Youth Diabetes Type 2

Running Head: Youth Diabetes Type 2 1
Youth Diabetes Type 2
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YOUTH DIABETES TYPE 2 2
Summary of youth diabetes type 2 teaching plan
Learning objective: To improve the detection of diabetes type 2 in youth, its pathophysiology,
its risk factors, prevention and management of related complications.
The projected time for the teaching session is about 3 hours. During the first hour, I will
briefly give a summary of what diabetes type 2 is and its pathophysiology. First I will include a
description of the pathophysiology of the disease that the balance between insulin secretion and
sensitivity to insulin in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle helps in the maintenance of
Glucose homeostasis. When insulin sensitivity decreases, insulin secretion should increase to
ensure glucose tolerance is maintained, and, in most youth, declined insulin sensitivity as a result
of puberty and/or obesity is balanced by raised insulin secretion (Szablewski, 2011). Next, I will
explain that obesity and overweight are key acquired contributors to the advancement of insulin
resistance, specifically in the face of the physiologic insulin resistance features of puberty
(Davies, Fitzgerald , & Mousouli, 2008).
In the second hour I will discuss the various risk factors for youth type 2 diabetes which
comprises of nonmodifiable factors such as genetics/epigenetics, due to family history of type 2
diabetes may be in first or second class relatives; Being born from a pregnancy which had
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complications; physiologic insulin resistance of puberty,
and minority ethnicity or race (Kim, 2019). On the other hand, key modifiable factors include
lifestyle habits and obesity. Lifestyle habits like surplus nutritional intake, more sedentary
behaviors, poor physical activity, and declined energy expenditure, resulting in the storing of
excess energy as body fat. Other possible modifiable risk factors for youth diabetes type 2 are
depressed mood or chronic stress and sleep-associated disorders (Becker, 2015).

YOUTH DIABETES TYPE 2 3
In the last hour, I will discuss the prevention and management of related complications
that there are increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity risks in the onset of Youth
diabetes type 2 that those diagnosed later. The advanced complication risk in the onset of the
disease is possibly associated with extended lifetime exposure to hyperglycemia and more
atherogenic risk factors comprising chronic inflammation, hypertension, insulin resistance, and
dyslipidemia. The prevention measures for some of these complications include screening, blood
tests such as lipid tests, intensive lifestyle interventions, and others (LeRoith, 2012).
The epidemiological rationale for topic
In the past, it was thought that type 2 diabetes is a metabolic condition absolutely of
adulthood but it has increasingly become more frequent among obese adolescents. This disease
occurs in all races despite previous observations that it is more prevalent among Hispanics,
Native Americans, and African Americans. Studies indicate that type 2 diabetes greatly varies by
ethnicity among children and adolescents, with extreme rates among youth of 15-19 years of age
in minority populations (Jayakumar, Bhavani, & Pavithran, 2013). Youth type 2 diabetes has
been reported not only in America but also worldwide. For instance, in Japan, 80% of all
diabetes new cases in adolescents and children were detected as diabetes type 2. In contrast,
Australia has 25 % incidences of youth diabetes type 2 among children and adolescents (Ekoé,
2008).
Additionally, despite some studies supporting the concept that the disease has a higher
prevalence in the ethnic groups with high risk, diabetes type 2 accounts for 14.9% of most
diabetes cases in white non-Hispanic adolescents (Wu & Ovid Technologies, 2010). Also, there
is an increased prevalence of diabetes type 2 among obese children population which is