Wireless Communication Technologies

This assignment delves into the realm of wireless communication technologies, examining prominent standards such as GSM and CDMA. It explores fundamental concepts like duplex communication and coding schemes used for data transmission. The assignment also provides a glimpse into the architecture of GSM networks, highlighting their subsystems and functionalities.

Running head: WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
Wireless connectivity
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Answer to question 1:
802.11b:
The 802.11b standard for wireless LAN communications is considered to operate at the
ISM frequency band. The frequency range for this standard is 2.4-2.4835 GHz in the United
States. The basic designs of this standard include a combination of 14 partially overlapped
channels. They are said to be 22 MHz wide. In the United States, 11 of these channels are
available for connectivity. A specific basic service set (BSS) using the same standards in their
devices should include the same channels for connectivity (Yuan et al., 2014). For addressing the
radio interface requirements, chip rate is 11 MHz and the supported rates for the transmission
rate is 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps. The 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps connectivity is done by adopting direct
sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) while the 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps are achieved by
complementary code keying modulation (CCK) techniques. The 802.11b standard frame
structure for the physical layer consists of preamble, data and header.
802.11a:
The 802.11a standard is said to operate at the 2.4 GHz frequency band. The main use of
the transmission frequencies of this standard is the use of radio frequency for communication.
The most important benefits of the 802.11a standard are the transmission data rate of 54 Mbps
(Chakraborty et al., 2014). The frame structure for the physical layer consists of preamble, data
and header. It consists of 64 point FFT, 48 data carriers, 1 DC carrier, 4 pilot carriers and
remaining as the guard carriers. The basic operation of the 802.11a standard is based on the
OFDM operations.
802.11a standard 802.11b standard
Data rate extends up to 54 Mbps Data rate extends up to 11 Mbps
OFDM is used for operations DSSS and CCK techniques for operation

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It has more than 100 carrier channels It has 14 carrier channels
Frame structure consists of preamble, data and
header
Frame structure consists of preamble, data and
header
The PLCP frame includes the reserved, length,
parity, tail, service, PSDU and Pad bits.
The PLCP frame includes Sync, frame delimiter,
signal, service, length, frame check sequence and
PSDU bits.
Answer to question 2:
a) The authentication process provided by the 802.11i standard is used to reference a
robust security network (RSN). This is mainly done by the use of two different protocols. These
are the 4-way handshake and the group key handshake. These protocols are used to provide
authentication procedures to a client when there is a presence of an authenticated server. The
main objective of the 802.11i standard is the utilization of the authentication processes as
described by the IEEE 802.1X. The process included in this standard is the development and
modification of cryptographic keys.
The process of authentication is done usage of a pre-shared key (PSK) or by using an
EAP exchange. This process is mainly used to ensure the authentication among the access points
and the client stations. The 4-way handshake ensures that both the client and the server know
each other without the use of sharing of key (Baldini et al., 2014). Instead of sharing the keys,
both of the client and the server encrypt messages and send it to each other. This message can
only be decrypted by the use of PMK. In case of successful decryption, connection is established.
b) A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that allows the sharing of resources
among two points utilizing a private network remotely by connecting through a public network.
The working of the VPN is similar to the firewall present in local computers. The operation of
connectivity is done by accessing to the public network first. This method is followed by setting
up a VPN network between the two points. This allows remote access as well as secure

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connectivity (Liyanage, Ylianttila & Gurtov, 2014). The encryption in the private network is
usually done by the adoption of several protocols like the IPSec (IP security), L2TP (Layer 2
Tunneling Protocol), Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), Point-to-
Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Secure Shell (SSH).
Answer to question 3:
Introduction:
The following report discusses about the WMAN technologies. It stands for wireless
metropolitan area network. The main benefit of the WMAN technologies are the wireless
connectivity among multiple locations present in a metropolitan network. In addition, the use of
WMAN technologies can facilitate connectivity without the need for high cost deployment or
wiring around the infrastructures.
Discussion:
ZeeTech is a multinational company whose main business is import and export
operations. The company has five employees with 40 employees in each of them. Their business
rate includes an average of 400 people per day. Their main consideration is the installation of a
wireless metropolitan area network in their offices that will allow better business operations. In
addition, ZeeTech is also considering the deployment of tablets or mobile phones to their field
workers so that they can stay connected and address the operations of the business.
WMAN:
The wireless metropolitan area network is used for addressing wireless connectivity
among multiple locations present in a metropolitan network. The use of WMAN technologies
can facilitate connectivity without the need for high cost deployment or wiring around the
infrastructures. They are also used to serve as backups for the wired connections among the

