IR Theory and Globalisation

This essay explores the relationship between IR theory and the process of globalisation. It discusses the impact of different theories on international relations and examines the challenges faced in supporting globalisation. The essay is divided into sections focusing on the concept of globalisation, different international theories, and the critique of globalisation using liberalism and Marxism. The conclusion provides a summary of the essay.

Which IR Theory best
explains the process of
globalisation

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Essay................................................................................................................................................4
2. What is Globalization..............................................................................................................4
Problem Solving theory...............................................................................................................6
liberalism vs Marxism critique of globalisation..........................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Globalization can be defined as a process in which people interact globally for socially
and economically development of country as well as individual. In changing world it becomes
important for firms to sell their product as well as services globally world-wide and increase
market share. However, it can face challenges as well as opportunity from economics,
geography, politics and sociology of different country for example: there are large number of
sanction that has been introduced by US for China after pandemic which effect its market world-
wide (Lang and Mendes Tavares, 2018). United Kingdom on the other hand offers citizens of
Hong Kong to get permanent resident in their country as it wants to target china's main market
by this. There are many treaties which again help in growth of various countries for example
Britain and European Union recently come into fresh deal which help in sales as well as purchase
of BREXIT and help United Kingdom from overcoming from different problems that arises in
past years. As per the opinion of different author globalization is multi-dimensional concept and
cannot easily understand as it has no boundary and limited to particular region. It can be
explained as process in different countries socially as well as economically connected together
and focuses on increasing lifestyle as well as fusion of culture, tradition etc.
In the past every country tries to suppress other and use force to exploit but post world-
war has created number of organization which focusses on building relation between different
countries and increase market positions of countries in world (Rodrik, 2018). It explains different
types of theories which can explains how the world has been changed in century and contribution
of different though of school. There are number of theory which are introduced by different
author such as traditional, middle ground, critical etc.
Essay will explain different types of international theory and its impact on globalization
such as how different group created which focus on developed as well as under-m developed
economy. It also describes thoughts of different author on internationalism, transformational and
Marxism and it helps in examine globalization and challenges faces by international theory in
supporting it.
Essay is distributed in different parts such as second one focuses on concept of
globalization, third one emphasizes on different international theory and related literature review,
Section 4 on the other critique of globalization by using liberalism and Marxism. In the end
conclusion of essay is given.

Essay
2. What is Globalization
Globalisation is a word which is being used frequently in present times. Globalisation
means to widen interaction of societies at global level. Basically, globalisation is complex
process but its main purpose is free flow of products and services. However, not only product but
also it involves sharing of knowledge, info and movement of people from one place to another.
Besides, it means to involve network of dependence at particular distance. Since last 5 decades’
globalisation was not a normal process but those countries that were developed were involved in
exchange of goods and services. In colonial times there was no exchange of goods and services.
Usually, globalisation means developing international relation with other countries in terms of
trade and commerce (Hanegraaff and Poletti, 2018). Globalisation was in fact westernisation
Which in the past, was seen as a good thing for the world via neoliberalism theory implemented
during the 1980s-1990's. There are many associations which has defined globalisation in their
own terms and context. Thus, WTO formed a specific policy for dealing in trade at global level.
Hence, it has changed overall meaning of globalisation. However, this interdependence becomes
an intensification with political cooperation among states and. The transfer of people or war
itself and the economic quality nevertheless, that globalisation is deeply uneven, unequal
geographical, and these are examples of how relations between and across states have
intensified. And this is represented in the network of world trade by regions.
There are number of changes which happened in different part of globe which creating
path for different types of business as well as interaction between different country socially as
well as economical and hence unified and this process can be termed as globalization. It can also
be said that when people from global level to think and invest can contribute in sustainable
development of business. It has been divided into various parts where people worldwide
connected and contribute in growth of country such as flow of money (Foreign exchange), labour
transfer, goods & services, finance, trade, information and knowledge exchange. As per the view
of some author it is a process where people in different part of world connected for exchanges of
resources and fusion of culture as well as tradition and on the other hand country make political
& economical times for accomplishing long term goal (Ravallion, 2018).
It cannot easily understand from the definition which was created from present
atmosphere but has to check historical changes that has contributed in it and created term

