Homelessness and Rough Sleeping: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

The provided assignment delves into the complex topic of homelessness and rough sleeping in England. It includes various references and sources, such as academic papers, news articles, and government reports, which are utilized to discuss the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this pressing social issue. The assignment also highlights the need for collaboration and conflict resolution regarding the presence of homeless individuals in public spaces. Furthermore, it touches upon the risk of offending by people with intellectual disabilities and approaches to evaluating homelessness interventions. Additionally, the document provides information on the record high number of rough sleepers in London, the transformation of double-decker buses into homeless shelters, and the social conditions that lead to becoming homeless. The assignment concludes with a focus on the inequalities of homelessness and the importance of stopping homeless people from dying young.

What are the causes and
impacts of homelessness in
London

ABSTRACT
Background to Project
The given report is based on the topic homelessness that can be described as a condition
of people having no home and they feel helpless for taking rough sleep in streets. It includes
several factors which create homeless situation that are required to be focussed by government
and put efforts to solve them in proper manner.
Aim of Project
The aim of this study is “To explore Impact as well as causes of homelessness on health
and well being of people in London”.
Objectives
 To explore the range of homelessness in London.
 To analyse the causes associated with homelessness.
 To reconnoitre the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in London.
 To examine government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness.
Methods used in Project
The methods used to conduct in this research consist the utilisation of secondary sources
of data for collection desired information related to the topic. It consist sources like books,
journals, articles, websites etc. which were used to collect data for conducting entire study to
gain findings properly. However, the google search engine was used including data base of
Theguardian, tandfonline, evolve housing, dezeen etc.
Main Findings
The present investigation has main finding about specific factors that are responsible for
homeless condition in London. It consist number of elements such as structural factors, poverty,
housing, system failures, personal circumstances and domestic violence that should be focussed
to solve problem of homelessness. Moreover, it has been find out that government has some
policies for homeless currently which are required to be improved for removing threat of
homelessness from country for reducing death rates and improving economy.
Main Conclusion
Considering above findings, it has been concluded that effective practices should be
applied by government to reduce homeless condition for people in London. It is necessary to

establish desired laws for maintaining favourable atmosphere in society to improve condition of
homeless people.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................2
Background to Project............................................................................................................2
Aim of Project........................................................................................................................2
Methods used in Project.........................................................................................................2
Main Findings.........................................................................................................................2
Main Conclusion....................................................................................................................3
TITLE: “What are the causes and impacts of homelessness in London.”.......................................3
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3
Project Background................................................................................................................3
Project Rationale....................................................................................................................4
Research Aim.........................................................................................................................5
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................5
Research questions.................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................5
Introduction............................................................................................................................5
Study design...........................................................................................................................6
Literature search strategy.......................................................................................................6
Search engines used................................................................................................................6
Databases searched.................................................................................................................7
Key words...............................................................................................................................7
Inclusion & exclusion criterion..............................................................................................7
Papers retrieved......................................................................................................................7
Ethical considerations.............................................................................................................8
Summary.................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3 – LITERATURE REVIEW, FINDINGS & DISCUSSION...........................................8
Introduction............................................................................................................................8
Exploring the range of homelessness in London....................................................................9
The analysis of causes associated with homelessness..........................................................11
Reconnoitring the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in London 13
1

Examine the government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness.......................15
Findings................................................................................................................................17
Summary...............................................................................................................................26
Chapter 4 – CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................26
Introduction..........................................................................................................................26
A brief summary...................................................................................................................26
Conclusion............................................................................................................................27
Recommendations................................................................................................................27
Reflective statement.............................................................................................................28
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................29
2

TITLE: “What are the causes and impacts of homelessness in London.”
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION
Project Background
Homelessness refers to the situation of an individual who are living on streets or staying
in hostels. It includes number of conditions like people are living on streets are not able to afford
a house whereas individuals in hostel have a need to stay there for completing their studied or
doing jobs. However, the condition of homelessness results into improper eating habits and other
regular practices which impacts negatively on health if such people. In addition to this, it is
necessary for government authorities to focus on this aspects in order to maintain appropriate
health status of people in the country. Meanwhile, some of individuals prefer to stay at their
friends or relatives more which is not comfortable for them but still they are living which is not
favourable for their health condition (Farrugia and Gerrard, 2016). Moreover, it also involves
several circumstances when people are living in over crowded area, poor situations and living in
house is not suitable because a person is sick or disabled.
The problem of homelessness can be considered as a major issue which is responsible for
creating number of difficulties for people related to health and other aspects. Initially, it is most
terrible for women as the access to menstruation products are often limited which can develop
relevant health problems for them. However, it consist another issue of facing difficulty to gain
access to maternal health care that is not favourable for life of people. Meanwhile, the situation
of homelessness only exacerbates the burden of childcare on women. Basically, it has been
analysed that 1 in 4 women consider domestic violence to be the main factor in their current
homelessness (Andreu, 2018). In addition to this, it is observed that being homeless often means
reduced personal safety for women and homeless individuals are living with mental illness at
much higher rates than the general population. Moreover, the gender inequalities in jobs makes
escaping homelessness even more difficult for people. Furthermore, it is essential for
government authorities to put efforts for reducing problem of homelessness in order to improve
economy of country.
The present report is based on the concept of homelessness faced by citizens of London
that impacts negatively on their health. It consist description of exploring impacts and causes of
homelessness on health & well being of people in London. Initially, this investigation will focus
3

on exploring the range of homelessness in London in order to determine about actual condition
of citizens there. It will provide support to have an idea about facts related to individuals facing
problem of homelessness for developing effective practices for their welfare. Secondly, this
research will includes discussion about factors that are responsible for causing situation of
homelessness for people (Batterham, 2019). Thirdly, it will also consist investigation on impacts
of homelessness on health status of citizens living in a country. Moreover, the interventions and
policies established by government to reduce situation of homelessness is given below.
Project Rationale
The investigation about causes and impact of homelessnesses is helpful to determine
effective ways to reduce this problem in order to improve health status of overall people living in
the nation. It includes the evaluation of ranges of homelessness in London which helps to
understand the level of practices to be implemented for removing this threat from society.
Meanwhile, it is significant to identify potential causes of such condition so that these elements
can be removed by taking more effective as well as efficient ways. Basically, this study is helpful
to understand the causes of developing situation of homelessness for people which impacts
negatively on their health and entire life. However, it will provide support to put efforts towards
these reason in terms of reducing the threat of homelessness from the nation which facilitate to
establish strong economy respectively. In addition to this, this research is important to determine
actual range of people facing problem of homelessness in respect of making effective programs
at national level to reduce the same from the society (Watson, 2017). It is necessary to establish
public shelters for proper sleeping and living to such individuals for spending their lives
comfortably. It has been analysed that people get suffered from different types of infectious
disease which may create complexities if not treated earlier. Moreover, it is essential for
charitable organisations to provide regular check ups for free of cost along with medicines and
vaccinations which helps to make sure about appropriate health status of those citizens who are
facing problem of homelessness.
It has been analysed that the present study will provide help to evaluate importance of
support of society and government to these people for sometime which make them capable to
have their own house and healthy life. It can be considered as suitable aspect for maintain strong
economy of country and maintaining proper appropriate health condition of entire population
respectively. The give investigation is helpful to to understand about impact of homelessness on
4