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infrastructure in case the connection becomes unstable. Their main usage of the spectrums lies in
the range of radio waves or infrared light for data transmission. There are three different
standards for the wireless metropolitan area network. These are the HiperMan, HiperACCESS
and the 802.16.
HiperMan:
High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network (HiperMan) aims to provide
wireless broadband connectivity for metropolitan area networks. Their range of operations
includes the radio frequencies at a range between 2-11 GHz.
HiperACCESS:
This technology is used to facilitate broadband wireless connections among small to
medium ventures. It can also be used to connect with the mobile devices. They are mainly used
for use with high frequency bands ranging from 40-43 GHz. The approximated bit rate is
considered to be 100 Mbit/s.
IEEE 802.16:
The IEEE 802.16 standard is also used to enable broadband connectivity. The use of
bandwidth lies in the range of 10-66 GHz (Lu & Huang, 2013). It also defines a MAC (medium
access layer) that is used to support multiple physical layers.
The different WMAN technologies that are used for broadband wireless connectivity are
the back haul and the last mile WMAN.
The Back haul is used for various enterprise connections and cellular connections. In
cases of larger connectivity where the installation of fiber cables around the infrastructure is too
costly, the use of back haul connection provided better features. In addition, the transmission rate
is also very high.

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The Last mile connections are used to serve as a better alternative to residential
broadband connections. The main benefits of these technologies are the presence of low cost
deployment features. In addition, the rate of setup is also very fast which helps to support the
business operations. Furthermore, they are also very useful for setting up wireless connections
across a temporary network.
Recommendations:
Thus, it is recommended for the company to adopt the last mile connectivity feature of
the WMAN technologies. The cost for installation is very low as compared to the broadband
connections. In addition, the standards are used to facilitate better security in this standard.
Furthermore, the rate of setup is also very fast which helps to support the business operations
Conclusion:
Thus, it is concluded from the report that the company ZeeTech needs to apply the
recommended solutions for addressing their business needs. This will help them to provide better
connectivity features and will aid them in their business operations.
Answer to question 4:
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):
The TDMA method is used for connectivity in a shared channel. The main carrier is
divided into various time slots that help in connectivity with various users. The basic use of the
time slots allows various users to send signals at the same time utilizing their own time slots
(Glisic & Leppänen, 2013). In addition, handoff process in the TDMA techniques is much
simpler which facilitates higher synchronization overhead.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):

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The CDMA technique is used to provide wireless communications that is widely used in
2G communications. The basic operation of CDMA technique is the use of a single carrier
channel for the transmission of data. This is done by using transmission bits known as codes.
These are very specific and vary to each user (Glisic & Leppänen, 2013). The transmitter and the
receiver need to have the same codes for connectivity.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM):
The Global System for mobile communications (GSM) is a universal standard developed
by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The GSM was made to replace
the analog communications of the first generation networks (Sharma, 2013). The main features
of this technology are the presence of duplex communications. The network of the GSM
architecture is classified in to the base station subsystem, network or switching subsystem, GPRS
core network and the operations support system.

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References:
Baldini, G., Karanasios, S., Allen, D., & Vergari, F. (2014). Survey of wireless communication
technologies for public safety. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(2), 619-
641.
Chakraborty, U., Kundu, A., Chowdhury, S. K., & Bhattacharjee, A. K. (2014). Compact dual-
band microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11 a WLAN application. IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, 13, 407-410.
Dhillon, H. S., Huang, H., & Viswanathan, H. (2017). Wide-area wireless communication
challenges for the Internet of Things. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(2), 168-174.
Glisic, S. G., & Leppänen, P. A. (2013). Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Kang, S., Kim, H., & Kang, S. (2015). Virtual private network for wellness sports
information. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 74(16), 6497-6507.
Liyanage, M., Ylianttila, M., & Gurtov, A. (2014). IP-based virtual private network
implementations in future cellular networks. Handbook of Research on Progressive
Trends in Wireless Communications and Networking, 1(44), 18.
Lu, J. H., & Huang, B. J. (2013). Planar compact slot antenna with multi-band operation for
IEEE 802.16 m application. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(3),
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475, pp. 699-702). Trans Tech Publications.

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Sharma, P. (2013). Evolution of mobile wireless communication networks-1G to 5G as well as
future prospective of next generation communication network. International Journal of
Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 2(8), 47-53.
Yuan, W., Wang, X., Linnartz, J. P. M., & Niemegeers, I. G. (2013). Coexistence performance of
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