This is making them
benefitted by financial means that is obviously a positive impact for the local residents.
3 Methodology
3.1 Research approach (what, why, how)
In this particular research, exploratory, explanatory and descriptive data collection will be
followed to conduct the survey with local residents. There will be a team of six people, who
will conduct this survey with the local people regarding the urban tourism. To conduct the
survey there will be an interview process with 10 numbers of respondents and each of them
will be asked 15 questions. These questions will be asked regarding the impact of tourism and
the respondents will be asked to answer the questions. From the viewpoint of Buckley
(2012), the set of questions will be like the impact of tourism upon the local small-scale
industries, the impact upon environment and the effects upon the historical monuments
whether it is depreciating or not and so on. As the research, approach suggests that the data
will be analysed depending on the method applied whether it is exploratory, explanatory or
descriptive. Here, the residents will be asked simple questions and the corresponding answer
will be recorded in table format. Hence, the researchers to conduct the interview session in
Cambridge city will follow exploratory data collection method.
3.2 Research method (what, why, how)
Ashworth and Page (2011) stated that there are two types of research method, which is
followed by researchers for data collection is primary and secondary method. In this research
topic, primary quantitative data collection method will be followed as the number of
respondents and the number of questions is specified. Furthermore, Ben-Dalia et al. (2013)
stated that this resource collection method has become more prominent in academic as well
as the non-academic research method. This is the most likely method as this research can be
conducted in limited space of time and the proper data can be retrieved within the short
interval of time. As the respondents are available for specific interval of time, so the
researcher has to take short time to complete the interview session. Hence, the questions must
be prominent and such a type that can possibly retrieve all the information from the residents.
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3.3 Sampling technique and selection
There are two types of sampling techniques such as probability and non-probability. Non-
probability sampling refers to the technique of selecting a specific group of people in order to
gather qualitative information (Ashworth and Page, 2011). On the other hand, probability
technique helps in selecting random population in order to obtain unbiased responses
regarding the research topic. In this study, the researcher has surveyed 10 local residents of
Cambridge city in order to investigate their perspective about impact of urban tourism.
3.4 Data analysis technique
In order to derive error free research result, the researcher has selected appropriate data
analysis technique. As this research is based on primary data collection, the researcher has
selected statistical data analysis methodology (Buckley, 2012). Here, percentage calculation
and statistical analysis have been selected as the data analysis technique.
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Introduction
The research project requires to complete the result and discussion chapter with the help of
Quantitative Data Analysis method. The data analysis is done by analysing the survey that
has been conducted with 10 residents of city of Cambridge. The aim of the data analysis
method is to gather information about the impact of urban tourism on the residents in the city.
4.2 Findings and discussion
1. Specify your gender
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Female 3 10 30
Male 5 10 50
Others 2 10 20
10

Female
Male
Others
Figure 1: Gender of the respondents
Discussion: The above data analysis shows that the major percentage of the respondents is
male. The female category is in second position. It can be said that both genders have an idea
about the impact of the tourism sector in the Cambridge city.
2. To which age group do you belong?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
20-30 1 10 10
31-41 3 10 30
above 42 6 10 60
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20-30
31-41
above 42
Figure 2: Age of the respondents
Discussion: According to the above bar graph, the age ratio of the respondents is balancing.
This is to be said that from the young generation to the senior citizen, everyone is very
concerned about the impact of urban tourism service in this city.
3. What according to you are the impacts of the urban tourism in Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Reduced
unemployment
5 10 50
Growth of the
cottage and the
ancillary industry
2 10 20
Adverse impacts on
the environment
2 10 20
Impacts on the
originality of the
1 10 10
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place
Reduced
unemployment Growth of the
cottage and the
ancillary industry
Adverse impacts
on the
environment
Impacts on the
originality of the
place
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Responses
Figure 3: Impacts of the respondents
Discussion: This is analysed that the respondents are facing the positive as well as the
negative impact regarding the urban tourism. However, the reduction of unemployment is the
effective positive impact, whereas the exploitation of the natural environment is the
dangerous negative impact of rapid growth of urban tourism.
4. Do you think that the culture and the society of Cambridge are greatly affected by these?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Yes 6 10 60
No 2 10 20
Maybe 2 10 20
13

