Review of Tourism and Travel Studies

The assignment provided is a review of various studies and papers related to tourism and travel. It includes a list of publications on topics such as sustainability accounting, competitiveness in tourism, event tourism, governance strategies in national parks, wine and food tourism marketing, and more. The summary aims to provide an overview of the key concepts and research findings presented in these studies.

Visitor Attraction
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 The overlap of visitor attractions in relation to specific types of attraction..........................1
1.2 Significance of various visitor attractions ............................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Needs and motivations of different type of visitors..............................................................3
2.2 Effects of tourism on visitor attraction in UK......................................................................5
2.3 Impact of various theories in motivation of tourist on management ...................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Processes and potential problems involved in development of visitor attraction.................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................17
4.1 Visitors management strategies...........................................................................................17
4.2 Sustainable management techniques..................................................................................18
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Visitor attraction management is defined as making a place attractive which is frequently
visited by tourist. This term is used in industry of tourism. The main purpose of managing
visitor attraction is to draw attention of tourist as well as local people of the area. Visitor
attraction is used for promoting tourism in the place. Development of tourism support in
development of the region and locality. It also helps in developing the biodiversity and natural
resources of the area. In present report London Eye's is chosen as visitor attraction. Present
report describes about overlap of tourist attraction with respect to particular place of attraction.
Evaluation of significance of various visitor attraction has been done. Requirements and
motivation of distinct type of visitors is done in the report. Further more, various theories of and
their impact on tourist motivation has been described. More over, processes and potential
problem in the development of visitor attraction is illustrated. Visitor management strategies
and techniques has been explained.
TASK 1
1.1 The overlap of visitor attractions in relation to specific types of attraction
Management of visitor attraction is very significant component in the tourism sector. In
this industry which provides tourist to visit different places when they makes plan for trips.
When people goers out for trip their main reason behind this is the attraction of the place
( Bebbington, Unerman, and O'Dwyer, eds., 2014). Attractiveness of any destination must last
long rather than temporary. Any picture presentation as lasting attraction will tend to attract
tourist by alowing them to access for delightfulness. Amusement, providing content and
curiosity for the place and it may involve some places for adoration also .
Every destination should be open to all and it should not have any restriction in accessing
place. As a consultant of national tourism agency visit Britain its is required that specific
location in England should not have any prohibitions. Any location in the country must be open
for outside people as well as for local residents (Crouch, 2012.). Attraction of the place should be
maintained by single authority and it should not be allotted to various department. Single
department responsibility will help in making the place better and it will also support in making
revenue from visiting of tourist. Department of visitor attraction will also help in generating
employment opportunities. Scope of visitor attraction management is to make visitors to visit
Thorpe park, London Eye, Eden etc.
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Overlap of visitor attraction was made with the aim of getting tourist attention to some
specific place (Downs and Gregory, 2014). The purpose of this does not mean to get popularity
among local public. For understanding the concept example of London eye's can be taken. The
place is big Ferris wheel which is located at bank of river Thames. When this place was made no
one knew that it would become so popular. Every year many tourist come to visit this place in
London. This place is one of the most famous tourist destination in the country. Approximately
4 million visitor come to this location. There are various visitor attraction such as Madame
Tussaud's Railways which are historic, Themed parks, piers.
To understand overlap of tourists for example St. Paul's cathedral is one the most visited
place by tourist. The place has noteworthy property and remarkable things to be visited. This
place is highly visited every year. The place is popular for its art work and tricky mosaics. The
inside of St. Paul's Cathedral is just is very alluring and attractive that every visitor who comes
to the place fills with amusement and joy (Dupeyras and MacCallum, 2013). Tourist can explore
various memorials of popularly known and notable national heroes. They can also discover the
tombs and vaults . There is another attraction for people visiting place is the whispering veranda
which is flamboyant and curative. They can also visit to Golden Gallery that has glorious bird's-
eye scene of London.