globalization. Last 5 centuries various governments have introduced number of changes so that
business can be easy as well as fast and contribute in growth of their countries for example trade
barrier relaxation, free custom duties, inter government project (International highway, airway,
coal digging etc.) which help in better development of different part of globe and support rise in
their economy. Investment in infrastructure support growth of economy as number of countries
connected to each-other by road, air as well as sea way. There are number company which
spread around the world and providing quality product & services at lower cost. Customer has
choices for goods and hence shift their taste from traditional to global goods. Portuguese has set
up their business in India almost more than 500 year ago which help in expanding business. East
India company is another example of global company which has even contributed in
globalization. Colonization has again created path for exchange of product as well as services
and indirectly contribute in globalization.
There are number of theories which can help in knowing the process of globalization and
contribute in growth of country such as traditional, middle ground, critical etc. Traditionally it
focuses on liberalism and realism (Radan, 2017). According to liberal school of thought people
has to connect with each other and lives peach and harmony. However, it is limited in context as
peace and prosperity concept overcome it. Every country wants to maintain their relation with
other countries but also to grow and hence growth sometimes leads to effect on business and
created number of challenges in relation between them. According to Kant's liberalization leads
to less conflict and support growth of each other in time of changing world and hence decrease
tension between neighbour countries. Citizens of different nations want a country which focuses
on development of each other and avoiding colonialism as well as autocratic power which can
depose it and hence impact on growth positively (Dunne and Reus-Smit, 2017). Realism concept
on the hand shares ideas that generated after long peace and harmony and create tension between
different for countries. World war 2nd explain the regime as well as colonize nature which
affecting life of human being but before that some year it remains in harmony. So it explains that
nothing remains forever and world continuous evolve as well as concept of globalization changes
as per the theory. For example, in the early ages people follow barter system and hence fewer
chances of war but after certain time concept of gold and other started which effected on their
growth. Hence, it has changed overall meaning of globalisation. However, this interdependence
becomes an intensification with political cooperation among states and. The transfer of people or

war itself and the economic quality nevertheless, that globalisation is deeply uneven, unequal
geographical, and these are examples of how relations between and across states have
intensified. And this is represented in the network of world trade by regions.
IR theory
Globalisation is based on developing strong relation with other nations. In this there is
need to define relation across borders and how relation is established. It is necessary to
understand and use IR theories which allows in getting knowledge about globalisation (Vlados,
and et.al., 2018). Also, it gives insight about finding international relation between nations and
global system. Besides that, each theory contains some policies which allows in understanding
globalisation. Furthermore, it provides framework by which relation between countries are
examined. Moreover, various authors have critiqued that use of theory enable in discussing that
how relation established between nations. There are different theories that are available in it such
as problem solving, critical, etc.
Problem Solving theory
Problem solving theory are more concerned towards finding a solution to different types
of challenges that arises in the society and it impacts on country's development. There are
number of problems that different country faces such as import & export policies, nuclear power
development etc. Main goal behind problem solving theory is to develop a strong relationship
between social and political group and focus on continuation of it. Increase desire of power
between different countries has effect on their relationship and it is important that problem
solving theory can be used in order to reduce it and contribute in growth of country. It helps in
maintaining social orders for example black racism can be decrease by implementing various
laws and policies (Loibl, Roll and Rummel, 2017). There are number of international
organization which focuses on solving various types of tension between different countries such
as Britain and other western country support voice of Hong-Kong people in relation their rights
as well as liberty. However, sometimes it increases tension as other group do not want to
involvement of other countries in their home decision and hence problem solving theory focuses
that making decision which do not offended other nations. Large number of author also explain
that this theory can be utilized in certain boundary and hence it positively impacts on
international relation. Power and position is one of the reason which are responsible for creating
conflicts between different countries but if it will be handover to right person than decrease

