Welfare Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries - PDF

RESEARCH
PROJECT

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................3
1.1 Research Proposal............................................................................................................3
Research aim and objective....................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature Review..........................................................................................................7
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................7
2.2 Literature Review.............................................................................................................7
Chapter 3: Methodology...............................................................................................................11
3.1 Research Approach.........................................................................................................11
3.2 Methodologies ...............................................................................................................11
Chapter 4 Data Collection and Analysis.......................................................................................13
4.1 Data collection................................................................................................................13
Aslam, M. H. and Azhar, S. M., 2013Firth, S., 2013Gangopadhyay, P., 2017Intriligator, M.,
20174.2 Data analysis...........................................................................................................15
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................................24
5.1 Conclusions....................................................................................................................24
5.2 Recommendations..........................................................................................................25
Chapter 6: Personal Reflection Statement.....................................................................................25
6.1 Reflect on the research methods used in project............................................................25
6.2 Consider research methods that could have been used..................................................25
6.3 Areas for further research (consideration)......................................................................26
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................27

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Proposal
Globalisation refers to interaction of economies with the medium of trade, import- export
and exchange of resources at global level. It has enhanced productivity and profitability of the
companies along with the enhancement of customer satisfaction (Benería, Berik and Floro,
2015). This research report is based on Marks and Spencer, a British multinational retailer
founded in 1884. This company is one among the renown retailer which offers its high quality
products at international level. It has been analysed that Marks and Spencer is offering its
products and services across the world which develop the interest of their management team to
understand actual scenario of globalisation. For this, they have conducted a complete research
on globalisation, its benefits and challenges which are faced by the company and might affect
its growth.
Research aim and objective
Research Aim
“To determine the importance of globalisation on welfare and development of economy”
A case study on Marks and Spencer
Research objective
 To identify the concept of globalisation
 To identify the major challenges of globalisation faced by business
 To evaluate the benefits of globalisation on Marks and Spencer
 To determine relationship between globalisation and development of economy
Research Questions
 What is the concept of globalisation?
 What are the major challenges of globalisation faced by business?
 How to evaluate benefits of globalisation on Marks and Spencer?
 What is the relationship between globalisation and development of economy?
Activities and timescales
Gantt chart:

It is considered as the bar chart which defines overall project schedule. This chart was
given by Henry Gantt in 1917. It includes all the activities of business organisation which helps
in planning, coordinating, tracking specific task of particular project. It can be said that
researcher are often using this chart in order to execute their research in effective manner
(Boserup, Tan and Toulmin, 2013). Along with this, it also helps researcher in meeting up their
overall task according to their required results.
Work Breakdown Structure:
Work breakdown structure is an effective system that divides overall project in small
section in order to organise them in systematic manner. It also helps in completing this whole
research with the helps of this division. As a result, it leads to finishing whole project effectively
within the preset time frame.

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is the detailed information which is collected from various sources
like books, journals, scholar papers, newspapers etc. in order to find out detailed information on
the similar topic for the purpose of identifying relevant result for this (Behrends, Park and
Rottenburg, 2014). In this, researcher often collects information from various secondary sources
that contributes in gaining true information. In relation to this research, researcher have adopted
books, journals, online articles for collecting information on globalisation, its benefits,
challenges, relationship with development of economy. All of them are described below in
literature review in detail.
2.2 Literature Review
Concept of globalisation
According to point of view of Robertson, (2012) it can be said that globalisation refers to
restructuring and interaction between nations for different purposes. These purpose of
interaction may be related to culture, customers, products, services, governmental transaction,
import export etc. As per the thoughts of authors, it can be said that globalisation is a integration
of societies, economies etc. for main purpose of business transactions. It also includes flow of
ideas, technologies, capital, goods, people, services and finance. It has been analysed that
concept of globalisation was mainly generated with the thought availing products and services of
one to people another one (Decker and et. al., 2014). Globalisation has converted overall
scenario of business which were initially executed within the national boundaries but
furthermore with the changing business person have started performing their business activities
beyond their nation this have helped them in expanding their business at international level. It
has been evaluated that globalisation have increased number of growth of opportunities for
business organisation which contributes in the enhancement of profitability ratio.