Yes No Maybe
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Responses
Figure 4: Impacts on culture and society of the respondents
Discussion This is to be said that the culture and society of the city is vastly influenced by the
rapid growth of tourism service in the city of Cambridge. More than fifty percent residents
are agreeing with this effect.
5. Are you satisfied with the positive impacts of the urban tourism existing in your place?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly satisfied 3 10 30
Satisfied 3 10 30
Neutral 2 10 20
Dissatisfied 1 10 10
Highly dissatisfied 1 10 10
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Highly
satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
dissatisfied
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 5: The positive impacts of the urban tourism of the respondents
Discussion It has been analysed that the major portion of the residents are satisfied with the
positive impact of urban tourism in the city. Therefore, it can be said that urban tourism is
having several positive impacts on Cambridge and the economic condition of the city is
flourishing due to it.
6. According to you what are the factors that have contributed towards the overall
development of urban tourism of the place?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
historic monuments 3 10 30
scenic beauty 3 10 30
effective
infrastructure
2 10 20
good lodging
facilities
2 10 20
15

historic
monuments scenic beauty effective
infrastructure good lodging
facilities
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 6: Factors for over all development of the respondents
Discussion It has been analysed that the natural and historical essence of the place is the
main factor that attracts tourists to visit the city. On the other hand, the system and
infrastructure of the city are also developed.
7. How far do you agree that urban tourism has positive impacts on the local business of
the historical city of Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly agree 3 10 30
Agree 3 10 30
Neutral 2 10 20
Disagree 1 10 10
Highly Disagree 1 10 10
16

Highly agree agree Neutral disagree Highly
Disagree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 7: The positive impacts on the local business of the respondents
Discussion: The analysis has disclosed that the residents agreed with the positive impact of
the urban tourism in the city. There is a very few percentage of residents who disagree with
the fact.
8. How far do you agree that the increasing demand of urban tourism has created job
opportunity for the residents of Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly agree 3 10 30
Agree 3 10 30
Neutral 2 10 20
Disagree 1 10 10
Highly Disagree 1 10 10
17

Highly agree agree Neutral disagree Highly
Disagree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 8: job opportunities of the respondents
Discussion: It has been analysed that more than fifty percent of the residents are satisfied
with growing job opportunities in the city. The increasing percentages of job opportunities
are improving the economical condition of the city of Cambridge and standard of living of
the residents.
9. Do you think that the urban tourism is effective enough in bringing about remarkable
changes in the employment ratio of the place?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly agree 3 10 30
Agree 3 10 30
Neutral 2 10 20
Disagree 1 10 10
Highly Disagree 1 10 10
18

Highly agree agree Neutral disagree Highly
Disagree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 9: employment ratio of the respondents
Discussion: The bar graph given above shows that the respondents think that employment
ratio of the city of Cambridge is increasing steadily. It has been analysed that radical changes
in the employment ratio is due to the positive effect of the urban tourism.
10. Do you think that the natural environment is affected by the increasing Urban Tourism
of Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Yes 6 10 60
No 1 10 10
Maybe 3 10 30
19

Yes No may be
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Responses
Figure 10: The view of the respondents on natural environment
Discussion: It has been analysed that the residents completely agree with the fact that urban
tourism has resulted in exploitation of the natural environment of the city. The unnecessary
garbage mounds are highly polluting the natural environment of the city of Cambridge.
11. Do you agree that the Urban tourism in Cambridge has played a pivotal role in
developing the ancillary and the cottage industries of the place?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly agree 4 10 40
agree 3 10 30
Neutral 1 10 10
disagree 1 10 10
Highly Disagree 1 10 10
20