health condition of people in the difficult condition of homelessness. However, it is important to
analyse the major effects according to which appropriate strategies and programs can be
organised by government for welfare of citizens in London. Moreover, it has been analysed that
appropriate health conditions and economic situation of individuals plays an important role to
ensure entire economy of the nation.
Research Aim
The aim of this study is “To explore Impact as well as causes of homelessness on health
and well being of people in London”.
Research Objectives
 To explore the range of homelessness in London.
 To analyse the causes associated with homelessness.
 To reconnoitre the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in London.
 To examine government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness.
Research questions
 How to explore the range of homelessness in London?
 What are the ways to analyse the causes associated with homelessness?
 How to reconnoitre the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in
London?
 What are the government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness?
Chapter 2 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology can be described as set of methods and technique which are used
to conduct the entire investigation in order to gain accurate results. It can be utilised for
collecting, analysing, processing and determining information regarding specific topic to gain
better findings (Paudyal and Saunders, 2018). However, it involves effective methods to data
collection and process the same by using appropriate research approach to gain appropriate
outcomes. In addition to this, research methodology is helpful gather accurate data relevant to the
topic and study about desired aspect for attaining better outputs respectively. Moreover, it will
consist the type of sources used for collection in order to gather appropriate information to get
accurate findings. Meanwhile, it will consist description about literature search strategy and
5

search engines that are utilised to conduct effective study on impact as well as causes of
homelessness on health and well being of people in London.
Study design
Primary research refers to investigation carrying out by utilising primary sources of
data collection for particular topic. It this type of study, the first hand data or raw information is
used which as never used previously by any other investigator. However, the researchers
themselves select participants by following inclusion & exclusion criterion to gather information
related to specific research problem. However, it consist use several methods to collect data
such as interviews, surveys, questionnaires, focus groups and visits to competitor's locations
(Broll and Huey, 2017). At the other hand, Secondary research can be explained as to use that
information which has been already utilised by other investigators previously. It consist the
utilisation of secondary sources of data collection like books, journals, articles, websites and
many more, however, it is required for researcher to gather related articles and then conduct
screening of the same because availability of accurate information on single article or journals is
not possible. It can be considered as second hand data and a cheap method to collect desired
information for conduct study properly.
Literature search strategy
The term literature search strategy refers to an effective plan of action that provide
support for searching relevant data to utilise the same for carrying out an investigation about
specific topic. It is essential to create an appropriate strategy in terms of collect required data
related to particular field of study (DiPaolo, 2015). However, it is helpful to conduct accurate
investigation to achieve desired findings. Moreover, the present investigation will focus on
secondary sources of data collection in respect of gathering required information to study impact
as well as causes of homelessness on health and well being of people in London to attain better
result.
Search engines used
In context of this investigation, the google search engine will prefer to be utilised in order
to collect required data regarding given topic for carrying out entire research to attain accurate
results. It consist the aspect of utilising desired sources of information in a manner to save time
that be used for another related tasks of study for boosting up appropriateness of investigation. In
6

addition to this, it includes the criterion of identifying main ideas, gather resources, review &
define results and search sources for collecting accurate information for carrying out research
properly. Moreover, it will facilitate to increase accuracy of investigation and achieve
appropriate findings.
Databases searched
The information related to impact as well as causes of homelessness on health and well
being of people in London is collected by using online secondary sources. It consist the criterion
of conducting entire investigation by using suitable online books, articles, journals that related to
selected topic for analysing appropriate findings (Farrugia and Gerrard, 2016). Meanwhile, the
data base searched for given research involves Theguardian, tandfonline, evolve housing, dezeen
and evening standard to collect accurate information for conducting investigation in selected
topic to attain better findings.
Key words
The key words used in the present investigation are given below –
Homelessness – The state of having no home.
Double Decker Bus – Shelter for people facing homelessness
Inclusion & exclusion criterion
The articles for collecting relevant data has been used of latest publications in order to
gather more appropriate information about selected topic to gain better outcomes. It is necessary
to gain information related to the topic i.e., impact as well as causes of homelessness on health
and well being of people in London for attaining accurate findings. Meanwhile, it is necessary to
make an appropriate inclusion criterion to conduct the study properly (Jackson, 2015). At the
other hand, exclusion criterion refers to avoid those online sites which are not authenticated at
the time of collecting information for carrying out entire study in appropriate way. It involves to
avoid websites published previously and older more than 6 years to gather more accurate data for
conducting research appropriately.
Papers retrieved
In context of this investigation, 12 papers are retrieved due to collecting desired data that
are relevant to set objectives in respect of attaining appropriate findings. It involves relevant
7

information to the selected topic i.e. impact as well as causes of homelessness on health and well
being of people in London to attain accurate findings.
Ethical considerations
Ethical considerations can be described as set of relevant norms or principles which
should be followed by an investigator in order to conduct study properly. It is necessary to obey
desired ethics in research because it is helpful to make correct decision making to collect more
appropriate information which facilitate to gain effective findings. However, it involves number
of ethical factors such as honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, respect for
intellectual property, confidentiality, responsible publication, responsible mentoring, respect for
colleagues, social responsibilities, non- discrimination, competence, legality and human subject
protection (Snodgrass, 2014). Moreover, it is essential to remain honest while collecting data and
conduct study which is favourable to achieve accurate outcomes. Meanwhile, it is mandatory to
take permission of an individual or organisation for using their personal data along with
maintaining confidentiality of information.
Summary
The above chapter can be summarised as the utilisation of appropriate methods or
techniques in order to conduct investigation properly. It consist the use of secondary sources of
data collection with the help of following specific inclusion and exclusion criterion of the study.
Moreover, it includes to follow ethical norms such as honesty, confidentiality, legality, social
responsibilities etc. to improve effective of investigation and related outcomes.
Chapter 3 – LITERATURE REVIEW, FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
Introduction
The literature review refers to a narrative review which can be known as a kind of article
review. It can be considered as a mode of discussing published information in context of selected
topic to conduct study in particular duration of time (Mayock, Bretherton and Baptista, 2016).
However, the literature review is responsible for discussing about published data hat is related to
specific area of study in order to find out appropriate results. Meanwhile, it can be considered as
just a summary of information gathered with the help of different sources of information relevant
to particular field of investigation. It is now as an organisational pattern that has a role to make a
combination of both aspects including summary and synthesis of data. Moreover, it is a method
8

