An Analysis of Communication and Information Technology Principles

This report provides a comprehensive overview of communication and information technology, covering various techniques, barriers, and communication theories. The report begins by defining communication and highlighting the importance of information sharing within organizations and between individuals. It then delves into different communication techniques, including written, verbal, and non-verbal methods, discussing their purposes and applications in professional and academic settings. The report also examines barriers to effective communication, such as inappropriate language, lack of trust, and timing issues, providing real-world examples and strategies to overcome these obstacles. Furthermore, the report explores several communication theories, including behavioral learning theory, cognitive learning theory, rhetorical theory, symbolic interaction theory, and uses and gratification theory. Finally, the report concludes by emphasizing the importance of strategies for effective communication, such as active listening, setting the right tone, and providing feedback. This report serves as a valuable resource for students seeking to understand the principles of communication and information technology.

Communication and
Information Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Techniques and purpose...............................................................................................................1
Barriers to communication...........................................................................................................2
Communication theory.................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Communication refers to a process of creating as well as sharing ideas, view, information
as well as feeling to other people (Ahmed, Nathaniel and Shahbaz, 2021). It helps to make flow
of information within an organ9isation or between different people. It also helps in making
coordination between group of people and avoid misunderstanding between them. It is important
for development of good relation which is helpful for individual as well as for organisation. This
project report include techniques of communication including written communication which is
important for development of academic as well as professional development, verbal and non
verbal communications etc. It also include barrier for effective communication including social
barrier, emotional barriers, personal etc. and communication theory which is important for
effective communication.
MAIN BODY
Techniques and purpose
Communication refers to process of sharing information, ideas, thoughts, views and
feelings. There are various communication techniques adopted by an individual as well as
organisation and has different purpose (Kaba, 2018). Different techniques of commination
adopted by individual and organisation are as follows:
Written communication: Written communication are those communication in which
message is send in writing via letters, reports, circular, bulletins etc. It is a method used for
formal purpose and is of flexible nature. It is important method as in this, written document can
be preserved as a record for future purpose. It is adopted for various purpose which are as
follows:
Profession and academic purpose: It is a technique of communication which is used in
professional purpose and academic purpose as it can be preserved as a record for period of
future. Also it is a convenient techniques in academic as a person cannot remember information
for long period but contain this information in written can allow an individual can read that
again.
Report writing: Written techniques helps an individual in writing report which include
important information (Chiou, Su and Huang, 2017). Preparing report in written form allow a
individual to keep it safe for evidence purpose.
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Verbal and nonverbal: Verbal communication is a type of communication technique
which include written words for sharing information (Lee and Lio, 2016). It includes both oral as
well as written communication and include face to face meeting, video conference, presentations
etc. Non-verbal communication refers to a type of communication which is done through
gesture, movement, facial expressions etc. It is conducted for various reason which are as
follows:
Record keeping: Verbal communication is a communication which is used for record
keeping purpose as one can preserve document which is in written form. It is helpful for an
organisation as they have evidence for their transactions.
Counselling and mentoring: Verbal communication is used for purpose of counselling
as well as mentoring. As in mentoring an individual, person gives direction and feedback for
improvement of their performance.
Barriers to communication
Barriers in communication refers to anything which prevent receiving as well as
understanding of message to convey information, thoughts and ideas in a right way (Linder and
Levine, 2016). There is various barrier which prevent effective communication and some of
these are as follows:
Inappropriate Language: Using inappropriate language during communication process
can result in ineffective communication. As use of language by sender which is completely
different for receiver, using technical words are some of factors which falls in this category. It is
related to cultural barrier as different language is using by people of different culture.
Breach to trust: If there is lack of communication between sender as well as receiver
than it can be result in barrier to effective communication (Liu and Chen, 2018). For instance,
when sender is alters original message, receiver will delay in action given to them by message
and this can happen due to bad decision taking of sender which result in ineffective
communication because of alteration. Reason behind this type of barrier to communication is
emotional factors.
Example: A person who is working in an international organisation which has cross
culture environment can face barriers to effective communication. As in cross culture
environment, people of different culture, region and country work together to achieve common
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purpose of business. In that environment a person is not able to communicate with other person
as there are language barrier between them or in this situation a person can get wrong meaning of
other person message as they do not know their language. Because of this factor, working and
efficient of organisation as well as individual is affected.
Speaking same language as of audience: It is important in communication process that
sender should communicate in same language which is understandable by sender as it helps to
increase chances of effective communication (Majeed and Khan, 2019). Individuals can take
help of IT technology in this as there are various translators in market which helps to remove
language barriers and allow a person to communicate freely.
Sharing right information: It is important for sender to share right information as it
helps them to increase effectiveness of communication. In business, every member working in
that organisation want information related to business as it is important for them to know about
position of company in market in which they are working. So, it is important to provide correct
information as it can create impact on receiver which break trust between them.
Timing of communication: Sender should carefully deliver information to receiver as it
can impact on effectiveness of information. Sender should deliver information to appropriate
time when receiver can carefully understand message delivered by sender. Timing is important in
communication as if information is provided to receiver at wrong time cannot get attention of
receiver which can result in barrier to communication.
Communication theory
Behavioural Learning theory: Behavioural learning theory are those which is focused on
concept that behaviour of people can be learned with interaction of people with environment.
These behaviours are influenced through various factors and is provide understanding to
motivate people. Motivation plays important role in learning of people and as it creates positive
reinforcement as well as negative reinforcement which affect motivation of people. It includes
various factors including classical conditioning, stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination,
operant conditioning.