Apart from this, author also believes that globalisation is not beneficial for businesses
but on other hand it contributes in enhancement of customers. It can be said that with the help of
globalisation organisation are now offering its products and services to customers who belongs
to other nations. This avails huge variety of products and services to customers which
contributes in meeting their desired production (Gunn, 2017). As a result, it satisfies customers
at highest level. In addition to this, it has been analysed that customers personally gives more
priority to those products who are imported as they feel connected to other culture too.
Globalisation have increased thinking criteria customer as they are now able to every product
which is available to other nations. It also creates demand of products and services in number of
nations that contributes in enhancement of its sales of organisation at international which
ultimately contributes in achievement of targeted goals and objective along with the profitability
ratio.
Major challenges of globalisation faced by business
As per the thought of Neil, (2018) it has been analysed that globalisation have enhanced
growth opportunity for business organisation but along with this it has created some major
challenges for the companies too who are operating at international level. It can be said
globalization has enhanced availability of resources for companies but addition of this, it has
also increased competence for them too (Clarke, 2013). This increased competition forces
companies to adapt latest tools and techniques so that they gain competitiveness. As a result, this
enhances additional expenses for companies that directly impacts over its profitability ratio.
According to evaluation some of the major challenges of globalization which are faced by
organization are described as below:
Unfamiliar culture: It is the main challenge which is faced by organization while
performing their business activities at international level. It can be said that companies have to
place additional efforts in international market in order to understand their culture as needs and
demand of its customers totally depends on it only. It has been identified that after identifying
actual needs and requirement only companies develop suitable product and service for them.
But, it is quiet difficult for the company as they are not familiar to new market as well as
behavior of customer (Crane and Matten, 2016). This makes it difficult for company to develop
new product for customers so that they could achieve their targeted goals and objective.

Organizational communication: Another issue which are faced by companies who
operates their businesses at international level is that they are not able to communicate to their
business areas which are operating in different areas. It can be said, it is difficult for companies
to communicate to their side businesses which exists in another countries. It has been evaluated
that its quiet difficult for organization to track, report, communicate to business related persons
as they are faces communication barriers.
Human resources: It has been seen that organizations have to focus on hiring new
employees while performing their business activities in new country as they have to execute
high level of business practices. It can be said that this is the major issues for organization as
they have to conduct various recruitment and selection programs which consumes time as well
as money of company. Along with this, it also engage available manpower in the hiring process
as they have to select best qualified and experienced staff who owns ability of performing
similar business activities (Dunning, 2014). In addition to this, another major similar challenge
that is faced by business organization is to finalize working staff within their budget.
Benefits of globalisation on Marks and Spencer
According to the thoughts of Intriligator, (2017) it can be said that globalisation has
enhanced business opportunities for companies who operates their business activities across the
world. It has been analysed that there are numerous of benefits which are achieved by business
organisation while performing business activities in international market. In relation to large
companies globalisation have not only improved their business practices at international level
but it has also improved their profit earning capabilities (Aslam and Azhar, 2013). As a result,
large companies successfully attains their targeted goals and objectives in international market
too. In relation to Marks and Spencer, the company have already entered into global market
which have helped them in enhancing their sales ratio as a result, it has contributed in
achievement of high range of profitability. Some of the major benefits of globalisation on
business large scale business organisation are described as below:
Increases sales and profitability: It has been analysed that globalisation have
contributed a lot to large scale organisation as they are now able to meet huge level of
customers. This helps them in meeting to new customers. It can be said that with the help of
globalisation Marks and Spencer is now able to enhance its sales by offering its products and

