Nursing Assignment on Diabetes Type 2: Pathophysiology, Causes, and Management

Running Head: NURSING ASSIGNMENT. 1
Nursing assignment
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Date

NURSING ASSIGNMENT. 2
Introduction
Diabetes is a category of disorders that occur metabolically and are featured by
hyperglycaemic conditions that result from an inadequate insulin action. The fundamental
pathophysiological characteristics of diabetes type 2 presenting a significant number of cases
worldwide are an appreciated insulin resistance as well as an impeded insulin secretion (Care,
2019). Progress of type 2 diabetes over some time is highlighted by the impediment of the
beta pancreatic cell function. Additionally, type 2 diabetes is brought about by some genetic
factors which are directly intertwined to appreciating insulin resistance and impending insulin
secretion and environmental elements which are overeating, obesity, stress, lack of exercise
and lastly aging.
Diabetes type 2 involves different extents of environmental factors as well as multiple genes.
Furthermore, the development of type 2 diabetes among many people has directly linked to
the same condition or maybe lesser diabetic conditions existing in the family line (Dunbar et
al., 2014). Type 2 diabetes is also presumed to associate with genetic abnormalities in
molecules interlinked with the glucose metabolism regulatory systems (Nolan, 2011). When
assessments of affected individual's genes are made while targeting at glucose-stimulated
insulin secretion of pancreatic beta cells as well as the molecules containing the molecular
operation for insulin action, genetic anomalies are defined and can be independent factors to
the type 2 diabetes such as those in mitochondrial genes, glucokinase genes as well as insulin
receptor genes.
Pathophysiology
Impending insulin secretion and appreciating insulin resistance results in the
development of type 2 diabetes as mentioned above. An impending insulin secretion means
depreciating responsiveness to glucose, so impaired glucose tolerance abbreviated as IGT is

NURSING ASSIGNMENT. 3
instigated by a diminish in glucose-responsive initial phase insulin secretion and a lessen in
surplus insulin secretion after having meals often causes postprandial hyperglycemia (Kahn,
2014). Individuals with obesity outlay an initial phase secretory response. A diminish in the
initial phase secretion is an essential segment in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and is
considered an elemental pathophysiological dynamic during type 2 onset. Impeding insulin
secretion appears to be progressive, and a progression in itself means that lipo-toxicity, as
well as glucose toxicity, will be experienced.
Appreciating insulin resistance that the insulin in the body will not exert abundant
action with respect to the blood concentration. The stultification of insulin action in primary
target body organs, for instance, the muscles and the liver is a recurring pathophysiological
characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance grows and outstretches itself preceding the
onset of the disease. Insulin resistance is directly intertwined with environmental factors such
as free fatty acids, hyperglycemia, the inflammatory mechanism among others as well as
genetic factors.
It is also intertwined with genetic factors such as insulin receptors and insulin receptor
substrate abbreviated as IRS-1 gene polymorphisms. These do affect not only the insulin
signals but also change the polymorphisms of thrifty genes, for instance, the uncoupling
protein gene abbreviated as UCP and the beta3 adrenergic receptor gene which are auxiliary
with visceral obesity and enhance body insulin resistance. Additional elements that are
crucial to the impediment of insulin secretion and obstruction of insulin signalling are
inflammatory conciliators as well as glucolipotoxicity arbiters (Morris, 2012).
The leading causes of exceeding mortality rates in type 2 diabetes are cardiovascular
diseases as well as atherosclerosis diseases which are intertwined to metabolic syndrome as
well as hepatic insulin resistance. Increased production of very low-density lipoprotein causes

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dense, small and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (Ozougwu, 2013). The manifestation of
insulin resistance for type 2 diabetes is NAFLD which is the abbreviation for non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease. Glucagon and insulin secretion defects in type 2 diabetes are as defined
above. However, eliminating requires increased physical activity and avoiding obesity both
of which Bill did not explain his susceptibility to the disease as well as the symptoms he
would face.
As mentioned above, obesity, aging, lack of exercise meaning there is deficient
consumption of energy are the key factors to diabetes type 2. Other factors causing diabetes
type 2 include consuming alcohol as well as taking a smoke (Nolan, 2011). Bill fits in almost
all the factors attributing to his condition. His age is 58 years' old which depicts aging. He
would smoke 12775 packs of smoke every year for 35 years and has a history of heavy
consumption of alcohol. Calculating his body mass index from two years ago when he was so
active in the activities, he was obese with a BMI of 50.94.
Furthermore, his mother had been diagnosed with the same condition and passed on
from the disease. All these factors explain the prevalence of his type 2 diabetes. He was
obese, and with such a body mass index, he must have had visceral fat obesity and did not
engage in exercises which results in a depreciating muscle mass inducing his insulin
resistance. This has been noted to increase rapidly especially among high-aged individuals as
he is as well as middle-aged individuals. His sedentary lifestyle resulted in an increased
intake of sugars and a decreased fiber diet resulting in obesity which in turn factors in a
depreciation of glucose tolerance. Scientifically, mild obesity will lead to an increased risk of
acquiring diabetes especially if the visceral fat mass increases.
Potential management approaches.