Analysis of Leadership and Management Styles at Marks & Spencer

This report analyzes the leadership and management practices at Marks & Spencer, a multinational retail company. It begins with an introduction defining leaders and managers, comparing their roles and characteristics within the organization, and then differentiates between the roles of leaders and functions of managers. The report examines leadership and management in various situations, such as telling, participating, and selling scenarios. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different leadership approaches, including situational and system leadership, and explores various leadership theories and models. The report also covers key approaches to operations management, the roles of leaders and managers in this context, and the importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives. Furthermore, it assesses factors impacting operational management and decision-making, analyzing factors affecting the business environment and wider community, ultimately providing a critical evaluation of the application of operations management and its impact on the wider business environment.

Management & Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
P1 Definition of leaders and managers and comparison on their roles and characteristics in the
organisation............................................................................................................................3
M1 Analysis and differentiation among the role and function of manager............................5
P2 Examination of leaders and manager on their roles and function in different situations..5
M2 Assessment of strength and weakness of approaches in situation within the work place 6
P3 Different leadership theories and models of approaches..................................................7
D1 Critical analysis and evaluation the different theories and approaches of leadership......8
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
P4 Key approaches of operations management and role which leaders and manager play in the
organisation............................................................................................................................8
M3 Evaluation of leaders and managers to improve efficiencies of operational management9
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives......10
P6 Assessment of factors which haves impacts on operational management and decision
making of leaders and managers..........................................................................................11
M4 Analysis of different factors affect the business environment and wider community...11
D2 Critical evaluation application of operations management and factors that impacts on
wider business environment.................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Arrangements of the employees and business activities to maximise the efficiency of the
organisation to increase business revenues (Tummala and Schoenherr, 2011). It is having focus
to produce a qualitative product and service from an organisation which can help them to retain
and gain their profitability and as well as to reduce the market rivalries. Operational management
is having a focus on the production line which helps to a company to manage the production cost
as they have decided according to the market price an profit ratio. This present report is based on
the Marks and Spencer which is a super market retail chain, it has a content on the different
leadership styles e.g. situational, contingency and system which helps to the leaders to make
business policies and decisions.
TASK 1
INTRODUCTION
Marks and Spencer is a multinational company and dealing in the home keeping products, luxury
clothings and foods. The organisation's believes to manage proper hierarchies in the management
which helps them to manage business activities and they are using tall management structure
which classify a set of responsibilities for each management level.
P1 Definition of leaders and managers and comparison on their roles and characteristics in the
organisation
Leaders: A person which has a potential to lead a group of people in a direction which can be
beneficial for them. Leading and controlling power is the main key elements of the leaders which
helps them to make their activities, potentials to analyse the demands of the organisation and
employees and implement changes accordingly in it.
Managers: An individual which is having responsibility to manage a group of people according
to the objectives which are decided by the leaders (Wu, Olson and Birge, 2011). Mostly
managers are having their own team which is committed to create a business activity to reach
towards their aims.
Managers and leaders are having key features which are described under here:
Manager's characteristics:Managers which are working in the Marks and Spencer are having
focus on their own department, they are having their objectives which provides a direction to
them to generate business activities from their undertakes employees. They are having their

criteria in which they have to make their business activities from their managerial skills e.g. time
management and communication. Accountability helps them to make assumptions and changes
in the business activities as per the customers needs. Patience and positive attitude helps them to
manage people of their team.
Leader's Characteristics: Transparency, confidence and focus is the main feature of the leaders
which helps them to make business policies and decisions in the Marks and Spencer (Ergun and
et. al., 2010). Transparency helps them to manage the trust and faith of the employees in the
organisation, confidence and focus supports to the leaders to make a effective business policies.
As they are having rigours market rivalries so they have to make their proper focus on the market
strategies and selling strategies.
Roles of managers and leaders in Marks and Spencer;
Leaders roles: Policy and strategy maker which is a significant role in the organisation, which
creates a direction for the managers and employees which are working in the organisation. So
leaders are having huge significant role in the organisation to make it successful. Leaders are
having role of resource investigator, motivator and policy maker in the organisation to enhance
development in all dimensions.
Manager's roles: Manager's are having a role to manage people and activities according to the
needs of the market. Monitor, coordinator and liaison are some role which have to play by
managers in Marks and Spencer. It is essential for departmental managers to evaluate and
monitor the work of employees to enhance their productivity.
Leaders are having more roles and responsibilities as compare to the managers but both
people are a need for the company to manage business activities to retain market share and
profits.
Comparison in between activities of manager and leaders are here:
Basis for comparison Managers Leaders
Routine In M&S managers are having
various work like stock
management which has to be do on
daily basis.
These people are having large tasks
related to strategies and policies
which takes a lot of time.
Focus They are having focus on short Leaders are having focus on long