chances of it and hence support sustainable development of power. There are number of
international address which are solved by international organization by dialogue exchanges
rather than pressurizing in any country around the world. Although, there are number of changes
needed in the concept of creating solution for different nations. Democracy has created path for
problem solving theory but its effectiveness cannot be judged easily as for every nation it is
different for example: France focuses on liberty of people in all way such as recently an issue
relation to art gain attention of world which was promoted as anti-Islam and nation faces oppose
from different part of world but it didn't compromise with values as well laws that provide
freedom of artistic work. Increasing terrorism can only be addressed by joint effort of all
countries around the world and hence a good future can be created for future generation. There
are number of problem which need to be address on time relation to international theory and it
can only have done by positive dialogue change between different country and hence taking help
from problem solving theory. World need to be peaceful and war tension must be address on
time so that it cannot lead to catastrophic future for the future generation (Funke, Fischer and
Holt, 2018). Powerful nation such as UK, United State of America, Russia etc. set their
difference apart and work for better of human beings and support growth of world in positive
way. It is very well said that people with power are not valuable until they use in effective way to
support growth of society (Lingard, 2020).
International system theory: This is the best theory which explains the concept of
globalisation. The systems theory based on international relations lays emphasis on international
system explain the behaviour and interactions of the system's units. By making use of this theory
anyone can analyse the international relationship. By making use of this approach any country
can enhance their international relationship and expand their relationship in that country. There
are various theories on the basis of which IR theory is been formed. It consists of realis,
liberalism and constructivism (Linarelli, Salomon and Sornarajah, 2018). This theory supports
globalisation; it provides the details that globalisation needs to be implemented in every country.
It has been analysed that in realism theory idealist thinking is been supported by author.
According to this theory the work needs to be carried out traditionally. In this there is need to
define relation across borders and how relation is established. It is necessary to understand and
use IR theories which allows in getting knowledge about globalisation. It has also been analysed
that realists believes that survival of international system can be difficult for those states who

have self-interest. They also found out that no state can hold up the guarantee for survival of
other states. Neorealism is being considered as structural realism. This theory basically works on
the principles of realism. It has been analysed that according to this theory self-preservation
needs to be the foremost aim of any country. They must make their policies and laws according
because of which they can be able to continuously gain power. It is explained in this type of
theory. The nature of realism is that the country needs to be real and must take into consideration
the morale ground. All rules and regulations needs to be made on morale ground (Zajda, 2018).
liberalism vs Marxism critique of globalisation
In the Marxism theory of globalisation, the main element which is been highlighted by the
author is struggle. It is considered as central element for analysing the social change in western
societies. It has also been analysed that this theory is directly opposite to the theory of capitalism.
The author has provided the details that current aspects of globalisation is really regressive in
nature. It has also been evaluated that the dominant trends related to economics are based and
linked with internationalisation, it is also being evaluated that the disclosure related to
globalisation has greater significance (Borchert and Yotov, 2017). This theory has been critiqued
by so many authors. The claim of this theory is that development of promotion and harmony
which has been made by this theory is completely deceptive in nature. The decline in idea related
to nationalist is causing serious conflict. In this the ethnic assertions are directly encouraged and
supported by the powers at a global level. On the contrary it is being leading to the intense
conflicts which are based on social level. In this theory author has not taken into account the
cultural analysis which is really necessary to be taken (Haynes and et.al., 2017). There are
number of theories which can help in knowing the process of globalization and contribute in
growth of country such as traditional, middle ground, critical etc. In this theory the post
assumptions are being made related to culture and also it loosely defines the two themes that
includes white supremacy. In this theory the power is been exhibited over time and is also being
maintained. It has also been analysed that in the cultural assumptions of this theory, the
psychological factors are not being taken into consideration. Some democratic socialists and
social democrats reject the idea that societies can achieve socialism only through class conflict
and a proletarian revolution. Many anarchists reject the need for a transitory state phase (Dabic,
Maley and Novak, 2020). There are so many critiques and critical argument which has been done
on the Marx theory. The author has provided the details that characteristics are been defined and