1.2 Significance of various visitor attractions
Every tourist destination in each country has some importance. Significance of various
tourist detonations in London is as follows: Seal life of London Aquarium: This place is located at ground floor of country hall. It is
situated at bank of river Thames. This marine museum comprises of 500 species
involving sharks, piranhas, non style clown fishes in sea life. This pace is one of the
frequently visited place in the country (Evans and et.al., 2012). Tourist and visitors get
enjoyment ans bliss on visiting this place. Visitors always get best experience which is
worth memorising and cherishing. It also gives United Kingdom the centre for sea life
management and its preservation of marine taxon. Tower of London : This place in United Kingdom is historic and counted in one of the
royal palaces of the city (Getz, 2013). In this tower weapons and instruments used in
wars are preserved. The castle is very amusing and powerful that it attracts number of
tourist every year. The tower has interesting history related to with it which also allures
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tourist towards it. There are some various other places also which are: Jewels of Crown,
Science Museum , Arsenal , House of Jewels , zoological garden and many more. Tower
of London is situated in central London at bank of river Thames. Coca cola London eye: It is one of the most famous tourist destination in UK. It has
significance in providing breathtaking scenes to people. The scenes are from 32 capsules
of which 10 tonnes of artifact of each person and can carry around 25 people at a time
(Ghimire, 2013). Coca cola London eye is centre of attraction in this city. This place
represents a scene which is 360 degree and conceals the popular locations in UK. In
recent year this place has got the rank of most visited spot.
 Westminster Abbey: This place is a large church which is situated in Westminster city. It
is remarkable religious place in the city. The building of the church is 700 years old.
This church attract million of tourist every year. It is the most popular old church in UK.
This place is considered as most embracing and Gothic Abbey place of worship in
Westminster town of UK. British Museum: This British Museum is popular worldwide. It showcases the art of
man from past time to contemporary era worldwide. The repository has various
repulsions like Stone of Rosetta, Egypt mummies conservation and Sculptures of
Pantheon .
 St Paul's Cathedral: This tourist destination has noticeable property while reckoning
skyline of London (Getzner and et. al., 2014). The place has many domes which are
worldwide popular. St. Paul's Cathedral is very alluring and attractive that every visitor
who comes to the place fills with amusement and joy. It is favourite among people due to
its art work and complicated mosaics. Travellers can discover various memorials of
popularly known and notable national heroes. They can also discover the tombs and
vaults . There is another attraction for people visiting place is the whispering gallery
which is flamboyant and curative. They can also visit to Golden Gallery that has glorious
bird's-eye scene of London (Ghimire, 2013.).
TASK 2
2.1 Needs and motivations of different type of visitors
Motivation plays a vital role in tourism sector. When tourist visits a place and they do not
get things according to their requirements then it turn into dissatisfaction and unhappiness. It is
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required that travellers needs and expectations should be fulfilled so that they get motivation to
visit the place again and again (Hall, 2013). Motivation of tourist helps in influencing holiday
packages. As a tourism consultant of national tourism agency attracting visitors management
can include type of visitors which can support in promoting services and products to consumers. Market segmentation: In the market segmentation of visitor attraction tourist company
can improve its efficiency of service by segmenting market. Market segmentation will
help in providing better services to customer (Hudson and Thal, 2013.). Each market will
have its own characteristics. It is and effective way to enhance performance of of tourist
market by applying suitable marketing strategy. This will also help in increasing
productivity. Consumer focused segmented market also support in motivating customers. Geographic segmentation: This section divides customers on the grounds of regions,
cities and towns. The organisation of visitor attraction management can decide to market
its product and services in specific areas. This segmentation is done by considering the
factors like visitors place of origin (Hudson and Thal, 2013.). This factor is significant
because of tourist of distinct places are bring up with distinct cultures. These tourists
represents distinct characteristics of behaviour. It is the most simple kind of
segmentation. Demographic segmentation: This kind of segmentation is done on the basis of genders,
age, ethnicity , financial status, religious beliefs, education and marital status.
 Psychographic Segmentation: In this type of segmentation psyche of the visitors is taken
into account. Information about tourists is gathered like their choices, interests, behaviour
and opinions.
