How to Write a Research Proposal Assignment (Doc)

WHO Research Proposal

TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHO TEMPLATE..........................................................................................................................1
TOPIC- WHO - EXPLORATORY STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
CHRONIC DISEASES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE, POLICY,
HEALTH PROMOTION AND/OR LIVING WITH THESE CONDITIONS. ....................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
CULTURAL CONTEXT OR SETTING .......................................................................................4
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................................5
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

WHO TEMPLATE
TOPIC- WHO - EXPLORATORY STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
CHRONIC DISEASES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE, POLICY,
HEALTH PROMOTION AND/OR LIVING WITH THESE CONDITIONS.
INTRODUCTION
Overview :- Diabetes refers to a long term chronic disease that cause high blood sugar levels. It
has been observed that about 275 Australians develop diabetes every day and is considered as
the epidemic of the 21st Century. A National Health survey took place in Australia which
showed an estimate of 1.2 million people aged 2 years and over have been diagnosed diabetes.
There are basically two types of diabetes have been found; one is Type 1 in which the
individual's body does not produce insulin and second is Type 2 under which not sufficient
amount of insulin is produced in the body. Further, the most common symptoms of it involves
intense thirst, unusual weight loss or gain, cuts and bruises that do not improve. Following
research paper will cover the role of different factors in constructing diabetes in Australia.
Apart from this it will demonstrate ways by which issues raised by this disease can be
addressed. Further, it will assess the implications of factors leading to diabetes for practice,
policy and health promotion. Also, it will discuss social context of this project & ethics related
to research issues.
Purpose :- the purpose of this research paper is to evaluate the factors that give rise to
disease like diabetes. In addition, its purpose it to state that it is a chronic condition that requires
the use of various health services for its control and for the early diagnose. This research is
design to identify the role played by lifestyle, diet and obesity in constructing diabetes in
Australia including its implication on practice, policy and health promotion. Further, it aims at
representing recommendations of some effective measures that can lead to reduce the
construction of diabetes as a chronic disease. Moreover, it aims at demonstrating symptoms that
exist in a person suffering from its, risk factors that occur due to this disease, treatment or
management of it, reason for its increase in Australia and how many people are currently living
with diabetes. Another purpose of this paper is to show effects of both Type 1 & Type 2
diabetes, also how to address issues that arise due to this disease and affect of factors such as
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lifestyle, diet and obesity that lead to construction of this chronic disease.
Aim:- To identify the role played by lifestyle, diet and obesity in constructing diabetes with
their implications on practice, policy, health promotion as well as people dealing with it.
Objectives-
 To ascertain the factors affecting construction of diabetes in Australia.
 To evaluate the role of lifestyle, diet and obesity in increasing the prevalence of diabetes
in Australia.
 To address issues due to a raised prevalence of diabetes and people suffering from it.
 To assess the implication of factors leading to diabetes for practice, policy and health
promotion.
 To recommend such effective measures that can lead to lessen down the construction of
diabetes as a chronic disease in Australia.
Research question-
 What are the factors that affects the construction of diabetes in Australia?
 What is the role played by lifestyle, diet and obesity in increasing the prevalence of
diabetes in Australia?
 How to address problems that are raised due to prevalence of diabetes and people
suffering from it?
 What are the implications of factors leading to diabetes for practice, policy and health
promotion?
Literature Review :-
According to Fenwick, Rees and Speight, (2018) risk factors that construct diabetes in a
person can be genetic, environmental, medical conditions, age related and so on. Further, he
explained the risk due to genetic factors is family history. He states that if a father has type 1
diabetes then his child has a 1 in 17 chance of having the same disease. Also, supporting him,
Snoek, Bremmer and Hermanns, (2015) stated that if a mother has a same disease and she
gives birth to a child at the age of 25 or older than her child has 1 in 100 change of developing
same. Another authors Gallagher and LeRoith, (2015) described environmental factors such as
having a virus at an early age may trigger type 1 diabetes. Further, Hauner, (2017) defined
medical condition that cause type 2 diabetes such as hypertension, high cholesterol, etc.
