Wireless Communication: Antenna Technologies and Access Techniques

This document provides a comprehensive solution to a wireless communication assignment. It begins by comparing Yagi, horn, and cellular antennas, discussing their strengths, weaknesses, and applications. The cellular antenna is identified as dominant due to its increased user capacity and bandwidth. The assignment then contrasts CDMA and FDMA, highlighting their similarities in using access technology for user communication and data transfer. The differences are explored, including CDMA's digital 3G technology and FDMA's analog approach, along with their respective bandwidth allocation and user capacity characteristics. The document concludes with a list of relevant references.

Running head: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 1
Wireless communication
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 2
Question 1: Differences Yagi, horn, cellular antenna
Yagi antenna is also known as the Yagi-Uda array is the directional antenna which is often used
for the communication whenever the frequency is above 10 MHz. This kind of antenna continues
to be popular among the Amateur radio and the Citizen Band radio providers (Ammann & John,
2005). It will be utilized at a number of the surface in the installation of the satellite
communications techniques (Ammann & John, 2005). The antenna offers unidirectional
radiation in addition to the response pattern, however it concentrates the radiations and the
response.
Strengths
 It has a gain which allow a lower strength of the signal to be received.
 It has a directivity which enables the interference levels to be minimized.
 It design of the antenna is able to filter on the signal noise which is coming from the
opposite direction (Chieh, Dick, Loui & Rockway, 2014). This consequently tends to
make Yagi’s the right choice when you have a high demand application for example the
telecommunications.
• It is significantly simpler to aim the Yagi antenna than a few of the other arrays. There
construction causes them to be much simpler to mount on the vertical towers.
Weaknesses
 There is limitation of the bandwidth or the frequency.
 In case an individual’s wants to have a high gain level, the antenna need to be very long.
 This kind of antenna experiences a degradation for the electrical characteristics as one
moves away from the frequency range (Chieh, Dick, Loui & Rockway, 2014).

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Horn antenna
This really is an antenna which consist of the flaring metal waveguide which is shaped similar to
the horn to direct the radio waves in the beam (Pelletier, Olvera-Hernandez, Watfa & Ahmad,
2017). The horn has been utilized extensively especially to the UHF and the microwave
frequencies, which is above the 300 MHz.
Strengths
 Impedance matching is very good
 It has a greater directivity
 There is narrower beam width
 There is standing waves which are avoided.
Weaknesses
 The designing of the flare perspective determines on the directivity
 The flare angle in addition to the length of the flare really should not be very small.
Cellular antenna
This antenna is utilized in the alignment with the powered signal booster for example the inline
amplifier, repeater or even the connected directly to cell phone or maybe other devices which are
with the cell adapter cable or even the coax adapter (Chieh, Dick, Loui & Rockway, 2014).
Strengths
 There is increased number of the users, due to the targeted nature of the frequencies of
the antenna could be reused allowing on the increased on the user number.

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 There is increased bandwidth: the bandwidth which is available increase from the reuse
of the frequencies and adaptive arrays (Chiu, Liu, Gao & Ying, 2013).
Weaknesses
 It is more expensive, the cellular antenna are very complex, which uses the latest
processing technology.
 There is the issue of location. The location needs to be considered that is optimal
operation for the antenna.
The antenna which would become dominant in these three would be cellular antenna. The
reason for the choice is that there is increased number of users, as a result of the target
frequencies and there is increased bandwidth (Chiu, Liu, Gao & Ying, 2013).
Question 2: Compare and contrast CDMA and FDMA.
Similarities
In both of these two techniques of wireless networking they uses the access technology. This is
where the users is allowed to access on the single channels via the use of the resource allocation
system. The users are able to establish on the communication within the network (Nilsson,
2009). In both there is the sending and receiving of the data which allows the flexible allocation
of the resources. Additionally, both of these technologies have been used in the mobile devices
application where the FDMA has been the analog version and the CDMA has been the latest
technology through use of the 3G technology (Nilsson, 2009).
Contrast

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CDMA is the telecommunication technique that is used in most radio communicating
organization in order to access the communicating channels within minimum time whereas in
FDMA is the technique which is used in the advanced Mobile Phone (Pelletier, Olvera-
Hernandez, Watfa & Ahmad, 2017). Additionally, when it comes to the FDMA the technique is
used for the analogue mode of transmission, the technique is not effective in the transmission of
the digital signal whereas when it comes to CDMA it is digital mode of the transmission which is
3G technology (Waldschmidt, Fugen & Wiesbeck, 2002). In the FDMA technique it allows the
total available bandwidth to be divided into the various frequencies whereas when it comes to
CDMA the users are provided with the communication platform in which each is given the equal
bandwidth level that has a similar speed of transmission as well as the same frequency. In the
CDMA there is no fixed number of the users as comparison to the FDMA techniques (Pelletier,
Olvera-Hernandez, Watfa & Ahmad, 2017). Moreover, the FDMA coordinates the access of the
frequencies through the multiple users whereas when it comes to CDMA the access of the
frequencies is through single users. The FDMA technology is used in the analog mobile phones
whereas the CDMA uses the 3G technology which is used in most of the mobile devices.
References

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 6
Ammann, M., & John, M. (2005). Optimum design of the printed strip monopole.
Chieh, J. C. S., Dick, B., Loui, S., & Rockway, J. D. (2014). Development of a Ku-band
corrugated conical horn using 3-D print technology. IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, 13, 201-204.
Chiu, C. Y., Liu, X., Gao, F., & Ying, Z. (2013, April). Constraints and performances of various
antenna types in commercial mobile terminals. In Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP),
2013 7th European Conference on (pp. 894-897). IEEE.
Pelletier, G., Olvera-Hernandez, U., Watfa, M., & Ahmad, S. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,648,657.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Nilsson, M. (2009, May). Directional antennas for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. 9th
Scandinavian Workshop on Wireless Adhoc Networks (Adhoc'09).
Waldschmidt, C., Fugen, T., & Wiesbeck, W. (2002). Spiral and dipole antennas for indoor
MIMO-systems. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1(1), 176-178.