Psychological needs includes desire and thirst of anything wanted. Safety and security of tourist
that involves security to live as for everyone their refuge has the uppermost precedence. Social
needs of tourist includes love, care and affinity (John and Susan, 2015). Respect which is
appreciation , the reason to recognized and valued by local people. For motivating tourist there
is there is model of Pearce which has layer of motivation in the form of pyramid
 Relaxation behavior (rest <> active )
 information (stronger emotions )
 cultural needs ( family, friends)
 self regard ( self development )
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 self – realisation ( search of pleasance and happiness)
Push and pull concept is used in travel motivation. There are various outside motives which are
answerable to pull and affects travellers towards the particular need and motivation. Tourist
destinations have latent to draw in tourists toward it and this component of catching attention can
motivates a person to create motive to travel to particular place. The pull element also works
when consumers are overcrowding to a specific place. Escape is another factor of this model. In
this factor travel and tourism company encourages people to escape for daily schedule (John,
and Susan, 2015). To gain distance from own surroundings also forms the escape idea.
2.2 Effects of tourism on visitor attraction in UK
Tourism impact a lot on visitors mind while visiting a particular place. Impact of visitors
on visiting London is as follows: Economic impacts: When tourist visits London the economy of the place get impacted
great extent. It helps in creating many jobs and employment in specific place. Jobs help
in increasing economy of the area. Increased economy help in development of the
country (Lee and et.al., 2013). Tourism sector is indirectly related to distinct sectors like
transportation industry. Tourism aspect imparts to finance and living standard of people.
Local economy gets increased. It improves expending on improvement and infrastructure
of the place. Revenue generation boosts due to tax on various tourism goods. This
industry helps in creating opportunities for businesses (Mariani and et.al., 2014).
However, jobs generated by tourism are seasonal in nature which us the negative impact
of visitor attraction. Payment give in these jobs is also very poor. There are various other
components such as natural catastrophe and negative promotion of the place. Prices
commodities gets increased. Prices of hotels and houses get increased. Environmental impacts: Tourism activities help in development of biodiversity of the
place (Travel and tourism. 2017). It also motivates in saving natural resources such as
rain forests and biodiversity. Deforestation gets reduced due to visitor attraction
(Mercenaro and et. al., 2014.). Tourism also encourages to transaction culture among
people so that one can acquire the society and customs of specific area. It aims at
protection of cultural recognition It encourages hindrance of environment decline. It
promotes consciousness among local area people to conserve historical memorials and
construction (Mok, Sparks, and Kadampully, 2013) . However, visitors create a very
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high pressure on natural resource of London. Water resources gets contaminated and air
gets polluted due to transportation activities. Historical places , structures and memorials
get destroyed due to visitor attraction. Unavailability of water increases due to it. There
may be overutilization of water. Disruption in wildlife also arises.
 Social and cultural impacts: Socio cultural values of the place gets increased when
tourists visits London. Tourists support in preservation of value and traditions of the
place. Religious values of the area gets conserved due to visitor attraction (Morrison,
2013). Living standard of the people also increased due to it. Tourism also encourages to
transaction culture among people so that one can acquire the society and customs of
specific area. It aims at protection of cultural recognition. However, there is negative
effect of visitor attraction also (Younis and et. al., 2014). Behaviour of local residents
also gets impacted. Criminal activities increases. Consumption of alcohol and drugs are
some noticeable things which can be seen after tourist visiting.
2.3 Impact of various theories in motivation of tourist on management
There are various theories which helps in motivating tourists for managing visitor
attraction. For understanding tourist motivation motivation theories are required to be considered
(Page, 2014.). Market of tourism can be segmented by motivation theories. Every individual
tourist has its own needs which should be fulfilled. Requirements makes tourist to be acted upon
it and thus it results to gratification of the requirements. Process of motivation is defined as the
procedure in which a traveller travel to place only if his/her requirements are fulfilled. Visitor
goes to a particular place according to their requirements. Motivation theory of Maslows is as
follows:
This theory has five stages which are as follows: Physiological needs: These needs includes basic requirements such as air, water, clothes,
accommodation, food and shelter. In short physiological requirements are needs for basic
amenities for life. Safety needs: These needs includes physical, emotional and environmental requirements.