Cognitive learning theory: Cognitive learning theory are those which includes focus on
learning with full potential. It includes factors include comprehensive, memory, application. This
theory is based on influence of internal as well as external factors on learning process of a
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person. This process is based on attention, observation and long-term memory of a person. It
includes two factors social cognitive theory and begavioural cognitive theory.
Rhetorical theory: Rhetorical theory is a communication theory given by Aristotle and
has explain rhetoric as a means of persuasion. It includes wining an argument over their audience
just like public speaker as they use this type of communication (Shamsuddin and Srinivasan,
2021). This theory includes three type of appeals including logos, ethos, pathos. Ethos include
trustworthiness and credibility shown by speaker as well as writer. Pathos include persuasion
appealed to readers emotions whereas logos persuasion for purpose of reasoning. According to
this theory, there are three things which need to be considered while speaking or writing
including source to conceive idea, determination of intention and determine meaning of stimulate
receivers mind.
Symbolic Interaction theory: It is one of communication theory which focus on
relationship existed between individual as well as society. In this communication is completed
through exchange of symbols and language. It is a framework which helps to understand
interaction of one person for creation go symbolic world and shape behaviour of individuals.
This theory is based on three assumption including meaning of individual construct and
communication process, self-concept worked as behaviour motivation, uniqueness of
relationship exist among individual and society.
Uses and gratification theory: This theory is an approach which helps to understand
reason of seeking specific media by people to satisfy particular needs (Zhang, Wang and Latif,
2019). This theory is based on certain assumptions including awareness existed in people for use
of media, interest and motives. It also includes initiative in linking gratification need to a
medium choice with member audience. It also includes competence of media with other
resources for satisfaction of need. It also includes value judgement for media content as it is
assessed by audience. Use of this approach include usage of mobile phone, internet usage, usage
of social media.
Strategies for affective communication: There are various strategies which are adopted
by a person that helps to improve communication. These strategies adopted by a individual
person as well as organisation which are as follows:
Listening: Listening is one of those strategies which helps to improve effectiveness of
communication (Zhou, Zhou and Wang, 2018). Communication is not always about taking but it
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also increases listening. It is important for an individual to listen carefully what other person is
trying to speaking as it reduces chance of misunderstanding and increase effectiveness of
communication.
Set right tone: It is important for a person to set right tone while communication a
message as it increases effectiveness of message. As it is dependent on situation which type of
tone should be used as while giving emotionally support to a person, soft tone is used while
giving punishment to a person for their mistake strict tone should be used.
Encouragement as well as Feedback: It is important for an individual to take feedback
as reduce chance of miscommunication and misunderstanding. It helps to increase effectiveness
of message and ensure that information is understand in a way it is delivered.
CONCLUSION
From above mentioned project report it can be concluded that communication is a
process of transmission of information between two or more people. It includes transmission of
information, views, thoughts, feelings, ideas etc. There are various techniques of communication
including written, verbal and non-verbal, formal and information. These are used of different
purpose and helps to share information between two or more individuals. There are various
barriers to communication including which can occur due to various reasons including
inappropriate language, lack of trust between sender and receiver etc. There are various theories
of communication which helps to improve communication including Rhetorical theory,
Symbolic interaction theory, Uses and gratification theory. An individual also adopt various
strategies which helps them to improve their communication and these strategies include
listening, setting right tone and taking feedback to ensure information is understand in a right
manner.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ahmed, Z., Nathaniel, S.P. and Shahbaz, M., 2021. The criticality of information and
communication technology and human capital in environmental sustainability: Evidence
from Latin American and Caribbean countries. Journal of Cleaner Production. 286.
p.125529.
Chiou, S.F., Su, H.C. and Huang, E.W., 2017. The application of information and
communication technology (ICT) in nursing education. Hu Li Za Zhi. 64(6). pp.5-11.
Kaba, B., 2018. Modeling information and communication technology use continuance behavior:
Are there differences between users on basis of their status?. International Journal of
Information Management. 38(1). pp.77-85.
Lee, M.H. and Lio, M.C., 2016. The impact of information and communication technology on
public governance and corruption in China. Information Development. 32(2). pp.127-
141.
Linder, J.A. and Levine, D.M., 2016. Health care communication technology and improved
access, continuity, and relationships: the revolution will be uberized. JAMA internal
medicine. 176(5). pp.643-644.
Liu, Z.H. and Chen, H.W., 2018. Analysis and improvement of large payload bidirectional
quantum secure direct communication without information leakage. International
Journal of Theoretical Physics. 57(2). pp.311-321.
Majeed, M.T. and Khan, F.N., 2019. Do information and communication technologies (ICTs)
contribute to health outcomes? An empirical analysis. Quality & quantity. 53(1).
pp.183-206.
Shamsuddin, S. and Srinivasan, S., 2021. Just smart or just and smart cities? Assessing the
literature on housing and information and communication technology. Housing Policy
Debate. 31(1). pp.127-150.
Zhang, J., Wang, B. and Latif, Z., 2019. Towards cross‐regional sustainable development: The
nexus between information and communication technology, energy consumption, and
CO 2 emissions. Sustainable Development. 27(5). pp.990-1000.
Zhou, X., Zhou, D. and Wang, Q., 2018. How does information and communication technology
affect China's energy intensity? A three-tier structural decomposition
analysis. Energy. 151. pp.748-759.
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