Viral Vaccines Louis Pasteur
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Added on 2020-05-04
Viral Vaccines Louis Pasteur
Added on 2020-05-04
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Running head: VIRAL VACCINESViral VaccinesName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note
1 VIRAL VACCINESTable of ContentsChapter 1....................................................................................................................................2Introduction............................................................................................................................2Viral Vaccines........................................................................................................................2Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................3Types of Viral Vaccines.........................................................................................................3Advantages and Disadvantages of Viral Vaccines.................................................................3Advantage..........................................................................................................................3Disadvantage......................................................................................................................4Chapter 3....................................................................................................................................5Vaccine production................................................................................................................5Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7References..................................................................................................................................8
2 VIRAL VACCINESChapter 1IntroductionThe discipline of immunology is incomplete without vaccination. The concept ofvaccination was developed via the pioneering efforts of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur andhas helped in the eradication of small pox and polio (Baron, 2014; Smith, 2013). Vaccinationhas also reduced the rate of occurrence of diseases like, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria,tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) (Munoz et al., 2014). The development of vaccinesbegins with simple research. However, recent advancement in the field of immunology andmolecular biology has paved the foundation of effective novel vaccine. B-cell and T-cellepitope have enabled immunologist to design new age vaccines which can maximise both thearms of immune system, active immunity and passive immunity (Patronov & Doytchinova,2013).Viral VaccinesThere is always a need for development of vaccines against infectious diseases. Eachyear millions of people die round the world because of deadly viral disease, HIV-AIDS.According to World Health Organisation, 34 million in world is suffering from HIV (DeCock, Jaffe & Curran, 2012). The first viral vaccine was designed via cloning a gene formajor surface antigen of the Hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). The process undertaken wasrecombination, the recombinant yeast containing HBsAg has shown to generate protectiveantibodies against hepatitis B worldwide (Yu, 2016).
3 VIRAL VACCINESChapter 2Types of Viral VaccinesViral vaccines are generated out of inactivated virus or attenuated virus (alive butdevoid of pathogenecity or devoid of disease causing capability) (Pica & Palese, 2013). The failure of seasonal influenza vaccine to protect against the influenza infection hadaugmented the requirement for the discovery of the cross-reactive influenza vaccine that canelicit immunity against different subtypes of virus including newly emerging pandemic virus.The cross-protective vaccines like whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine, targets conservedinternal antigens like the matrix protein or nucleoprotein of the virus and thereby preventingviral proliferation inside the body (Budimir et al., 2012). This inactivation can be done viaseveral chemical compounds. The inactivated viral vaccine for West Nile virus (WNV) hasbeen generated via the application of hydrogen per-oxide (H2O2) as an inactivating agent.The inactivated or attenuated vaccine thus produced is safe and immunogenic and is capableto protecting against WNV (Pinto et al., 2013).Other principal form of viral vaccines includes viral vector vaccines. Viral vectorvaccines can be developed via using fowl poxvirus (FPV) and herpes virus of Turkey (HVT)as principal vectors carrying infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) genes. It is wide usedin the poultry industry of USA for commercial purpose (Vagnozzi et al., 2012).Advantages and Disadvantages of Viral VaccinesAdvantageLive-attenuated viral vaccine has several advantages. For example, live attenuatedrespiratory synctial virus (RSV) vaccine offers multiple advantages when used forimmunization of young and infant children. This vaccine does not generate vaccine-
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