services to huge number of customers (Firth, 2013). As a result, with the increasing sales
companies are now able to generate high level of profitability
Low payable workers: Another benefit of globalisation on Marks and Spencer is that
this company is now able to hire low cost based workers for performing their business activities
at international level. For example: Large scale organisation hires its workers from those
countries where they labour rates are minimum. This helps the company in reducing its expenses
which are spend on employees in the form of their salaries.
Increases Product range: Globalisation have increased number of growth opportunities
for large scale retail companies like Marks and Spence. This opportunity can be seen in the
name of chances of increasing their products and services according to culture, need and
requirement of customers as they belongs to different location where taste and preference of
customer varies according to their job location (Gangopadhyay, 2017). It can be said that, while
expanding their business at international level, marketing team of Marks and Spencer gives extra
preference to local culture of operating country this helps in manufacturing their product
according to customer.
Relationship between globalization and development of economy
As per the thoughts of Alfaro and Johnson, (2012), it can be said that globalization and
development of economy are interrelated to each other and also shares the strong relationship
with each other. It has been analyzed that author personally believes that globalization have
impacted positively in economic development in developed countries. Whereas, it does not
contributes much enhancement in economic development of underdeveloped countries. It has
been observed that globalization has opened up various opportunities for developing countries to
improve their financial position by increasing number of job opportunities for their citizens.
This reduces unemployment level of countries as a result employees are now able to get job
according to their capability. This also helps them in satisfying their needs and desires within
native country only.
In addition to this, it has been analyzed that large scale organizations are giving more
preference to those countries where they can easily expand their business without facing much
problems. It can be said that these companies are mainly concern about availability of resources
as they will require them at extensive level during their expansion. Availability of resources also

helps them in setting up their business in effective manner with appropriate workforce (Boserup,
Tan and Toulmin, 2013). It has been observed that countries who owns high level resources
easily develops as large organization gives them importance because their business plan can be
easily executed their. As a result, with the successive growth of companies in new countries
directly contribute in the achievement of it is targeted goals and objectives with the increasing
profitability. This also impacts positively on the growth of economy of nation. This reflects clear
relationship between globalization and development of economic.
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Research Approach
Research approach is a broad term which refers to a plan and procedure that consists of
steps including broad assumptions about data collection, analysis and interpretation. It is hence
based on nature of research problem being addressed. It is basically a method of conducting a
research on any given topic by using various methods like data collection, data analysis and
interpretation. Research approach is further classified into two major categories
Qualitative approach: Qualitative data approach requires an inductive approach of
analysis which implies that they develop a theory on the basis of data collected by researchers.
This approach involves a move from specific to general and so is known as bottom up approach
(Docquier and Rapoport, 2012). Qualitative researchers never base their research on
predetermined hypothesis but generate new data from various qualitative measures.
Quantitative approach: It is usually associated with positive paradigm. Quantitative
approach usually involves collection and conversion of data into numerical form so that
statistical calculations can be made easily and conclusions are also drawn. For this approach,
researchers usually follow more than one hypotheses.
3.2 Methodologies
Methodology refers to a set system of broad principles, rules and procedures from which
specific methods or procedures may be derived to interpret or solve different research problems
within scope of any particular discipline. A methodology is not a formula but a set of practices
and procedures. It is a strict set of principles which helps in conducting research or surveys. It is
a set pattern in which any task or activity is performed.

(1) Sampling: Sampling refers to a process which is used in statistical analysis and calculation
in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population. For
example, In this report, sample size of 30 people has been taken into consideration (Robinson,
2013). A sample helps in determining accuracy of any research that is conducted. Also it makes
a research activity manageable and convenient for conducting a research.
(2)Data analysis: Data analysis refers to a process of inspecting, cleansing,transforming and
modeling data with a goal or objective of discovering useful information, forming conclusions
and supporting in decision making process. Data analysis is also termed as a process of
extracting and retrieving useful information from any given data. It helps in data mining,
descriptive and predictive analysis, statistical analysis, business analysis and big data analysis.
(3) Cost access and ethical consideration:Cost is a value for money that is normally used
to produce or generate something (Stromquist and Monkman, 2014). It is also the
amount used to deliver goods or services and hence is unavailable for any further use.
Cost involved in carrying out research in this report is around 15000.
There is a ethical code of conduct to be followed while doing research and taking sample:
 Data collected should be true and fair.
 It should be free from any kind of bias.
 Data should provide a true and fair view about any given situation and should never be
misused.
 Data collected for a sample should not be used for any unfair or illegal activities and
should purely consider calculation activity.
Primary method: In this method of research, researcher collects information directly
from the customers as well as respondents in order to find out appropriate result. It includes
various types of methods that is interview, surveys, questionnaire, focus group etc. It can be said
that these methods of data collection are beneficial for companies as they are collected from
customers itself. This results in attaining true result which satisfy major aim of research for
which it is conducted.
Secondary method: In this method, investigator often collect information from
secondary sources like books, journals, articles written by another writer etc. It has been
analyzed that secondary research method are less time consuming and supports researcher in
finding out favorable result for research (Westwood and Phizacklea, 2013). It can be said that it