For example security in job of tourism, financial protection, protection from animals,
security for healths and family security. Social needs: Social requirements involves need for love, care affection and friendship at
the place visited by tourists.
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 Esteem needs: These needs are of two type which are internal esteem and external
esteem. Internal esteem includes love respect, confidence, accomplishment and
confidence. Whereas external esteem includes acknowledgement, status , aid,
remembrance wonderment. Self actualization: This involves the motive to become what a person has ability to
become. It includes requirement of growth and self actualization. It also involves desire
of getting more knowledge, social work, innovation and being artistic. These ned are
never completely satisfiable. As a person grows psychologically, chances to keep
harvesting to grow continuously.
Alderfer's ERG theory : ( Existence, relatedness ,growth): This theory is given by Alderfer and
it is same as Maslow's theory . The single difference in both the theories is that the later one has
three tiers in its structure.
Herzberg two factor theory
Herzberg has given two factor theory of motivation. The fist factor in this theory has
hygiene factors and second factor is motivation factors (Getz, 2013). These factors are as
follows: Extrinsic motivators: These motivators are showcase basic requirements that means
kind of needs determined. Factors of this theory includes status, security in job, salary
and welfare benefits to visitors.
 Intrinsic motivators: These factors involves recognition and potential of growth. Visitor
attraction management must remember these needs of motivation while managing tourists
(Getzner and et. al., 2014).
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TASK 3
3.1 Processes and potential problems involved in development of visitor attraction
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TASK 4
4.1 Visitors management strategies.
Visitors management strategies are considered on various factors such as services, capacity,
requirements of staff, quality of services and so on. In order to make this strategies more
effective some attraction is required such as any sports or concert. Olympic and Paralympic is
considered as major factor of attracting visitors. During this period various management
strategies are being implemented (Getzner, M. and et. al., 2014). These all are based on some
parameters. Most of the visitors prefer this period of time, due to this large number of tourists
visit that place at same time. In order to effectively implement these strategies, they have
divided services into proper time slots. With the help of this process, all the services will be
provided effectively.
Along with this organisation should need to increase capacity of resources, due to this
waiting time of visitors get reduce. Along with this services provider need to provide training
to their employees. Along with this incentives also considered as major attraction of the
employees (Dupeyras and MacCallum, 2013). With they help of this they would be able to meet
the needs and requirements of their clients. Along with this multitasking skills are also
required. It helps the organisation in order to attract maximum clients. They can also
collaborate with local services providers. With the help of this process, they would be able to
improve quality of services. On the basis of analysing previous visitors they can easily estimate
expected visitors. Such as according to year 2015's event, organisations have identified that 50%
visitors will prefer shopping, 60% travellers visit restaurants, 40% require facilities for night
stay.
On the basis of these estimation they have identified that average contribution of local
visitors will be of 104 million euros and 107 million euros will be contributed by outsiders
(Hall, 2013). With the help of this analysis, they can explore various opportunities. In order to
reduce pressure at visiting places, limited time should be provided to the local visitors. With the
help of this pressure will be reduced (Getzner, M. and et. al., 2014). Therefore, more number of
visiting can be allotted to the outsiders. Along with this various innovative approaches can be
also considered to attract more number of clients . For this productive cycles can be considered
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by the organisation. Various expectations and demands of customers should be also considered
before implementing any process. Themes of the event can be considered as in order to make
things more attractive.
4.2 Sustainable management techniques.
Travel and tourism sector is considered as one of the fastest growing industries. Therefore,
proper development is required in order to maintain it. For this sustainable management
approach is considered. With the help of this activity of the resources are implemented optimally.