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As per the views of Holmes‐Truscott, Skinner and Speight, (2015) , construction of
type to 2 disease is affected by lifestyle factor such as inactivity of body, smoking, unhealthy
diet, obesity, etc. Further, according to Craike, Mosely and Speight, (2017) obesity is
considered as the single greatest factor for type 2 diabetes. It is considered as the most common
disease that happens at an age of 50 & over. Moreover, it has been observed that type 2 is
related with genes, ageing and family history. Another, type of Diabetes is Gestational diabetes
that usually happens in the second half of pregnancy (McNaughton, 2013). He also suggests
that nutrition and physical activity are very crucial of a healthy lifestyle when a person is living
with diabetes. Moreover, performing more physical activities and improving things of eating
seems difficult at first but later on it is find easier to start with changes. Also, Kennedy and
Dunning, (2017) supported him by saying that on this modern set of world, it has been proven
that the obesity is strongly related with constructing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, based on the
research it is clear that overweight is considered as the most significant risk factor of types 2
disease and that has become thoroughly naturalised in Australia.
According to Kennedy and Dunning, (2017) when a person approaches a diabetes issue
then that situation does not be solved through methods. Hence, that person is supposed to do
something different such as having a positive attitude will assist him to explore possibilities.
Supporting him, Lake, Browne and Speight, (2017) suggested another way of addressing issue
is finding information regarding diabetes self-management and one of the source of various
sources of collecting information is; The National Diabetes Education Program. Further,
Fenwick, Rees and Speight, (2018) stated that a person facing this chronic disease must take
care of carbohydrates, as they are considered as the biggest impact on levels of blood sugar. He
further added that, person living with this must plan for meal that have a good mix of starches
as it is important to have a healthy diet.
As stated by Harding, Shaw and Magliano, (2014) controlling of chronic diabetes
includes taking into consideration all the factors that affect blood glucose and the amount of
insulin a person need for it. Further, it has been determined that the majority of patients having
diabetes self administer their own treatment plans created by their physician & other health care
providers. According to Snoek, Bremmer and Hermanns, (2015) factors that affect quality of
practice, policy and health promotion are; test-strip issues, extreme temperature of glucose
meter, dirt on skin, monitoring problems, not enough blood applied to the test strip and the
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amount of red blood cells in body. Supporting his statement, Fenwick, Rees and Speight,
(2018) stated that if meter does not show proper coding to each container of test strips then it
can also affect practice of control. In this context, others suggested that these factors that affect
quality of services must be considered at an important part in controlling diabetes in Australia.
CULTURAL CONTEXT OR SETTING
It has been determined that, risk factor that constructs adverse health outcomes is obesity i.e. is
mostly found in children. In Australia, the prevalence of obesity has increased in children &
adolescents. Further, risk factors related to obesity such as diabetes is once seen in adults &
now it is increasingly being found in obese adolescents & even younger events. However, it
was discovered that diabetes was not part of Australian national health agenda until 1998, but
over last 15 years, rise in the overweight and obesity had presented not at as risk factors but also
as a contribution to disease. Moreover, both race & ethnicity are considered as social constructs.
For this research pays attention on the social determinants of diabetes that has focused on
factors such as socio-economic status, health behaviours and depression. Additionally, it has
been discovered that the fields of social epidemiology keen to know about how cultural, social,
and economic factors are known as social determinants that affect disease in the people.
Therefore, having awareness regarding the need for cultural sensitivity is considered as the first
step towards giving competent diabetes knowledge (Bray, G.A. and Popkin, B.M., 2014). Also,
while comparing higher socio economic groups with lower, it has been found that lower socio
economic groups have less favourable control & face more diabetic associated complications.
Further, the management of this disease influence almost every part of social; lifestyle, and
might be detected very differently through the view of different cultures. Below are the ethical
issues in research :-
 Honesty :- this means that the research must be reported honestly. While working with
others, one must act sincerely & always keep an agreement.
 Human subject protection :- if research involves persons, then researchers should ensure
that to reduce any possible risk to the minimum. Basically this means that, they should
not make use of more tests than are stringently necessary to fulfil their research aims.
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 Confidentiality :- researchers are supposed to respect anything that has been given in
confidence. Also, they are expected to follow the guidelines on prevention of sensitive
information.
 Responsible publication :- under this ethical issue, researchers must publish to advance
to state of research & understanding, and not just to promote their career. Hence, this
means that they are not supposed to print anything that is not new.