is a time saving method which provides most relevant result. As a result, it also contributes in
satisfying major aim of the research for which it is conducted.
Chapter 4 Data Collection and Analysis
4.1 Data collection
Questionnaire
Q 1) Are you aware with the concept of Globalisation?
a) Agree
b) Disagree
Q 2) What are the major benefits of globalisation for Marks and Spencer?
a) Improves sales
b) Increases profitability
c) Enhancement in usage of technology
Q 3) What are the major challenges of globalisation?
a) Organisational communication
b) Managing human resources
Q 4) Do you think Globalisation helps in economic welfare and economic development of
nation?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 5) What are the major tools that enhances globalisation?
a) International trade
b) Foreign Direct Investment
c) Removing trade barriers
Q 6) Is there any impact of globalisation on world civilization?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 7) What are the main elements that have contributed to globalisation?
a) Economies of scale

b) Technological change
c) Difference in tax rates
Q 8) What are the major factors that leads to globalisation?
a) Communications
b) Consumer Demand
c) Reduction in government control
Q 9) Is there any change in business process due to globalisation?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 10) Recommendation

Aslam, M. H. and Azhar, S. M., 2013Firth, S., 2013Gangopadhyay, P., 2017Intriligator, M.,
20174.2 Data analysis
Theme 1: Concept of Globalisation
Q 1) Are you aware with the concept of Globalisation? Frequency
a) Agree 16
b) Disagree 14
Interpretation: As per the above specified graph, it can be said that concept of
globalisation refers to the interrelatedness of economies and cultures of two or more countries in
order to grow national economies. It has been analysed that 16 respondents among 30 have
stated that they are aware with concept of globalisation as they have heard about it in news
channels. On the other hand 14 people have specifically declared that they have not even heard
about this term before as they are not communicating to external people at regular basis.
a) Agree b) Disagree
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16
14
Column B

Theme 2: Major benefits of globalisation for Marks and Spencer
Q 2) What are the major benefits of globalisation for Marks and
Spencer?
Frequency
a) Improves sales 8
b) Increases profitability 12
c) Enhancement in usage of technology 10
Interpretation: From the above specified graph, it can be said that globalisation have
availed various kind of benefits to the large scale organisation like Marks and Spencer in terms
of growth, monetary benefits, enhancement in opportunities, reach to technology etc. It has been
seen that 8 respondents have specified that for Marks and Spencer Globalisation main benefit
can be seen in its increasing sales. Whereas, 12 among them have declared that globalisation has
increased probability of Marks and Spencer. On the other hand, 10 respondent have specified
that according to them they believe main benefit of globalisation for Marks and Spencer is that it
increases usage of technology which makes their working pattern more smoother and easier. As
a result, it also helps them in achieving their targeted goals and objectives.
a) Improves sales
b) Increases profitability
c) Enhancement in usage of technology
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

Theme 3: Major challenges of globalisation
Q 3) What are the major challenges of globalisation? Frequency
a) Organisational communication 12
b) Managing human resources 18
Interpretation: According to the above specified graph, it can be said that there are
numerous of challenges occurs due to globalisation. These challenges also impacts over the
growth of large organisation as they are dealing with these challenges in their working pattern.
According to analysis, it can be said that 12 respondents have specified that organisational
communication is the main challenge that generates due to globalisation. As per the thought of
respondents it has been analysed that these respondents believes that organisation who operates
their business at international level are not able to communicate properly due to distance in
headquarters. On the other hand, 18 respondents personally feels that managing human
resources at international level is a major challenge of globalisation.
a) Organisational communication b) Managing human resources
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12
18
Column B

