Violence Culture and Criminal Justice

Running head: VIOLENCE CULTURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Violence Culture and Criminal Justice
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Author Note

VIOLENCE CULTURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE1
Topic 1
Answer 1:
In the World Health Report regarding violence and health, the main goal is to be raising
awareness about the global problems regarding violence (Butchart et al. 2015). The report
mainly focuses on making the case of violence as preventable and further making the case that in
addressing the consequences and causes for the violence public health can be seen to be playing
an important role. The objectives of the report are describing the global impact and important
risk factors relating to violence. The report further provides for the types and effectiveness of
interventions and policy responses tried. In the World Health report the types of violence that are
present in the everyday lives of the people globally are examined. The report is further seen to be
examining the constitution of the health burden that has been imposed on people by the way of
violence.
Violence is seen to be enumerated in the World Health Report on Violence and Health
Summary by WHO as intentionally threatening or actually using the physical power or force
over oneself or against any person or group or community that can be either resulting in or
highly likely to be resulting in any kind of physical or psychological harm, death or injury or any
type of deprivation (Krug et al. 2002). In this report, violence has been divided into three
typologies. These typologies are interpersonal violence, self-directed violence and collective
violence. The nature of violence can be further divided into four categories. These are physical
violence, sexual violence, psychological violence and violence that involve deprivation or
neglect (Tol et al. 2013). With the exception of self directed violence all other types of violence

VIOLENCE CULTURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE2
can be seen to occurring in categories and subcategories that are described in the World Health
report. For understanding the total impact of violence on an individual’s health and on a
community as a whole and the circumstances that surround the specific incidents different types
of data are being used. These data are being collected from various sources such as individuals,
records from agency or institutes, records from communities or government, local programs,
surveys based on population and special studies.
Answer 2:
According to the World Health report on violence and health there has been an estimate
of 1.6 million deaths in the year 2000 due to the different types of violence. These deaths were a
result of self inflicted, interpersonal or collective violence for an overall rate of 28.8 per 100,000
population. Among these deaths vast majority were seen to be occurring in countries having low
to middle income. The rate of deaths related to violence that occurred in the high income
countries can be seen to be less than even 10%. According to the report about half of the deaths
relating to violence are suicides, about 1/3rd were cases of homicides and about 1/5th were seen
to be death due to war. According to the report there had been an estimate of 520,000 homicides
in the year 2000 for an overall rate of 8.8 per 100,000 population. The rate of homicide can be
seen to be three times higher in case of males than that of females. There has been an
accountability for 77% of homicides in males. Among all the deaths relating to homicide the
highest rate of 19.4 per 100,000 are seen to be accountable among the males of the age group of
15-29 years followed closely by males of the age group of 30-44 years accounting to the rate of
18.7 per 100,000 (Dick & Ferguson 2015). In the year 2000 there has been an estimate of
815,000 people committing suicide. The highest rate of suicide can be seen in the age group of
60 years and older and the highest rate of suicide can be seen in the males than in the females.

VIOLENCE CULTURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE3
In the low to middle income countries the rate of death due to violence can be seen to be twice
higher than that of the high income countries in the year 2000. The rates of death due to violence
also differ with differences in regions. In Africa and America the rates of homicide can be seen
to be three times higher than the rates of suicides whereas in Europe and South-East Asia the rate
for suicide can be seen to be almost double than that of homicides. In the Western Pacific Region
the rate of suicide can be seen to be six times higher than the rates of homicide. Within the
regions difference among the rates of violent deaths can be seen between the countries. In 1994
the rate of homicide in Columbia could be seen to be higher than that of Cuba and Mexico. The
difference can also be seen to exist between rich and poor class, urban and rural population and
between groups having different ethnic and racial backgrounds (Wolf Gray & Fazel 2014).
Answer 3:
For the classifications of the roots of the violence an ecological model has been followed
in the report. Violence can be said to be a result of the complex interactions between individual
factors, relationship factors, and other social, cultural or environmental factors. Yet no single
factor can be used to explain why there is a violence behavior prevalent in some individuals or
some communities more than the others. One of the most significant steps in the approach of
public health for the prevention of violence can be described as understanding the relations
between the factors and violence. The multifaceted nature of violence are understood by the
application of ecological model that was first introduced in the late 1970s to be initially
applicable to child abuse and subsequently used to understand youth violence, intimate partner
violence and elderly abuse. In this model violence has been considered as a product of multiple
levels of the influence on behavior that can be seen exploring the relations between the
contextual factors regarding violence and the individuals.