term goals. term goals like: five years and more
than it to increase their market and
scope.
M1 Analysis and differentiation among the role and function of manager
Manager and leaders are having their separate roles and responsibilities in Marks and
Spencer (Alderton and Saieva, 2013). A differentiation is described under here for the role of
leaders and function of the managers:
Role of leaders: According to the Trait theory, leaders have to analyse the employees and their
skills which they are having to perform activities. It helps to them to implement their business
strategies by them.
Function of managers: Most of the managers are having their on the employees to monitor and
according to the Human Relations Theory managers are have to monitor their employees and
analyse their needs and accomplish it.
P2 Examination of leaders and manager on their roles and function in different situations
Most of the organisations are based on their leaders and managers, their mutual
understanding can increase the market share and revenues. In Marks and Spencer leaders are
having power to make policies and they are playing a role of policy maker. Managers are
following them and implementing their policy in the organisation. Both are having a huge
responsibility to perform and manage their business activities in each and every conditions. So
they have to use their characteristic in their acts to maintain their business activities. Some
crucial conditions are here in which managers and leaders are performing:
Telling situation: It is essential for leaders to make a proper communication with their
employees so they have to follow a process to spread out information. Leaders has to follow
organisation communicational process which can help to them to make a clear communication.
As the organisation is having their own communication process which helps them to
communicate, discuss and spread out their orders and informations in between their employees.
But in the situation when they are having a problems to communicate in between the
subordinates (Talk, 2016.). Managers have to analyse what are the basic cause in it and they have
to discuss it from their superiors to resolve it. As managers are have to make coordination in

between the subordinates by providing manual guidance by them. In this situation leaders have
to make proper decision on it to reduce the chances to occur this situation in the future.
Participating situation: This is a condition in which managers and leaders has to involve their
employees to take a better decisions. Leaders has to consider their managers and manager has to
take suggestions of their subordinates to make an effective decision. Many of issues occur in the
daily business activities which has to be resolved properly, these kinds of decision can be stated
as a tactical decisions which is essential for Marks and Spencer. In this situation manages have to
analyse about the issue those are coming regularly day by day and creating a problem to act for
the subordinates. So they have to make discussion with the leaders of the organisation and have
to make proper decisions on it to manage the work flow of the organisation.
Selling situation: As M&S is a retail company so it is essential for them to manage their sales by
making an effective team. It is essential time and situation in which a team is developing going
on a process Tuckman's models (Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2010). So it is necessary for the
managers and leaders to provide proper training and development program to them to increase
their working efficiency as per the needs of the organisation. In this time, managers have to be
focused on each and every subordinate which are included in to take a training.
M2 Assessment of strength and weakness of approaches in situation within the work place
Managers and leaders are using theories and approaches to perform their work in the
Marks and Spencer, an assessment is here of them:
Approaches Strength Weakness
System leadership It is having focus on the
revenues and profits by using
working policies and
guidelines by the leaders. So I
personally believes that
company has to use it to make
a systematic plan.
It is based on the leaders skills
and their policies so it can not
be fully effective for the
organisation. But it can make a
diverse impact upon
organisational policies.
Situational leadership It helps to the managers and
leaders to make changes as per
the demands of the situation in
Modifications and changes can
reduce the effectiveness and
appropriateness of the policies

the Marks and Spencer. By
this managers can resolve
situational matters, so they
have to use it.
which are made by leaders and
managers in the organisation.
Situational focus can harm on
leaders policies.
P3 Different leadership theories and models of approaches
Marks and Spencer are having many of the managers at different level of the
management and they are having their own set of roles and responsibilities as well as leaders are
also having a huge responsibility to retain the organisation sales and revenues. So they are
having use of different leaderships styles in the organisation to manage the situations in the
organisation. Such kind of situation which can create huge problems in their future have to be
resolved at the time by using of effective leadership styles and approaches which are described
under here;
Situational leadership style: According to the leadership style managers and leaders have to
make changes in their business policies and activities to be effective as per the needs of the
situation. As the Marks and Spencer is having a tall structure in the organisation and they are
having many of the employees to execute their services (Slack and Brandon-Jones, 2011). So
managers have to analyse the situation and they have to make communicate with their
employees. By this they can analyse the needs of the employees and situation. Modifications can
be made by the managers and leaders according to the needs of the employees and be effective as
per the situation.
System leadership style: Management structures are having their own significance in the
organisation, as the Marks and Spencer are using tall management structure in which they are
having different management level. System leaderships depends on the organisational structure,
business policies and guidelines which are made by the leaders. So according to system
leadership style, leaders have to make their business policies after the analysing of the situation
in which organisation is surviving and they have to make an analysis of the employees to make
business policies and market strategies accordingly (O'Fallon and Rutherford, 2011). It can
helpful for the leaders and managers to achieve their organisational objectives in the pre decided
time limits.