 Legality :- to fulfil research aim, investigators must always be aware of rules and
legislations that regulate their work and make sure that they must follow them.
 Carefulness :- investigators as the time of research should take care to avoid any careless
mistakes. They must keep in mind to carefully review their work to see that results are
relevant and correct (Navarro, Allard and Mauvais‐Jarvis, 2015).
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
It has been discovered that the purpose of the research proposal is to give the researcher the best
way to successfully achieve the research objectives. Also, it is considered as the key part of
conducting research. Set of procedures and methods that are utilised in gathering & analysing
measures of the variables specifies in research problem is known as research design. Further, on
the basis of it there are types of research methods that can be divided into exploratory &
conclusive. Firstly, exploratory research concentrates on why questions and it aims to explore
the research area. Whereas conclusive research, refers to the answers to research question and it
aims to give final answers to the questions. This research project is based on exploratory study,
for examples it develops to explain why prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Australia, why
factors constructing it, are raising (Hartstra, Bouter and Nieuwdorp, 2015).
Research approach refers to a plan that involves steps of broad assumptions to describe
method of data collection, investigation and interpretation. Therefore, based on the nature of the
research project being addresses, approach is divided into three types; Inductive that contributes
to the emergence of new theories, deductive under which validity of assumptions is tests and
abductive begins with surprising facts. This project is based on inductive research approach as it
begins with aim, objectives, and research questions that are need to attained during the process.
A process under which investigators collect and measure information on variables of
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interest is known as data collection. By using different types of data collection method,
researchers gather answers to various research questions. There are two types of data gathering
method; one is primary another is secondary. Further, secondary data collection includes
sources like; publications, books, & other secondary data. Moreover, primary data collection
includes interviews, questionnaire, surveys, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to have a formal data
collection process as it makes sure that the information gathered are both accurate & well
defined. This research project is based on primary method as researcher collects information
about diabetes through interviews (Mackey and Gass, 2015).
Data analysis refers to a procedure that involves examine, cleansing, converting and
modeling data with the aim of finding useful information, conclusion & supporting decision
making. Further, it is divided into qualitative and quantitative research, where quantitative is
based on statistics. It consists of questions that are answered in numbers, moreover, under this
researcher undertake experiments through which he analysis the numbers to check what data
tells. On the other hand, qualitative research is based on description where researcher detect &
take interview of people. Further, it has been determined that both qualitative and quantitative
methods aims to modify theory, & to transfer understanding obtained. Comparison of samples
and the study population is ensured in qualitative studies using demographic features. This
research paper is also based on qualitative method as it involves interviews from people
regarding increasing diabetes in Australia (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015).
Sampling refers to process that is chosen by a researcher to collect information under
research process. In random sampling method every person has an equal chance to participate in
sampling. For this investigator will require complete list of population and then randomly select
some individuals from that list for the sample. This research paper will be based on random
sampling methods as study participants will be selected from the population to know their
thoughts regarding diabetes. This method is being selected because it will provide accurate
results and has less chance of carrying an error. This method enables everyone to take part an is
considered as the simplest from of data collection. Here he selects a part of population that are
used to test hypotheses about whole population. There were two main aspects of qualitative that
were highlighted by David Karp and Laurel Richardson. At first he highlights the significance
of rigorous methodology and a purposive sampling strategy. Secondly highlight was about the
importance of qualitative researcher that never loses its responsibility of being ethical, political
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& real. There are different types of samplings; convenience, volunteer, opportunistic sampling
and so on. Using opportunistic sampling, researcher select specific group of participants from
the population which is based on naturally occurring group, as sampling through this makes
sure that no subset of the population is missed. Whereas in volunteer sampling, samples are
drawn through advertisement, requesting people to volunteer to participate. This research
project is based on opportunistic sampling, where researcher can meet patients of diabetes as a
group to gather information.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
Objectives of this project will be achieved based on the exploratory methodology in order to
explore the topic and understand the problem more clearly. This research will assist in
enhancing the final research design & discover the best data collection method of subjects.
Exploratory research will help researcher to find the nature of the issue of chronic disease,
however, it does not provide final conclusion but assist to gather a better understanding of the
problem. Furthermore, researcher will use inductive approach of research to achieve its
objectives, as this begins with the observations of nature of the project. Also, it enables
researcher to begin with complete open mind in order to create new theory based on data.