through which a new interpretation of old information can be provided and it might trace the
intellectual progression of specific field.
Exploring the range of homelessness in London
The problem of homelessness can be observed in society which impacts negatively on
health status of people. It includes the fact that citizens in higher number are enforced to send
their nights in streets due to their problem of homelessness (Mayock, Bretherton and Baptista,
2016). However, it is necessary for government authorities to establish effective policies and
procedures in terms of improving lives of to such individuals for improving their health
condition. It has been analysed that effective programs should be provided to them in respect of
maintaining their lives stable. Moreover, it is observed that most of people facing homelessness
face critical condition of health and then it may leads to death.
According to views given by Patrick Butler (2019), it has been analysed that rough
sleeping figures are observed to hit high records in London i.e. around 8855 people recorded as
bedding down on streets. However, it is observed that the latest figures were two and half times
the equivalent number recorded in the year around 2009-10 when approximately 3673
individuals were determined as rough sleeping. It is necessary for government to focus on these
citizens in terms of maintain better health of them through providing effective facilities for
maintain appropriate economy of the nation. Meanwhile, it is essential to make an efficient
program to make shelters for reducing rough sleeping which is supportive to maintain healthy
condition of people who were facing homelessness. Moreover, it is evaluated that around 5529
new rough sleepers get spotted on the streets of the capital last year which can be considered as
equal ratio of 15 individuals a day finding themselves sleeping rough for first time.
At the other hand, it is necessary for government to focus on a major problem of
homelessness in London and provide desired facilities to people. It is essential for related
authorities to put efforts to sort out issue of homelessness in order to boost up standards of living
of people. However, government should provide public shelter for such people so that they will
remain safe from harmful weather and other relevant problems (Erickson and Wilhelm, 2017). It
has been analysed that the problem of rough sleeping get increased across London which can be
considered as a national disgrace and the rough sleeping budget is doubled at the City Hall.
Meanwhile, the size of outreach team is also improved that are helping record numbers of rough
sleepers. Moreover, homelessness is responsible for increasing death rate in London because
9

people gain severe infections & other complex health problems which did not get treated on time
and may leads to death of citizens. In addition to this, it is observed that people who were facing
problem of homelessness do not have resources to eat and sleep due to which their body become
weak which is responsible for reducing their health status (Erickson and Wilhelm, 2017).
Furthermore, the problem of homelessness cannot be ignored any more as it is necessary that
government should immediately take effective actions in order to sort out long standing
immigration issues. Finally, they must render access to accommodation as well as employment if
they want to ever end this type of crisis in London.
Considered study on the topic of homelessness, it has been analysed that UK nationals
were accounted for around 49 percent of rough sleepers in the capital and rough sleepers from
central European countries including Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania responsible for
approximately 31 percent in total. As per opinion given by Thomson Reuters (2019), it has been
analysed that the largest concentrations of rough sleepers are examined as around 2512 in
Westminster, 815 in Camden, 612 in Newham, 435 in Southwark and 441 in the city of London.
On the other hand, it is observed that the homeless services provide support to approximately
2379 rough sleepers into accommodation or to return to their home area or country over the year.
It is essential for government to focus on range and size of population suffering from
homelessness and provide facilities at that level for improving their lives which facilitate to
increase economic growth of London. Basically, the team members working for such people are
required to become more aware and active to grab all the citizens while providing desired
services to them.
The problem of homelessness can be looked at in context of conflict theory which has
been introduced by Karl Marx which states that society exists in a state of ongoing conflict due
to the competition for scarce resources. This theory is responsible for suggesting that social order
is kept by power and domination besides of conformity and consensus. However, there is
competition among people for grabbing required sources in order to gain own home to spend
their lives properly. Moreover, this will create conflicts which is responsible for creating
problem of homelessness for number of individuals in London.
However, it is also mandatory provide health care service and medicines for free of cost
along with accommodation facilities which is very important to make sure their appropriate
health status (Zufferey, 2014). Meanwhile, it is important for charitable trusts and government
10

volunteers to put efforts for covering more geographical areas in order to give facilities to
homeless people. Moreover, the double decker bus is provided to people for solving their
problem of homelessness which is helpful to render facility of shelter to around 40 individuals.
The analysis of causes associated with homelessness
There are many people who has been faced by problem of homelessness which impacts
negatively on their lives. It is essential to organise effective programs for providing services to
people for improving their standard of living. However, it is observed that people being housed
or unhoused are not distinct & separate but the line between them is quite fluid. It is important to
understand the potential factors that are responsible for causing the problem of homelessness
among individuals. As mentioned by Mzwandile A. Mabhala, Asmait Yohannes & Mariska
Griffith (2017), it is necessary to make evaluate such elements in order to establish more
effective as well as efficient practices to reduce them. It will provide support to sort out threat of
homelessness in society which impacts negatively on economic growth of London. It is essential
to determine actual causes that are connected with problem of homelessness in which some of
them are explained further.
Structural factors – This can be described as problem on society and economic issue
which are responsible for affecting overall opportunities as well as social atmosphere for
citizens. It is essential to establish favourable societal environment for such people who are
facing homelessness and help them to improve their condition which reduce death rate in
London. However, it consist number of key factors such as lack of an adequate income, access to
affordable housing & health supports and an experience of discrimination (Barker, 2016). In
addition to this, it is observed that the shifts in economy at local as well as national level that is
able to develop several challenges for citizens in terms of earning an adequate income, pay for
food and housing accordingly.
Poverty – The factor of poverty is known for reducing the economic growth of a city or a
country which is required to be reduced by putting effective efforts in correct direction. Jerzy
Romaszko (2017), It consist the fact that poverty is inextricable observed to be connected with
the problem of homelessness face by people in London. Basically, it is analysed that individuals
who are impoverished are frequently unable for essential of life including food, housing,
educations, child care and health care. Meanwhile, the condition of poverty can be explained as
11

situation of an individual of having one illness, accident or a pay cheque away from living on the
streets.
Housing – The problem of housing can be considered as critical shortage of shelter that
is affordable, secure and stable directly contributing to homelessness. It is observed that many
individuals are in such a condition in which they are not able to afford the housing due to that
they get enforced to sleep in streets. Meanwhile, it has been analysed that lack of affordable
housing is responsible for potentially affecting factor nationwide. In addition to this, it is
observed that discrimination is responsible for preventing or delaying access to employment,
housing, justice and helpful facilities. Moreover, it is evaluated that racial and sexual minorities
System failures – Another reason of homelessness that came in front of increasing
within London, was the system failure. Basically many systems that has been developed by
government of London, United Kingdom that were being developed for both supporting the
vulnerable people. But, this raised homelessness due to many reasons like miss management of
mainstream and more (Rae and Rees, 2015). This could be understood with a range of good
examples where, transitions were being made within the child welfare, inadequate or late
discharge planning system of hospitals, lack of support given to immigrants and refugees. These
were some of the issues, which led homelessness within London got increased.
Personal circumstances – There are many reasons that can be found, as circumstances
for an individual who is homeless can include like traumatic events (job loss, house fire and
more), personal crisis like family break-up along with in house violence and more are said to be
cause of homelessness. It is being analysed that, relational problems majorly stays enclosed with
family violence or abuse and these might lead an individual to leave the house and get into the
vulnerable community (Chamberlain, Johnson and Robinson, 2014).
Domestic Violence – It is being analysed that, both domestic violence along with the
homelessness are basically connected to each other. If it is talked about London, around 237
individuals becomes victim in every 100,000 individuals, where people has left their houses due
to family issues like father beating his son or daughter and so on. Here, it can be said that major
numbers within the 237 victims were of both youngsters and women (Renedo, 2014). In present
context, where homelessness is increasing within London, this could be considered as one of the
reason behind it. It is found that, mainly young individuals who has gone through various range
12