Theme 4: Globalisation helps in economic welfare and economic development of nation
Q 4) Do you think Globalisation helps in economic welfare and
economic development of nation?
Frequency
a) Yes 17
b) No 13
Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it can be said that Globalisation helps
in economic welfare and economic development of nation. In order to support this statement, it
has been analysed that organisation are performing their business activities in new countries
which helps them in generating more revenue. As a result, this earned revenue contributes in the
welfare and economic development of operating nation. It has been observed that 17
respondents have said that Yes they believe that Globalisation contributes in economic welfare
and economic development of nation. Whereas, remaining 13 respondents have declared that
they do not agree with similar statement they thinks that organisation who operates their
business at international level earns money transfer it to their native country. This thought
a) Yes b) No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18 17
13
Column B

mainly occurs to them because they are not interacting to people who works at international
level.

Theme 5: Major tools that enhances globalisation
Q 5) What are the major tools that enhances globalisation? Frequency
a) International trade 15
b) Foreign Direct Investment 7
c) Removing trade barriers 8
Interpretation: As per the above specified graph, it can be said that international trade is
a crucial tool that enhances globalisation. In order to support this statement, the main motive
behind globalisation is to supply goods and services at a global level without any trade barriers.
As a result, it has been analysed that 15 respondents have said Yes they believe that international
trade plays a crucial role in enhancement of globalisation. On the other hand, 7 respondents out
of 30 believes that foreign direct investment is a key factor behind enhancement of globalisation,
whereas 8 respondents out of 30 said Yes to removing trade barriers is a reason for enhancement
of globalisation.
a) International trade
b) Foreign Direct Investment
c) Removing trade barriers
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

Theme 6: Impact of globalisation on world civilization
Q 6) Is there any impact of globalisation on world civilization? Frequency
a) Yes 22
b) No 8
Interpretation: According to the above mentioned report, it has been analysed that
globalisation increases company's reach and also helps in economy development. In this context,
it has been analysed that impact of globalisation on world civilisation is huge as it creates a
healthy trading environment with a public co-operation. In relation to the graph, 22 respondents
out of 30 believes that there is an huge impact of globalisation in world civilization, whereas 8
people out of 30 said No, they believes that world civilisation is not affected by globalisation.
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25 22
8
Column B

Theme 7: Main elements that have contributed to globalisation
Q 7) What are the main elements that have contributed to globalisation? Frequency
a) Economies of scale 12
b) Technological change 8
c) Difference in tax rates 10
Interpretation: In relation to the above mentioned report, it has been said that
economies of scale is a major factor that contributed towards globalisation. In this context, it can
be said that there is proportionate savings in cost production of major companies operating at a
global level. According to the above mentioned report 12 respondents out of 30 said Yes to
economies of scale, they believes that it is the main element that contributed towards
globalisation and 10 respondents out of 30 believes that tax rate difference while purchasing and
selling goods and services at a global level has a major contribution towards globalisation
whereas 8 respondents out of 30 considered technological changes as the major factor.
a) Economies of scale
b) Technological change
c) Difference in tax rates
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Column B

Theme 8: Major factors that leads to globalisation
Q 8) What are the major factors that leads to globalisation? Frequency
a) Communications 9
b) Consumer Demand 15
c) Reduction in government control 6
Interpretation: As per the above mentioned graph, it can be said that communications
are the major factor that leads to globalisation. In this context, it has been analysed that there is a
huge increase in consumer demand through globalisation. In relation to this, 15 respondents out
of 30 has said Yes to consumer demand, they believes that it is the main factor that leads to
globalisation. On the other hand, 9 respondents out of 30 believes communication and 6 out of
30 had considered that reduction in government control is the important factor that leads to
globalisation.
a) Communications
b) Consumer Demand
c) Reduction in government control
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Column B

Theme 9: Change in business process due to globalisation
Q 9) Is there any change in business process due to globalisation? Frequency
a) Yes 18
b) No 12
Interpretation: As per the above specified graph, it can be said that there is a rapid
change in a business process because of globalisation. In this context, it has been evaluated that
due to globalisation business process of major companies operating at global level changes. In
this graph, 18 respondents said Yes that globalisation changes the business process because it
has make business environment competitive. On the other hand, 12 respondents out of 30
believes that globalisation did not affected business process.
a) Yes b) No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
18
12
Column B