Basically in involves finding for a design from observation & the development of explanation
for those design. Once researcher will complete the data analysis, then he will investigate
presented theories (Glesne, 2015).
Moreover, for collecting data primary method of data collection will be used to gather
information from people. Additionally, it will be collected using different sources such as;
interviews, questionnaire and surveys, as the information that needs to be gathered i.e. about
diabetes is based on particular research project. Once data will be gathered, researcher will then
process it before making final report. To achieve this project objectives, further investigator
make use of qualitative research method. As this method concentrates less on the metrics of
information acquired and more on the subtleties of what can be identified in that data. Further,
this approach will help investigator to have more opportunities to collect key clues about any
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subject. Therefore, using this method for gather diabetes information are considered right
methodology (Ledford, and Gast,2018). Lastly, research will make use of sampling method to
collect information from population of Australia about increasing risk of diabetes. Further, he
will take interview using Opportunistic sampling type that involves sampling which is done
intentionally to a particular part of a group within a population. For example, investigator will
start with selecting a group i.e. people living with disease of diabetes to know more about how
lifestyle, obesity and diet have given prevalence to this chronic disease. Under this, researcher
will first divide the group that have same chronic disease, and then he will choose the sampling
size based on subgroups. Then he will continue this process until the objectives are not fulfilled.
This is considered as the quickest, cost effective, and relatively simple to manage. Moreover, by
using these methodologies, researcher will definitely get the best outcomes & able to achieve
project objectives easily. Also, groups that will be benefit most from this research are people
who are living with this chronic disease, others who might have chances of having diabetes, for
example if they have improper diet, bad habits, etc. will be benefited. Apart from this,
researcher himself will also be benefit as this will enable him to acquire best understanding
about diabetes to achieve his research objectives (Smith, ed., 2015).
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REFERENCES
Craike, M. J., Mosely, K. and Speight, J., 2017. Associations Between Physical Activity and
Depressive Symptoms by Weight Status Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Results
From Diabetes MILES–Australia. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 14(3). pp.195-
202.
Fenwick, E. K., Rees, G. and Speight, J., 2018. What is the best measure for assessing diabetes
distress? A comparison of the Problem Areas in Diabetes and Diabetes Distress Scale:
results from Diabetes MILES–Australia. Journal of health psychology. 23(5). pp.667-680.
Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Glesne, C., 2015. Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson.
Hartstra, A. V., Bouter, K. E. and Nieuwdorp, M., 2015. Insights into the role of the microbiome
in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 38(1). pp.159-165.
Holmes‐Truscott, E., Skinner, T. C. and Speight, J., 2015. Negative appraisals of insulin therapy
are common among adults with type 2 diabetes using insulin: Results from Diabetes
MILES–Australia cross‐sectional survey. Diabetic Medicine. 32(10). pp.1297-1303.
Kennedy, M. and Dunning, P., 2017. Diabetes education: Essential but underfunded in
Australia. Diabetes and primary care Australia. 2(1). pp.10-14.
Lake, A. J., Browne, J. L. and Speight, J., 2017. What factors influence uptake of retinal
screening among young adults with type 2 diabetes? A qualitative study informed by the
theoretical domains framework. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 31(6). pp.997-
1006.
Ledford, J. R. and Gast, D.L., 2018. Single case research methodology: Applications in special
education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S. M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
Hauner, H., 2017. Obesity and diabetes. Textbook of Diabetes, pp.215-228.
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Gallagher, E.J. and LeRoith, D., 2015. Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and
cancer-related mortality. Physiological reviews. 95(3). pp.727-748.
Bray, G.A. and Popkin, B.M., 2014. Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in
the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: health be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes
care. 37(4). pp.950-956.
McNaughton, D., 2013. 'Diabesity' down under : overweight and obesity as cultural signifiers
for type 2 diabetes mellitus, Crtical Public Health, 23:3, 274-288, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.766671.
Navarro, G., Allard, C. and Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., 2015. The role of androgens in metabolism,
obesity, and diabetes in males and females. Obesity. 23(4). pp.713-719.
Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..
Smith, J. A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.
Snoek, F. J., Bremmer, M. A. and Hermanns, N., 2015. Constructs of depression and distress in
diabetes: time for an appraisal. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 3(6). pp.450-460.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A
guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
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