of abuse like sexual, physical or psychological. This made them to leave their houses and reach
into the vulnerable community.
If it is critically evaluated, these issues majorly carrying two different aspects like one
where individual got went through a problem (actual case) and the another one is where person
lied in order to take legal advantages (personal benefits). Here, it is required for government of
London, United Kingdom to analyse every single case and then try their level best to offer them
with the best policies and other services. With the help of this, reduction among number of
vulnerable can be done that are dealing with the homelessness.
Reconnoitring the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in London
According to Islam and et al., (2019), health of individuals is getting worse due to
experiencing different range of factors like homelessness, broken family relationships, debt and
adverse experiences faced by youngsters. Homelessness majorly impacts upon health conditions
along with the well being of people in all over England. Considering the research, which was
done by NHS where approximately 41 per cent of individuals (vulnerable) reported a long term
physical health problem. Along side this, approximately 45 percent people were going through
mental health related issues. This all happened due to a particular reason i.e. homelessness.
Considering the conservation of estimation that NHS has spent in order to treat homeless people
so that their issues could easily be reduced to minimal in specified time frame. This has been a
crucial responsibility of government of United Kingdom so that their living standards could
effectively be raised. Every year, this percentage of ill people that are homeless was taking rise
and this happened due to rise in different range of needs and so on. Along with this, it is being
analysed that homelessness basically impacted heavily upon various health related strategies and
the policies as well, which were built for well being of citizens of London, United Kingdom.
On the other hand, it is being found that homelessness basically enhanced various risk
factors which, could develop health related issues for an individual. Some of diseases that are
being analyse, which can happen are ; skin disorders, and extremities, mental health and so on.
This would impact negatively upon mental conditions as well like trauma. Based on a case,
where a vulnerable raped a woman due to the issues, which were being faced by him while living
his life with no aim and the conditions has started going worst for him. Just after when he was
found guilty, his diagnosis report has showed that he was mentally ill. This raised many
questions where vulnerability started impacting upon health conditions of an individual. On the
13

other hand, there was another case that came in front and became famous where Doris Foy
varicose veins which impacted negatively upon on her ankles, which majorly became swollen.
When, she was homeless at the time of sleeping upright, her legs got swell and this happened due
to the broken tissues which results into lacerations. At this time, she used to cover her legs with
clothes so that drainage can be stopped. But, this impacted on her skin as well due to the smell
and brown stains. Just when she was found fainted, outrageously she was taken to a clinic by an
outreach worker. She was going through different range of issues and there were many problems
that came in front like parasitic infestations, dental and periodontal disease, degenerative joint
diseases, venereal diseases, hepatic cirrhosis secondary to alcoholism, and infectious hepatitis
related to intravenous (IV) drug abuse.
(Source: The inequalities of homelessness – how can we stop homeless people dying young,
2018)
14
Illustration 1: The inequalities of homelessness – how can we stop homeless people dying
young?

Considering the above mentioned table, it can easily be said that adults with the growing
age who were homeless has faced a range of issues and has been diagnosed more then once.
Along with this, it is being analysed that rates of occurrence (within a percent), which was linked
with both infectious and communicable disorders, by age has carrying high numbers, it it is
compared with the other one. Therefore, it can easily be said that it is much required for
government to keep their focus upon vulnerable that are homeless and going through a range of
issues. This can effectively be reduced to minimal considering different range of strategies, like
increasing housing supplies, commitments to reduce homelessness, insecure private rented sector
tenancies and Welfare reform, funding to tackle homelessness, developing the value for money
and so on. It is being analysed that, homelessness basically carries a range of public health
implications. According to Down, Smyth and Robinson (2017), homeless people are the most
potential reservoir for the infectious diseases like tuberculosis and HIV and other associated
health effects like depression, skin diseases, unintentional injury, and malnutrition. Population
living in the compromised physical environment like cold, damp and overcrowded places have
greater health risks, poor nutrition, lack of facilities to maintain to personal hygiene and more
potent chances of infectious disease through crowding, negligence towards disease and enforced
lifestyle. The lifespan of the homeless people has found lower than the general population
because of respiratory tract disease, sexually transmitted and chronic diseases.
It can be said that, chronic diseases basically went unrecognised and this has happened
due to no treatment was given to individuals who were homeless, even when government knew
about all the conditions, it was pretty much required to improve the overall performance level.
Along with this, in order to improve lack of compliance along with the consistency, it has
become vital to reduce the disease progression, morbidity, disability and early death as well
(Hing and et. al., 2014). Away with this, homelessness basically made all the inadequate
earnings to be supported, lack of affordable housings and more could lead to raise
unemployment, de-institutionalization of patients with mental health problems, negligence and
so on.
Examine the government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness
Homeless policy are those policies which are launched by the government for the
homeless or poor people to support them. By providing them job according to there skills.
15

London's government are focusing on these kind of strategies. Through these strategies they can
develop the growth of their nation. It is also can do by the local authority of London. Provide
money for homeless people (Löfstrand and Quilgars, 2016). Main reason of this strategy is
reduce the homelessness and full-fill the need of those peoples. This is a very important project.
Cause of homelessness
According to the research done by Balchin and Rhoden (2019), it was found that there are
some reasons of homelessness and there are some factors which is related to individual, family.
Some factors are also related to economy and market. causes of the homelessness are as. Lack of
hounding supply in London is done in more are than other country. It is a long term services
which is provided by the government. Many houser build by government for a basic need. These
process go through sectary of state for community and local government London. On other hand,
this project get impact on home ownership affordability. According to the low some rules and
regulations are disposed for first time buyer of house.
Government policies:
There are some polices which are launched by the government of London for the help of
homeless people. through these policies they provided them jobs according to there skills. It is
part of nation development. There are some policies which are as following.
Increasing housing supply
In this policy government of London provided home to there people with the help of
affordable housing programme. Government of London reactivate the old houses for the supply
of houses (Amoako and Inkoom, 2018). They also made some project which was working with
house consultation. Through all these strategies gober4nmet of London provided house to there
people. This is an important policy. This project was increased to 9 billion. It has been increase
the focus on supply of housing at social rent. This is followed by the prime minister of London.
Local authority come to buy and sale the houses.
A commitment of reduce homelessness
In this policy they focus on the homelessness reduction. government of the London
provided them temporary accommodation for some time according homelessness reduction act
which is made in April 2018. this is only a explore way to reduce this homelessness problem.
After all this prostheses government of London develop a strategy to finish rough sleeping by
2022 to 2027. This strategy is to much time consuming. It also a cost effective process for
16

