Wettability and Thermodynamic Variables Assignment
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Added on 2020-04-01
Wettability and Thermodynamic Variables Assignment
Added on 2020-04-01
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Running head: WETTABILITY AND FLUID AND SOLID SURFACESThe Analysis of Thermodynamic Variables on Fluid and Solid SurfacesNameAcademic Institution
2Executive Summary In the modern day when the glob is greatly affected by high rates of carbon emissions, the capturing and storage of geological carbon and its storage in geological formations seems to be the future of carbon emissions solutions. However, the security of this approach is dependent on characteristics of the reservoir mainly its wettability and its impact on the solid and fluid flows in the porous mediums. As such, it affects the thermodynamic variables of the medium, which also reduce the capacity of the injected CO2 into the ground. This paper analyzes the thermodynamic variables like temperature and pressure on fluid and solid surfaces of the porous medium considering the contact angles within the solid and fluid systems. This is achieved through the acknowledgement of the role of wettability in multi-phase flow through porous systems and an analysis of experimental predictions conducted by other scholars who failed to achieve reliable results due to the complexity and difficulty of simulating underground conditions. The relationships between wettability and the thermodynamic variables of temperature and pressure are clearly discussed and analyzed using the research conducted in this paper through the guidance of the findings of other scholars in this field.
3Table of ContentsTable of Contents.............................................................................................................................2Introduction......................................................................................................................................3Justification and Objectives.........................................................................................................3Literature Review.............................................................................................................................3Methodology....................................................................................................................................3Analysis and Discussion..................................................................................................................3Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................................................3References........................................................................................................................................4
4IntroductionIn the petroleum reservoirs in the earth’s surface, both the natural gas and oil componentscoexists with water deposits immiscibly, meaning that the water component is not able to mix upwith the hydrocarbons that make up the oil and gas components. This leaves a tension of immense strength between this water and oil, as a result of the separation from their immiscible state. In addition, the natural gas component is also significantly immiscible with the oil component, making the fluids existing within the reservoirs to contain energy that is surface free,as a result of the electrical forces resulting from this immiscible fluid matrix (Adamson & Gast, 2007). The immiscible fluid matrix is kept together within the reservoir by these electrical forces that occur naturally as a result of the resultant cohesive and adhesive forces. The cohesive forces between the particles of the same component medium are attracted to each other cohesively for all the fluids, while adhesion works to separate the different individual particles and thus making them immiscible through adhesion. This phenomenon contributes to the tension within the reservoir caused by the separation and immiscibility of the fluids and because the surface of the fluid matrix is held together by both cohesion and tension, to occupy the smallest possible surface area (Al-Yaseri et al., 2016). The fluid matrix thus in most cases acts a membrane undergoing surface tension. Wettability refers to the affinity of any fluid phase in the fluid matrix of natural gas and oil as well water, to wet a solid surface compared to the rest of the fluids in the immiscible fluid matrix phase. When looking into wettability, oil and gas are treated as one component of the fluid matrix, since both of them bare the capability of wetting the solid surface identically, in a manner that differs from the water component type of wettability (Adamson & Gast, 2007). For
5instance within a reservoir, wettability describes the state of the rock and fluid matrix of that rock of the reservoir, with regard to whether the rock is wetted by the water component or the oilcomponent of the fluid matrix. Wettability in a reservoir can occur in three different states whichrepresent the categories of wettability. Fig 1: The different possibility of occurrence for wettabilityThe arrows in the above figure represent the bearing of the tangent to the contact angle (θ) that isformed between the surface of the rock and the water particle, given that the particle is also surrounded by an oil phase as is the case in the reservoir. In the water wet scenario, water is the fluid that wets the solid surface of the rock preferentially, because the contact angle between this rock and the water is an acute angle. Neutral wettability occurs when the contact angle between droplet of water and the surface of the rock in the reservoir is a right angle while the wettability situation is considered oil wet if the contact angle is an obtuse angle (Arif et al., 2016). Wettability also plays a big role in the multiphase flow within the porous rocks of the earth’s surface as well as interactions between fluids and rocks, as this is what characterizes the reservoirs where the fluid matrix of oil and gas is found. In addition, the storage of carbon as well as its capture is yet another play and contributor to the natural process of reducing carbon emissions in the environment, an approach that has been recently embraced in the reduction of
6these emissions for a cleaner environment (Amott, 2009). Since the capture of carbon and its storage is a physical process requiring the injection of CO2, wettability plays a great role in distributing the fluid phases and thus the final destinations of the CO2 that is injected into the ground through this process. This in turn affects the permeability and the effective pressure within the voids and the capillary in the site, which in turn significantly affect the CO2 modeling of the reservoir for storing the gas. The storage of these gases thus mainly depends on wettability, and thus the thermodynamic variables affecting how the rock and the fluid matrix behave in conditions of pressure and temperature should be assessed and evaluated. Since these thermodynamic variables especially within the earth’s surface vary greatly, an analysis of the thermodynamic variables affecting the fluids and the solid surface of the rocks can be investigated by following the behavior of the contact angle of brine or even CO2. This is becausethe impact of CO2 has been greatly investigated as interest on CO2 storage in this earth’s surfacecontinues to be investigated in the academic world through research, as this avenue provides a feasible solution in the reduction of carbon from the atmosphere through its injection in the earth’s surface (Anderson, 2006). In addition, the densities of gas can also be used in the exploration of the factors of wettability, allowing for reliable conclusions regarding the concept of wettability. This clearly also sheds light on the impact of the variability of these thermodynamic variables on the solid surfaces of the rocks of the reservoirs. Justification and ObjectivesThe analysis extends the works of other researchers like Arif and Al-Yasseri, who investigate the thermodynamic properties of different materials with regard to wettability of solidand fluid surfaces in a medium. The main aim of the study is to identify and analyze the changes in wettability of both solid and fluid phases of materials during the extraction of petroleum from
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