Highly agree agree Neutral disagree Highly
Disagree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Responses
Figure 11: The development of the ancillary and the cottage industries in the city of
Cambridge.
Discussion: It has been analysed that the ancillary and cottage industry is growing beside the
rapid growth of the urban tourism. Therefore, this development keeps the balance between
the demand and supply chain in the city. The responses of the residents clearly show it.
12. Do you think that the role that is taken by the government is effective enough in
promoting the Urban Tourism of Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Highly agree 2 10 20
agree 3 10 30
Neutral 1 10 10
disagree 2 10 20
Highly Disagree 2 10 20
21

Highly agree agree Neutral disagree Highly
Disagree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Responses
Figure 12: the viewpoint of the respondents on the Government's initiatives
Discussion The above graphic analysis stated that, the Government has taken several
initiatives toward this tourism service, but the slackness of the employee is responsible for
this current deterioration. In this context, the poor job performance of the governmental
employees is creating the negative image of the Government.
13. Are the promotional events that are held in this regard effective enough in promoting
the urban tourism of Cambridge in the global market?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Yes 3 10 30
No 2 10 20
Maybe 5 10 50
22

Yes No Maybe
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Responses
Figure 13: the promotional events of urban tourism and the viewpoint of the
respondents
Discussion: The responses of the residents clearly show that the promotional event of urban
tourism is not so active in the city of Cambridge. The previous history of the city is enough to
create the brand image in the international urban tourism service.
14. What are the negative impacts of urban tourism in Cambridge?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
environmental
impacts
5 10 50
poor maintenance of
the historical
monuments
3 10 30
effecting the natural
beauty of the place
2 10 20
23

environmental impacts poor maintenance of
the historical
monuments
effecting the natural
beauty of the place
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Responses
Figure 14: the viewpoint of the respondents on the negative impact
Discussion It has been analysed that the environment of the city is losing its value and
beauty. The residents are worried about the negative impact of urban tourism. On the other
hand, the poor maintenance service of the Government and local authority are damaging the
heritage value of ancient buildings and monuments of the city of Cambridge.
15. Are these factors detrimental for maintaining the originality of the place?
Options Responses Total responses Percentage (%)
Yes 5 10 50
No 2 10 20
Maybe 3 10 30
24

Yes No Maybe
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Responses
Figure 15: the originality of the place and the viewpoint of the respondents
Discussion: It has been analysed that the poor maintenance of the government is damaging
the originality of the city of Cambridge. On the other hand, the renowned tourist- historic city
is losing its originality to attract the tourist to visit the place for the second time.
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5 Conclusion
The research project has significantly described the essence of urban tourism. The
globalization and industrialization put forth urbanization, and the 21st century is witnessing
the radical growth of urban tourism. The economic condition of United Kingdom is
flourishing with the sustainable growth of urban tourism. In this context, the city of
Cambridge is known as the historical city. Even though the increase in the influx of tourist is
generating the employment and local business opportunities, it is affecting the natural
environment of the city of Cambridge. The daily schedule of the residents is also getting
hampered because of the massive gathering of the tourist. The scenic beauty and the ancient
buildings and monuments are also in stake because of poor maintenance service.
Link with objective 1: The data analysis technique has assisted in successfully meeting the
first research objective. The results gathered from the survey helped to obtain the viewpoint
of the residents about the impact of the urban tourism in the city of Cambridge.
Link with objective 2: The literature review of the research project critically analysed the
urban tourism and its consequences upon the local community.
Link with objective 3: The methodology chapter of this research study at first collected the
data with the help of primary data collection method. Therefore, the data analysis method
investigates and indentifies the perspective of the residents regarding the urban tourism in the
city of Cambridge.
The originality of the city of Cambridge is fading away, day by day. In this situation, the
local government needs to take some rigid initiatives to uplift the maintenance service of the
city of Cambridge. In this context, the temporary and permanent residents of the city also
need to co-operate with the governmental employees to maintain the social and cultural value
of the city. On the other hand, the government need to introduce stricter norms for regulating
the influx of tourists to minimise the negative effects on local residents.
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