government. This is an important policy which is designed for the welfare of country.
Implementation on this project is necessary (Swithinbank, 2014). It is the only way to reduce the
homelessness. Insecure private rented sector tenancies
Government intervention on rented sectors was necessary in London. There was many
cases comes related to the problem of crime. People of London give there house on rent to
another one without any agreement and those people killed them. It was the main issue of that
time. Than the government of London launched an inquiry of this case. They found the reason
behind it. Financial condition of people is the behind reason behind it. Many financial barrios
comes in-front those people (Petersen and Parsell, 2015). As a solution of this problem
government of London provided them local houses allowances. Through this they reduce this
problem. It was the only solution of that problem. Those people was living in those houses
without pay any penalty.
Welfare reform
Welfare reform was a report which is filled by the people. As mentioned by Szeintuch
(2017), this is filled by them to changes the housing allowances and local benefits. In this
programme they also take help of CLG committees. Through these process they want to insured
the pressure on this level. They done many efforts related to this policy. It was helpful plan for
the local person of London. But in the end this policy was rejected. It was a long term plan for
the homelessness reduction and changes the allowances related to homelessness.
Funding to tackle homelessness
This policy was launched for the help of hopelessness. Department for work& pensions
was develop that strategy for reducing this problem. They invest 50 million euros for the
homelessness presenting programme. This programme was authorised between 2017 to 2020 and
2019 to 2020 in respect to introduction of homelessness reduction duties. It was an important
policy which was necessary for homelessness project.
Findings
With the help of above mentioned information and considering different range of articles,
books and more, it can easily be said that all the issues linked with homelessness can be reduced
to minimal. Here, it can be said that England has developed a range of policies, which has helped
in enhancing the conditions of both vulnerable and homeless people. The basic reason behind
performing these policies was to improve the decreasing living standards of homeless people.
17

According to UK’s independent fact checking charity, it was found that it is the responsibility or
legal duty of government of United Kingdom to aid all the independent people who were dealing
with homelessness (May and Cloke, 2014). In present context, there are a range of councils like
England, Scotland and Wales who would require to focus on these issues and develop or
consider different range of interventions to enhance the overall performance level in specified
time frame.
According to Johnstone, Lee and Connelly (2017), within England approximately 64% of
households has directly accepted a range of offerings on housing, which was done by
government within the last three months of 2017. Along with this, it was analysed that 86% of
households within London had accommodation in the name of temporary forms. With the help of
this, on the date of December 31st all the interventions which were developed in regards to “self-
contained accommodation like council or private rentals has helped in improving the overall
living standards of citizens of United Kingdom. With the help of this, it can be said that 69% of
English households in temporary accommodation were in London. At the end of 2017, 79,000
households were in temporary accommodation (Lowe, 2016). This is 4% higher than the same
time in 2016. The number has been increasing steadily since 2011, but is still well under the peak
of 101,000 in 2004.
18

(Source: Homelessness in England, 2018)
From the above graph, it is concluded that there are around 20,000 cases where people
are found homeless. It can be said that approximately in 9% of cases or 10,000 households are
homeless every year. When council decide something is not priority then they are given advices.
They are also given help in finding a place to live in (Andersson and Valentine, 2015). There are
some people who become homeless intentionally so these people are given short term
accommodation. In the year 2017, a new law is developed for managing duties of local
authorities in England. This prevents and relieve homelessness for various people and this
involves those people too who are not in the category of “priority need”. People are provided
temporary accommodation at the time when temporary accommodation is investigated
(Hodgetts, Stolte and Groot, 2014). From this graph it is concluded that from 1998 to 2003 there
is increase in cases of homelessness. But the time period between 2003 to 2009 was good time as
the rate of homelessness declined at this level. The rate of homelessness is increasing again since
2010. This is a great issue that has to be considered.
19
Illustration 2: Homelessness in England

(Source: Rough sleeping, 2018)
Considering the above mentioned graph, it can easily be said that homelessness, all the
three lines belongs to children, teenagers and total households got declined from the year of 2002
to 2004. This was done considering a range of policies that could effectively raise a range of
benefits for those individuals who are facing problem of homelessness in London (Albanese,
Hurcombe and Mathie, 2016). However, it is essential for government authorities for providing
appropriate facilities for people suffering from this issue in terms of facilitating comfortable lives
of them.
Theme 1 : The range of homelessness in London
Considering above discussion, it has been analysed that homelessness is a major problem
for number if individuals as it impact negatively on their health. It consist the problem facing
people as they get enforced to sleep in streets due to not having their own home due to which
they may gather serious infections in their body and other severe health problems which are
responsible for increasing rate of morbidity in country. However, it is observed that people
suffering from the problem of homelessness are required to be observed by government and
provide them support to make their lives stable which facilitate to reduce chance of occurring
20
Illustration 3: Rough sleeping

health problems (Preuss, 2014). In addition to this, it is favourable for maintain string economic
condition of London which is helpful to facilitate development in the nation. Meanwhile, it has
been evaluated that range of deaths get increased in London due to problem of homelessness in
city which results into reduced economy. Moreover, it is essential for government authorities to
focus on death rates in previous years due to the issue of homelessness and put efforts to provide
facilities to them for improving their living of standards. Furthermore, it is determined that
proper job opportunities should be increased to reduce the problem of homelessness which helps
to decrease chance of occurring severe health problems in London.
At the other hand, it has been analysed that Double decker bus was introduced which
provides shelter to number of people for supporting them. It is helpful for these individuals to
avoid sleeping in streets which is dangerous for them and take rest in these buses to remain
healthy. However, it is favourable to maintain appropriate health of people through which they
can make their livers stable by attaining their own housing after sometime. Meanwhile, it is
observed that society can also create suitable atmosphere for such people who are facing
homelessness through providing services (Fairchild, McFerran and Thompson, 2017). Moreover,
it is essential for government authorities to established programs to give desired facilities to them
which is helpful to reduce death rates in London for improving economic condition. In addition
to this, it has been analysed that homelessness become a major problem in country because it is
responsible for increasing death rates in country which impacts negatively on economy of the
same. Basically, it is necessary to make an effective as well as efficient accommodation service
that should be provide to a citizen for limited period of time on behalf of government to so that
they can gather own housing in that duration via taking appropriate job.
The problem of homelessness become major factor which is responsible for boosting p
death rates in London which is not favourable to proceed towards developmental projects in
country. It is essential for government to determine those factors which can be considered a
threat in country that impacts negatively on development procedures. However, it is well known
that if new developmental aspects are implemented but old threats are not removed then there is
no meaning of implementing fresh innovative ideas. It consist the criterion of analysing problem
of the city and then put efforts to reduce them which facilitate to achieve development
respectively. Moreover, it has been analysed that death rates of London due to problem of
homelessness get increased in previous year which is required to be reduced through taking
21