Contingency leadership style: It is necessary for the managers and leaders to be perfect to make
and implement strategies cause each and every employee which are working in the organisation
re working according to their capabilities. So they have to be prepared of any type of contingent
factors which can reduce the effectiveness of the company to provide their services to the
customers.
D1 Critical analysis and evaluation the different theories and approaches of leadership
Situational leadership helps to the company to make modification for a particular
situation but it is not applicable to make a business policies according to it but it can make a
confusion in between the organisational policies in between employees (Barratt, Choi and Li,
2011). System leadership can be useful for the organisation to make their business strategies by
involving their managers and employees in it. But it can make an adverse impact up on main
organisational strategies. Contingency approach can be helpful for the managers and leaders to
attain their business objectives but it has a criteria cause it depends on the skills of the leaders
and managers.
CONCLUSION
The above presented report is having focus on the leaders and managers which are working in
the organisation to manage business activities. Leaders believes in to merge employees in the
decision making process to improve the effectiveness of the business activities and as well as to
increase the qualitative work of employees. They should create more communication with
employees to reduce contradictory issues.
INTRODUCTION
Marks and Spencer is a retailer company and they having focus to provide a better
products as per the desire of customers. Leadership is an significant factor of the management
and operations. Leaders are having liability to make effective decisions which helps them to
increase the sales.

P4 Key approaches of operations management and role which leaders and manager play in the
organisation
Dynamic approach: This approach access all operational managerial activities with the help of
manager of cites entity. They help us by providing target and even the solutions. These approach
lead us to take different leadership challenges which are in public and private sector. Dynamic
approach has four different elements that are learning, contingencies, knowledge and solving
problem (Peng and Lai, 2012). To complete their goals and objectives they help them in making
profit and increase productivity by providing and promoting workers with upgraded technology
so that they get fully aware about it.
System approach: This approach is very common as it is used to measure some part of market
which is going to impact the profitability of the organization. These factors are going to be
analysed by the managers of Marks and Spencer and with the help of people who can survive in
the market they have to use those methods and solution.
Role of leaders in operational management: Leaders in the organisation plays a very important
role and they are the main part of the organisation at every level. In cited organisation the
members and employees combines their organizations goals with personal objectives. To
coordinate with workers properly the leaders have to take some more efforts with their
employee, so it can help the organisation to accomplish their goals. So leaders motivate their
employees so that they can help end no of customers by providing them the best products.
Role of manager in operational management: In cited organisation, managers have to mix all
the activities which are going on in organisation. Manager have to use perfect and suitable
managerial knowledge and skills for effectual working (Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012).
The organisation have to manage all the resources. To find out appropriate cost its being made
easy for the higher authorities.
Managers and leaders are having huge responsibility to manage their employees as per
the needs of the organisation cause it is essential for them to retain their market share and
revenues. So they have to make changes which are effective according to the needs of the
organisation. Dynamic and system both approaches are helpful for the managers and leaders to
attain their business objectives in the pre decided time limits. Leaders and managers are having
huge role to manage profitability in the company.