With this process all the natural , cultural and heritages remain preserved or conserved. This
process depends on various levels of economical resources. Such as local, national and
international. Along with this exception of visitors also considered as an essential factor. In this
technique various factors are included such as heritage, culture, lifestyle and environmental
issues.
According to the report of World Tourism Organisation (WTO), optimise use of
environmental resources is considered as key step of this techniques. With the help of this step,
all the natural and heritage resources will be maintained effectively (Bebbington, J., Unerman,
J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014). Along with this it helps to maintain long term economical
sources effectively. It help in order to distribute benefits among stockholders. It also provides
various opportunities in order to maximise earning and contribute into revenue. To implement
all the process effectively, continuous monitoring of the process is required. With the help of this
process, effectiveness of this process get increased. Along with this different are also providing
supports in order to increase economical stability. Such as people are able to get job at this
local and regional level (Hudson and Thal, 2013). Along with this visitors are also getting
services at local level. Various local and regional levels are making a combine impact on the
GDP of any country. It is considered as national, where interrelation between suppliers and
dealers at global level is making impact on the economy at global level (Bebbington, J.,
Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014).
In order to meet customers satisfaction, quality of the services should be maintained. Before,
implementation of process, proper planning should be considered. To identify needs effective
analysis theories should be considered. With the help of segmentation, demands of the visitors
will be clear to the services provides. It helps in order to effectively implement this. Along with
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this market competition also helps the organisation, in order to improve quality. Various
performance analysis techniques should be considered by the companies, with the help of this
step, companies are able to report demands of clients (Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer,
B. eds., 2014).
CONCLUSION
Summing up the above report it can be concluded that visitor attraction management is
very significant in managing visitors visiting the place. Visitor visiting place must be satisfied
with the services given by management. It assist in making decision s regarding the place. It also
guides tourist companies in making their services attractive so that large number of tourist can
visit the place. Government of the London should limit the price of commodities so that tourist
can enjoy the place at full. Economy of the country gets highly increases by tourism
development. It also helps in developing the biodiversity and natural resources of the area. s It is
required that tourist destinations of the country should be preserved so that more and more
visitor can come to visit the place.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014. Sustainability accounting and
accountability.Routledge.
Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014. Sustainability accounting and
accountability. Routledge.
Crouch, G.I., 2012. Competitiveness and tourism. Edward Elgar.
Downs, P. and Gregory, K., 2014. River channel management: towards sustainable catchment
hydrosystems. Routledge.
Dupeyras, A. and MacCallum, N., 2013. Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism.
Evans, N. and et.al., 2012. Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor & Francis.
Getz, D., 2013. Event tourism: concepts, international case studies, and research. Cognizant
Communication Corporation.
Getzner, M. and et. al., 2014. Governance and management strategies in national parks:
Implications for sustainable regional development. International Journal of Sustainable
Society. 6(1-2). pp.82-101.
Ghimire, K.B., 2013. The native tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries. Routledge.
gineering Economics. 61(1).
Hall, C.M., 2013. Wine, food, and tourism marketiPrebežac, D., Schott, C. and Sheldon, P.
eds., 2016. The tourism education futures initiative: Activating change in tourism education.
Routledge.ng. Routledge.
Hudson, S. and Thal, K., 2013. The impact of social media on the consumer decision process:
Implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 30(1-2).
pp.156-160.
John, S. and Susan, H., 2015. Business travel and tourism.
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Lee, J.W. and et.al., 2013. Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and
carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism
Management. 38. pp.69-76.
Mariani, M.M. and et.al., 2014. Managing change in tourism destinations: Key issues and
current trends. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 2(4). pp.269-272.
Mercenaro, L. and et. al., 2014. Sustainable management of an intercropped Mediterranean
vineyard. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 192. pp.95-104.
Mok, C., Sparks, B. and Kadampully, J., 2013. Service quality management in hospitality,
tourism, and leisure. Routledge.
Morrison, A.M., 2013. Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge.
Page, S.J., 2014. Tourism management. Routledge.
Younis, M.. and et. al., 2014. Topology management techniques for tolerating node failures in
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