all the other aspects of human socialism. It has been analysed that Marx theory is being related to
branch of socialism. In this theory the author has provided details related to suppression of
individual rights. The authors say that capitalism is a fraud within a fraud. In this each one of
them do not get adequate life chances and there are no possibilities to analyse each one of our
own penalises. It is also being evaluated that the author was working on classical belief. He has
also provided with labour theory of value. It is one of the most commonly criticised theory which
is being given by Marx (Sharifonnasabi, Bardhi and Luedicke, 2020).
On the other hand, liberalism is totally different, according to this theory it has been
analysed that the current system and implications are so much effective that they have the
capability to engender a peaceful world order. This theory makes sure that military actions are
not being used by any country rather they solve their issues by making use of the peaceful
actions. It is really necessary and important to do that. The liberalists believe that negative forces
and actions can create a consequences of the force. It can be explained as process in different
countries socially as well as economically connected together and focuses on increasing lifestyle
as well as fusion of culture, tradition etc (Oldekop and et.al., 2018). The liberalist that the
negative consequences related to force can lead to economic casualties and also it can lead to
civilian loss, so no country should go for it. This is ahead of far from potential benefits.
Therefore, it has been analysed that liberal politicians are been involved in making use of
adequate economic and social power to globalised their nations. The liberalists lay emphasis on
the international cooperation, and this each nations respective interests are being taken into
consideration. Bilateral trade agreement and international diplomacy is being more used in this
type of theory. It has also been evaluated that liberalism has been used more and more in the
international cooperation. It has also been analysed that this type of theory is far better than the
approach of Marx. The reason is because this type of approach is based on traditional basis. It
has also been analysed that United nations are been involved in making use of the liberalisation.
It has also been evaluated that there they are making use of standardised structure which is being
based on the value system (Rodrik, 2018). This theory has laid focus on that peace needs to be
followed in every transaction which is being done by them. There needs to be cooperation on
different type of states which are involved in making sure that better relationships are being
maintained internationally. This theory lays focus on all the nations work properly on the self-
interest. They must make sure that all transactions are been done by them peacefully. In this they

can also accumulate resources. This will assist them in making better relationship internationally
which is really necessary. It has been analysed that the theory liberalism is been followed by so
manty nations and countries to maintain peaceful relationship.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarised that there are number of problems that
different country faces such as import & export policies, nuclear power development etc. Main
goal behind problem solving theory is to develop a strong relationship between social and
political group and focus on continuation of it. The digital divide between the developed world
and the developing world has reflected in their approach to e-commerce discussions at the World
Trade Organization (WTO). It has also been analysed that every country wants to maintain their
relation with other countries but also to grow and hence growth sometimes leads to effect on
business and created number of challenges in relation between them. It has also been analysed
that Marx theory is directly opposite to the theory of capitalism. The author has provided the
details that current aspects of globalisation is really regressive in nature. It has also been
analysed that the other type of theory related to globalisation includes realism and liberalism.
These are also being discussed in report. It has also been analysed that in liberalism theory the
countries are been involved in making sure that the international peace and cooperation is been
maintained. In this they adopt those behaviour and approaches which assists them in creating
international peace.
It has also been analysed that The liberalists believe that negative forces and actions can
create a consequences of the force. it is also being evaluated that the disclosure related to
globalisation has greater significance. It is also being analysed that in order to maintain peaceful
relations internationally they are implementing those rule and regulations because of which the
other state condition is not being hampered. There are number of problems that different country
faces such as import & export policies, nuclear power development etc. It has also been analysed
that liberalism is being considered as the best theory of IR. In this the nations try to make sure
that international peace and cooperation has been maintained overall. It has also been analysed
that this has assisted them in making better relationship internationally. It has also been
evaluated that there has been a decline in dominant trends which has been seen in the explanation
of this theory. It has been evaluated that realism theory is also being discussed.

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