M3 Evaluation of leaders and managers to improve efficiencies of operational management
In Marks and Spencer, leaders and managers are liable for the effectiveness of all the
activities which are being helped while doing operational management. They have to make use
of suitable method for doing all the task in effectual manner (Tang and Musa, 2011). This helps
in appropriate functioning on regular basis operations. They effectively manages the standard of
the product which are being delivered to the customer. It satisfies the customer and helps in
increasing their sales and it make this activity generate and want to achieve the target of an
organisation. Along with it it, it helps the organisation in making profit.
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Most of the leaders are having their focus on the business objectives which can be attain
by them by using of operation management. It is essential for the managers and leaders to be
effective as per the market competition, many of the companies are working in the retail market
so it is essential for them to manage their business activities appropriately. Management
operations has focus on the activities which are performing by the employees in the organisation.
So it is essential for the managers to make changes in the business activities to manage and
maintain a work flow. Some points are here which describes their significance in the Marks and
Spencer to attain their business objectives:
Performance: Operation management helps to the company to manage their employees
performance which is an essential part for them. Managers and leaders have to analyse the needs
of the employees which are becoming a hinder to make their activities in the organisation.
Cost effectiveness: It works on the cost effectiveness cause it can help the organisation to
manage their profit higher. So managers which are having their own team have to analyse in
their subordinates and their acts on the basis of the cost effectiveness. Which helps to them to
maintain their cost as per the budget (Galindo and Batta, 2013). So managers have to make
changes in the acts of the employees if they have found a cause which can increase their costs.
Modifications: Operation management is used by the managers and leaders to mak4e changes in
their acts and create an appropriate modification in their acts which can help them to attain their
business objectives. It is not possible for the leaders to make an appropriate analysis and forecast
for the future, it can be different from the analysis so it creates a chance for the modification
which can be implemented by the leaders and managers by using the management and
operations in the organisation.

Decision making: Mostly operation management is having a significant role in the organisation
by taking tactical decisions which are based on the issues which occurs in the day by day
activities (Sarkis, Zhu and Lai, 2011). So managers and leaders can take an effective decision by
analysing situation and communication with the employees.
P6 Assessment of factors which haves impacts on operational management and decision making
of leaders and managers
Managers and leaders have to make effective and appropriate decisions on the issues
which are creating a problem to perform business activities sin the Marks and Spencer. It is
essential for the company to manage the profitability in the organisation. But some factors are
having influence in the decision making by the managers and leaders in the Marks and Spencer:
Revenues: It is an objective for the company and it has a huge influence by each of the decisions
which are taken by the leaders and managers in the organisation. Managers and leaders evaluate
their decisions on the basis of the profitability and cost. Marks and Spencer is a private
ownership company and they are having an objective to maintain their profit and increase it
compare to the last years. Each and every decisions which are taken by the managers and leaders
can increase and decrease the cost of the organisation which can make an impact on the annual
revenues. So it is essential for the company to manage their growth rate in the organisation.
Government: Decision regarding to the employees are having influence of the government.
Some times leaders and managers have to make changes in the role of the employees and they
have to make their transfer according to their skills so they have to make their changes and
modifications as per the rules and regulations of the government. Business policies, strategies
and guide lines have to made by the leaders and changes in them have to be follow rules of the
government (Wong and et. al., 2012). As the organisation is dealing in the retail sector they have
to make their decisions which can impact on the organisations profits and as well as the
satisfaction of the customers.
Customers: It is a significant factor for the company and they are working for them. Their final
objective is providing a proper customers satisfaction by their products and services. So they
have to make analysis of the customers that what changes they wants in the company's acts and
services by which they can be profitable for them. Customers are core area which helps to the
company to increase their profits and revenues. So marketing and sales managers have to analyse
the needs of the customers and they have to make their changes accordingly.

M4 Analysis of different factors affect the business environment and wider community
Satisfaction of the customer is a main factors which impacts on the organisation and
wider community which is linked with the organisation. Cause it creates an image among the
customers and helps them to manage their sales and profits (Yang, Hong and Modi, 2011).
Marketing managers are having direct communication with the customers by which they can
analyse their demands and factors which have to be changed by the organisation.
D2 Critical evaluation application of operations management and factors that impacts on wider
business environment
Operation management helps to the Marks and Spencer to make modifications in the acts
of the employees to be more effective to provide customers satisfaction and generate revenues by
them (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012). Government is having a power to rule on the company and
they can make restrictions on them also so it is essential for the company to make their acts
according to the regulations of the government. Customers and revenues are linked, both can be
reduce and decrease by the activities of the organisation. So managers and leaders have to use
operation management effectively by which they can increase their sales and number of
customers.
CONCLUSION
Above presented report has been concluded up on dynamic and system approaches of the
management which helps to Marks and Spencer to increase the efficiency of the employees to
deliver proper customer satisfaction by their acts. They have to be focused on their objectives by
which they can make better business policies which helps them to maximise their revenues.
CONCLUSION
The above detailed report has targetted on the leadership and management of the Marks
and Spencer. It has been concluded in this report that leadership is having impact on each and
every part of the organisation. Key approaches are given in this report which can be used by the
management to leads an effective working environment in the organisation. They have to be
focused to increase the use of management theories and leaderships styles which are prescribed
in the report as per the needs of the organisation. It helps them to make effective decisions and as
well as to increase the work efficiency of the employees.