appropriate steps by government (Baillergeau, 2014). Basically, it is necessary to make more
effective as well as efficient strategies to reduce the problem of homelessness in London.
Meanwhile, it is essential for outreach team to focus on such people and grab more geographical
area to provide desired facilities to individuals for improving their living of standards and health
status. Additionally, it is beneficial to reduce the problem of homelessness and deliver required
services to proceed development in the nation.
Theme 2 : The analysis of causes associated with homelessness
Homelessness can be described as a condition of an individual having no home and use
streets to sleep at night. It includes number of factors which are responsible for causing the
problem of homelessness of people in London. However, it has been analysed that there are
various elements such as structural factors, poverty, housing, system failures, personal
circumstances and domestic violence that are linked with homelessness. Initially, the structural
factors consist the improvement on societal atmosphere for providing support to people facing
problem of homelessness in order to make their lives stable. Basically, it is observed that lack of
adequate job opportunities, income and support of society is responsible for making worst
condition of homeless individuals in London. It is essential to provide appropriate job
opportunities with sufficient amount of salary package which is supportive to them to gain their
own housing through solving the issue of homelessness (DeVerteuil and Manley, 2017).
Secondly, poverty is also responsible factor that cause condition of homelessness because people
are not capable to afford housing facility due to which they use streets to have rough sleep. It is
necessary to make an appropriate for government to analyse this element which is mostly
responsible for generating homeless situation for people and solve it properly.
On the other hand, the factor of housing & system failures consist the lack of sufficient
shelter facility and system established to make suitable condition for vulnerable individuals to
live comfortably. It has been analysed that due to lack of shelter and failure of supporting system
is responsible for causing problem of homelessness. Meanwhile, it is essential to for government
authorities to focus on this element and improve shelter facilities for people in respect of solving
problem of homelessness respectively. It is significant for government authorities to improve
effectiveness of system to remove failures and facilitate proper living of vulnerable people along
with avoiding condition of homelessness. In addition to this, personal circumstances consist the
relationship issue and other needs of people due to which they get helpless for sleeping in streets
22

that is favourable for their health. It is essential for people to gather opportunity for second
option while facing personal problem in order to avoid sleeping in streets for maintain their
appropriate health status (Wheeler, Clare and Holland, 2014). It will provide support to reduce
the death rates in London that facilitate to proceed development of entire nation. Moreover,
citizens are also required to make decisions to leave home very carefully by thinking number of
relevant aspects so that they will not face homelessness in future.
At last but not the least, the factor of domestic violence is also create problem of
homelessness mostly for women. It has been analysed that thousands of women are suffering
from domestic violence and get tortured by their husband and relatives. However, they force
helpless women to live outside of the house in street areas which is very harmful for them. It is
observed that domestic violence is a potential factor which is responsible for creating homeless
condition of an individual that impacts negatively on their health status. Moreover, it is necessary
to make an appropriate regulation for save people from domestic violence by implementing strict
laws in London which is helpful to reduce the problem of homelessness. In addition to this,
government authorities should send volunteers to observed such problem and provide desired
facilities for solving their problem. Meanwhile, it is necessary for London government to focus
on overall components are linked with causes of homelessness in order to make effective
strategies to solve them in appropriate manner. Furthermore, solving the homelessness problem
will facilitate to proceed development of the country properly.
Theme 3 : Reconnoitring the impact of homelessness on health and well being of people in
London
Homelessness relates with accumulation of events like debt, averse experiences,
relationship breakdown in childhood as well as ill health. They are intrinsically linked along with
this professionals in these sectors have crucial role to play for handling diverse issues altogether.
Along with this, local teams can reach out and join together for establishment of better health as
well as well-being for homeless persons in this specific communities. Health organisations must
work in collaboration with other services to ensure that people can recover as well as move on
from the situation they are going through i.e. homelessness. It has crucial role for prevention of
people from being at this place at initial step. Having secured home will lead to reduction within
risks associated with development of health conditions that have been established through people
who live on the streets. It has been analysed that problem of homelessness create chances of
23

occurring severe infections and other health problem which may become complicated. People
who does not have shelter facility then they are not able to have proper balanced diet due to
which several disease take place in their body and it will results into beginning of developing
weakness of immune system.
It has been analysed that the problem of homelessness has severe effects on people
which can be evaluated through investigation of NHS which states that around 41% of citizens
are facing physical health problem. It is observed that 45% of people are suffering from mental
health problem due to staying homeless and helpless for sleeping in streets. However, there are
various kinds of disease which can be acquired by individuals facing problem of homelessness
and these health issue may take severe condition of not treating on correct time. Moreover,
government authorities are required to focus on this aspect in order to solve it accordingly
(Pauly, Wallace and Perkin, 2014). In addition to this, it is studied that chances of infections and
health problems occurrence is increased in those people who are helpless to sleep in streets. It is
essential for charitable agencies to put efforts for delivering desired facilities to such individuals
in order to make sure their appropriate health status and help them to maintain stability in their
lives. Meanwhile, it has been founded that these people do not have sufficient funds to eat and
take required medication. It is essential for government to focus on actual needs of homeless
individuals and provide them relevant facilities to order to maintain their proper health.
In addition to this, it has been evaluated that adults with growing age are mostly facing
problem of homelessness and they have more risk of acquiring health issues. It is necessary for
government to organise effective programs for them to provide free diagnosing services in order
to determine health problems and treatment them accordingly. However, there are number of
disease which may take place such as parasitic infestations, dental & periodontal disease,
degenerative joint diseases, venereal diseases, hepatic cirrhosis secondary to alcoholism, and
infectious hepatitis related to intravenous (IV) drug abuse. However, these health problems
become severe if not treated on time which is responsible for creating complications for people.
It is essential to take proper medication or specific disease immediately in order to solve the
health problem. Moreover, these citizens requires basic needs of life which should be provide by
government for a particular period of time so that they will be gain appropriate job opportunities
for attaining their own houses. In addition to this, it is founded that delivery of effective services
24