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusions
As per the above specified research report, it has been analysed that globalisation is a
broad concept which is not only limited to the expansion of business organisation but it also has
its influence over the development of economy of all over the world. It has been identified that
business organisation are giving much preference to developed and developing countries in
comparison to underdeveloped countries as they do not get all of required resources their. It has
been analysed that concept of globalisation was initiated with the purpose of enhancing trade
beyond national boundaries, but with the changing time it has became an important need of all
of us as with the help of globalisation only every one is now able to receive their desired
products and services within their own country only. In addition to this, major challenges
globalisation is unfamiliar culture of place and management of organisational communication
among headquarter and operating country location.
Along with this, another major challenge which are faced by company are arrangement
of human resources as it is a big task for organisation to hire extremely new staff for operational
work. It also consumes money and time company to train new staff according to their
requirement. On the other hand, it has been founded that large organisation are also gaining
some benefits with the same concept of globalisation. It can be said that with the help of
globalisation large organisation can easily hire low payable worker from underdeveloped
countries which helps them in achieving their targeted gaols and objective in reasonable budget.
Along with this, it has been analysed that globalisation and development of economy is directly
proportional to each other. This have found because of with increasing rate of globalisation
contributes in the growth of economy too.
In addition to this, it has been identified that primary as well as secondary both of the
research methodologies are beneficial for organisation in attaining their feasible outcome which
will contribute enhancing their growth too. This can be done easily as researcher can collect true
result from respondents with the medium of questionnaire. Along with this, it has been
identified that researcher have given main preference to qualitative research approach as it
contributes in reaching to the desired research outcome.

5.2 Recommendations
As per the above mentioned report it has been recommended to Marks and Spencer
should focus on expanding its business new countries too at global level in order to increase
profitability from international market place. According to the evaluation, it has been analysed
that Marks and Spencer have already established their business at Global level but at the same
time this company is offering its products at high prices which reduces interest of customers to
buy products of M & S. In order to overcome this issue, it is recommended to top management
of M & S to revise their prices of products and services according to financial stability of
operating country. This will help the company in increasing its command at global level along
with their increasing ratio of sales. In addition to this, this increasing sales will also helps in
enhancing economic development of country too. Apart from this, another worthful
recommendation for Marks and Spencer is that this company should focus increasing its product
portfolio in the nominal range of pricing in order to gain attention of middle class and below
class people. As a result, it will help in increasing its presence in untouched zone of customers
too.
Chapter 6: Personal Reflection Statement
6.1 Reflect on the research methods used in project
In this research project I have used various tools and techniques while collecting
information from the respondents. As per my overall experience of whole research, I have used
both primary as well as secondary methods in order to understand its collect relevant
information. It can be said that my main concern for choosing primary method (Questionnaire)
was to collect true information which can satisfy requirement of research project. Along with
this, reason for using secondary method (Books, journals, online articles etc) of data collection
arises with the thought of completing project within the deadline. Apart from this, I have also
chosen qualitative method for enhancing worth of outcome. It has been analysed that qualitative
research method also helps me collecting authentic data that is beneficial in finding out true
outcome of the research.
6.2 Consider research methods that could have been used
As per the evaluation, it has been realised by me that instead of questionnaire I could
have used online test paper. As they are less time consuming in comparison to questionnaire. It

can be said that these online test also provides true details from customers side which is
equivalent to questionnaire. It has been observed by me that online test paper are easy to use and
find authentic details according to the requirement of my research project. Apart from this, I
have also analysed that I could have used interview method in order to get more authentic detail
as per the requirement.
6.3 Areas for further research (consideration)
As per achieving satisfactory results in globalisation and its influence on development of
the nation. It has been analysed that while conducting similar research for Marks and Spencer, I
will choose topic of digitalisation and its impact in the growth of business. The main reason
behind choosing this topic is to identify present situation of Marks and Spencer with respect to
digitalisation. Along with this, it will also contribute in analysing actual benefit of digitalisation
which are contributing in the achievement of targeted goals as well as growth factors.

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