to these people is very important in respect of reducing death rates in London. Furthermore, it is
significant that it will facilitate to boost up entire economy of the nation in appropriate way.
Theme 4 : The government intervention and policies to reduce homelessness
Government interventions and policies are essential to be established in terms of
delivering desired services to homeless people for making their lives comfortable without home.
It includes to organise more effective as well as efficient programs for homeless individuals to
render required facilities for certain period of time so that they will get jobs soon and get back to
their homes. It has been found that government should provide meal and sleeping facility but
also take care of health status of them which is significant reduce overall death rates of the
nation. However, it is necessary to provide health care services to these people for maintain their
appropriate health condition which make them capable to grab better opportunities for making
their lives stable. In addition to this, it is essential to make specific health care centre or camps
where homeless individuals can take free check up and treatment along with staying facility to
maintain their health condition properly. Meanwhile, better health condition is favourable for
them to put efforts for gaining their own housing service by acquiring effective jobs to make
their lives stable. Moreover, it is founded that effective programs can be organised with the help
of evaluating actual factors responsible homelessness for solving them to make lives
comfortable.
On the other hand, it has been analysed that actors that are responsible for development
problem of homelessness in people in London are required to be determined and sort them for
reducing the given issue. It is observed that there number of elements which cause problem of
people to become homelessness including structural factors, poverty, housing, system failures,
personal circumstances and domestic violence. However, it is essential to focus on these
components and implement specific laws for citizens which facilitate to reduce condition of
homelessness. Meanwhile, it will provide support to decrease the death of rates in London which
is suitable for improving entire economy of country. Moreover, it has been analysed that several
appropriate policies has been established by efforts of government London which are favourable
for homeless individuals. Additionally, it consist increasing housing supply, a commitment of
reduce homelessness, insecure private rented sector tenancies, welfare reform and funding to
tackle homelessness for making lives comfortable for people on London. Furthermore, these
practices are suitable for homeless individuals for remaining healthy and comfortable to focused
25

on their future lives. It will helpful to facilitate developmental programs in country for achieving
better outcomes respectively.
It has been founded that government authorities are much capable to focus on this broad
threat of country in order to maintain strong economy. It is necessary for them to support number
of charitable trust and agencies working in different local areas of London which facilitate to
deliver desired services to citizens or maintain appropriate circumstances for them to remain
comfortable. Apart from providing facilities, it is necessary for government to development
effective employment opportunities in various local geographical areas so that people can gather
sufficient funds to spend their lives easily and never face condition of homelessness. It is
favourable for citizens as they can gain desired job opportunities and they will arrange required
services by their own which is suitable to reduce homeless individuals in London. However, it
will provide support to reduce problem of homelessness which is helpful to decrease death rate
in London. Meanwhile, it is necessary for citizens to make decision by carefully thinking about
future and remain prepared to deal with such problems. Additionally, homeless is a major threat
which is mandatory to be solved for improving comfort level of people and increasing economy
of the nation.
Summary
It is being summarised that, building governmental interventions or policies could help
individuals in enhancing the overall living standards. It is necessary for determine actual factors
which are responsible for creating problem of homelessness for number of citizens living in
London. However, it is important for government authorities to focus on elements developing
homeless condition and establish strict laws to reduce occurrence of such situations because it is
not favourable for people. Moreover, it is important to work on effective policies and practices in
terms of solving problem of homelessness through giving desired facilities to them accordingly.
Additionally, it involves apply certain policies like increasing housing supply, a commitment of
reduce homelessness, insecure private rented sector tenancies, welfare reform and funding to
tackle homelessness for welfare of citizens in London.
26

Chapter 4 – CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
The homelessness can be described as a condition of an individual having no home due to
which they face difficulty to spend their lives. It can be considered as a situation in which
individuals feel helpless to sleep in streets at night in London. However, people face
homelessness also suffer from certain other issue such as improper eating and occurrence of
severe health problems which is not favourable for them. Meanwhile, it is essential for
government authorities to establish an effective as well as efficient policies in respect of
providing desired facilities to them. Moreover, it is necessary to find out actual factors which are
responsible for creating homeless circumstances in order to sort out the effectively. In addition to
this, it is significant that government authorities provide support to such people with the help of
making efficient programs and policies in respect of supporting them for maintain their better
health. It will facilitate to reduce death rates of people and improve entire economy of country.
A brief summary
Considering the above discussion, it has been summarised that many of people leads to
death who were facing problem of homelessness. It is observed that people also has their
personal circumstances and domestic violence due to which number of women become homeless
which impacts negatively on their health. However, it is necessary for charitable trust volunteers
to grab more geographical area for providing needed services to people so that they will remain
comfortable for acquiring their own house by gaining appropriate job opportunity. Meanwhile, it
is essential to provide effective facilities like double decker bus and other shelter services for
specific duration of time so that people can adjust themselves somewhere else permanently in
proper way. Moreover, it will reduce the chance of occurring severe health issues and decrease
death rates due to homelessness in a country.
Conclusion
From the above report, it has been analysed that homelessness can be described as the
situation of an individual who are living on streets or staying in hostels. It includes the range of
increasing death rates due to increase in the circumstances of homelessness for people which are
required to be reduced in appropriate manner. Meanwhile, it is necessary to focus on relevant
elements which are responsible for creating homeless conditions that consist structural factors,
27

poverty, housing, system failures, personal circumstances and domestic violence. It is essential to
consider these components at the time of organising effective practices for supporting people
facing homelessness to gain better outcomes respectively. However, it consist the criterion of
implementing efficient policies by government including increasing housing supply, a
commitment of reduce homelessness, insecure private rented sector tenancies, welfare reform
and funding to tackle homelessness.
Recommendations
Considering above discussion, it has been recommended that government should
established strict laws for reducing unfavourable conditions for citizens which is responsible for
developing homelessness for them. It has been suggested to people of London to focus on their
careers and take decision of leaving home by thinking properly and become capable to hackle all
the situations effectively. In addition to this, it is recommended to government of country for
generating sufficient employment opportunities for citizens, it will provide support to them for
gathering earning source which facilitate to gain sufficient amount of funds which are helpful
them to fulfil their overall desired needs in proper way. It will also provide support to people for
avoiding situation of homelessness in order to spend their lives in comfortable way. It has been
suggested that citizens should maintain favourable atmosphere in society for homeless people
which helps to maintain their health.
Reflective statement
With the help of conducting this investigation on the topic of to explore impact as well
as causes of homelessness on health and well being of people in London. It is observed that I
have studied many aspects of research, it is helpful for me to develop more effective as well as
efficient skills which provide help in future for carrying out another study to gain appropriate
findings. However, I have learned about the way of collecting appropriate information about
specific topic with the help of analysing number of articles, books and journals properly.
Moreover, I have faced several problems like every article is not relevant to my topic and exact
information was not provided on two or three articles which create problem for me to thoroughly
understand very article to gather desired data for conduct investigation appropriately.
Additionally, I do not have sufficient duration of time and cost which is required to be applied to
conduct entire investigation.
28

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Farrugia, D. and Gerrard, J., 2016. Academic knowledge and contemporary poverty: The politics
of homelessness research. Sociology, 50(2), pp.267-284.
Andreu, M., 2018. A Responsibility to Profit? Social Impact Bonds as a Form of “Humanitarian
Finance”. New Political Science, 40(4), pp.708-726.
Batterham, D., 2019. Defining “at-risk of homelessness”: re-connecting causes, mechanisms and
risk. Housing, Theory and Society, 36(1), pp.1-24.
Watson, J., 2017. Youth Homelessness and Survival Sex: Intimate Relationships and Gendered
Subjectivities. Routledge.
Paudyal, V. and Saunders, K., 2018. Homeless reduction act in England: impact on health
services. The Lancet, 392(10143), pp.195-197.
Broll, R. and Huey, L., 2017. “Every Time I Try to Get Out, I Get Pushed Back”: The Role of
Violent Victimization in Women’s Experience of Multiple Episodes of
Homelessness. Journal of interpersonal violence, p.0886260517708405.
Mayock, P., Bretherton, J. and Baptista, I., 2016. Women’s homelessness and domestic violence:
(In) visible interactions. In Women’s homelessness in Europe (pp. 127-154). Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Erickson, J. and Wilhelm, C., 2017. Housing the homeless. Routledge.
Barker, J., 2016. Conceptualisations of youth homelessness and the role of the family. Routledge
Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood, pp.235-242.
Islam, M.R. and et al., 2019. Cultural Globalization: A Critical Analysis of Identity Crises in the
Developing Economies. In Globalization and Development (pp. 369-385). Springer,
Cham.
Down, B., Smyth, J. and Robinson, J., 2017. Problematising vocational education and training in
schools: using student narratives to interrupt neoliberal ideology. Critical Studies in
Education, pp.1-19.
Balchin, P. and Rhoden, M., 2019. Housing policy: an introduction. Routledge.
Johnstone, M., Lee, E. and Connelly, J., 2017. Understanding the meta-discourse driving
homeless policies and programs in Toronto, Canada: The neoliberal management of
social service delivery. International Social Work, 60(6), pp.1443-1456.
Szeintuch, S., 2017. Homelessness prevention policy: a case study. Social Policy &
Administration, 51(7), pp.1135-1155.
DiPaolo, M., 2015. The impact of multiple childhood trauma on homeless runaway adolescents.
Routledge.
Farrugia, D. and Gerrard, J., 2016. Academic knowledge and contemporary poverty: The politics
of homelessness research. Sociology, 50(2), pp.267-284.
Jackson, E., 2015. Young Homeless people and urban space: Fixed in Mobility. Routledge.
Snodgrass, J.L., 2014. Spirituality and homelessness: Implications for pastoral
counseling. Pastoral Psychology, 63(3), pp.307-317.
Mayock, P., Bretherton, J. and Baptista, I., 2016. Women’s homelessness and domestic violence:
(In) visible interactions. In Women’s homelessness in Europe (pp. 127-154). Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Erickson, J. and Wilhelm, C., 2017. Housing the homeless. Routledge.
29

Zufferey, C., 2014. Questioning representations of homelessness in the Australian print
media. Australian Social Work, 67(4), pp.525-536.
Rae, B.E. and Rees, S., 2015. The perceptions of homeless people regarding their healthcare
needs and experiences of receiving health care. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(9),
pp.2096-2107.
Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. and Robinson, C. eds., 2014. Homelessness in Australia. UNSW
Press.
Renedo, A., 2014. Care versus control: The identity dilemmas of UK homelessness professionals
working in a contract culture. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 24(3),
pp.220-233.
Hing, N. and et. al., 2014. Stigma and problem gambling: Current knowledge and future research
directions. International Gambling Studies, 14(1), pp.64-81.
Löfstrand, C.H. and Quilgars, D., 2016. Cultural Images and Definitions of Homeless Women:
Implications for Policy and Practice at the European Level. In Women’s Homelessness
in Europe (pp. 41-73). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Amoako, C. and Inkoom, D.K.B., 2018. The production of flood vulnerability in Accra, Ghana:
Re-thinking flooding and informal urbanisation. Urban Studies, 55(13), pp.2903-2922.
Swithinbank, T., 2014. Coming up from the streets: The story of the Big Issue. Routledge.
Petersen, M. and Parsell, C., 2015. Homeless for the first time in later life: An Australian
study. Housing Studies, 30(3), pp.368-391.
May, J. and Cloke, P., 2014. Modes of attentiveness: Reading for difference in geographies of
homelessness. Antipode, 46(4), pp.894-920.
Lowe, S.A., 2016. An energy and mortality impact assessment of the urban heat island in the
US. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 56, pp.139-144.
Andersson, J. and Valentine, G., 2015. Picturing the poor: Fundraising and the depoliticisation of
homelessness. Social & Cultural Geography, 16(1), pp.58-74.
Albanese, F., Hurcombe, R. and Mathie, H., 2016. Towards an integrated approach to homeless
hospital discharge: an evaluation of different typologies across England. Journal of
Integrated Care, 24(1), pp.4-14.
Hodgetts, D., Stolte, O. and Groot, S., 2014. Towards a relationally and action‐orientated social
psychology of homelessness. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(4),
pp.156-164.
Preuss, H., 2014. ‘Legacy’revisited. In Leveraging legacies from sports mega-events: Concepts
and cases (pp. 24-38). Palgrave Pivot, London.
Fairchild, R., McFerran, K.S. and Thompson, G., 2017. A critical interpretive synthesis of the
ways children's needs and capacities are represented in the homelessness and family
violence literature. Children Australia, 42(1), pp.18-29.
Baillergeau, E., 2014. Governing public nuisance: Collaboration and conflict regarding the
presence of homeless people in public spaces of Montreal. Critical Social Policy, 34(3),
pp.354-373.
DeVerteuil, G. and Manley, D., 2017. Overseas investment into London: Imprint, impact and
pied-à-terre urbanism. Environment and Planning A, 49(6), pp.1308-1323.
Wheeler, J.R., Clare, I.C. and Holland, A.J., 2014. What can social and environmental factors
tell us about the risk of offending by people with intellectual disabilities?. Psychology,
Crime & Law, 20(7), pp.635-658.
30

Pauly, B., Wallace, B. and Perkin, K., 2014. Approaches to evaluation of homelessness
interventions. Housing, Care and Support, 17(4), pp.177-187.
Online
Butler P., 2019. London rough sleeping hits record high with 18% rise in 2018-19. [Online].
Available through: <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/19/london-rough-
sleeping-hits-record-high-with-18-rise-in-2018-19>
Reuters T., 2019. London is transforming its double-decker buses into homeless shelters.
[Online]. Available through: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/07/all-aboard-
the-double-decker-buses-housing-londons-homeless>
Mabhala M. A., Yohannes A. & Griffith M., 2017. Social conditions of becoming homelessness:
qualitative analysis of life stories of homeless peoples. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5568348/>
Romaszko J., 2017. Mortality among the homeless: Causes and meteorological relationships.
[Online]. Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5739436/>
Homelessness in England. 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<https://fullfact.org/economy/homelessness-england/>
Rough sleeping. 2018. [Online]. Available through:<https://fullfact.org/economy/homelessness-
england/>
The inequalities of homelessness – how can we stop homeless people dying young. 2018.
[Online]. Available through:<https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2018/02/09/the-
inequalities-of-homelessness-how-can-we-stop-them-dying-young/>
31