Management Accounting Report: Cambridge Manufacturing Analysis

This report comprehensively examines management accounting, focusing on its systems, methodologies, and application within a manufacturing context. It begins with an introduction to management accounting, its role in decision-making, and an overview of the Cambridge Manufacturing Company Ltd. The report delves into different types of management accounting systems, including inventory management, price optimization, cost accounting, and job costing. It explores various reporting methodologies like variance analysis, budget reports, and performance reports. Task 2 focuses on cost calculation techniques, including marginal and absorption costing, and the preparation of income statements. The report also evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of planning tools used for budgetary control, comparing organizations' responses to financial problems and assessing how management accounting contributes to sustainable success. The analysis includes detailed calculations and critical evaluations of accounting systems within organizational processes.

MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Explanation of management accounting and its different types of system. ..........................3
P2. Different methodologies employed used in Management Accounting Reporting................5
M1 Benefits of management accounting system:.......................................................................6
D1 Critically evaluation of management accounting systems and reports integrated within
organisational processes..............................................................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P3 Calculation of costs using appropriate techniques to prepare income statement. .................7
M2. Various Techniques of Management Accounting System..................................................9
D2 Produce financial reports that accurately apply and interpret data for a range of business
activities......................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P4 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used for budgetary
control.......................................................................................................................................10
M3 Use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets
...................................................................................................................................................12
P5 Comparison of organisations while adapting management accounting systems to respond
to financial problems.................................................................................................................12
M4 Responding to financial problems, management accounting can lead organisations to
sustainable success....................................................................................................................14
D3 Evaluate how planning tools ..............................................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................16
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INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is a systematic set of activities which includes activities related
to deep analysis of various expenses of business and preparation of internal financial report
which assist managerial personnel’s in decision making activities to achieve objectives of
business organisation (Aksoylu and Aykan, 2013). It simply refers to providing relevant financial
performance to top management for the purpose of strategy formulation and implementation.
This report contains an explanation about management accounting system and its types along
with benefits, various methods of management accounting reporting, use of planning tools and,
advantages and disadvantages of planning tools in the context of Cambridge Manufacturing
Company Ltd., a medium size manufacturing company. It is a manufacturer of weight loss
supplements in UK. This report also exhibits comparison of ways in which organisations could
use management
accounting to respond to financial problems and analysis of how and to what extent, responding
to financial problem help in achievement of sustainable success.
Task 1
P1 Explanation of management accounting and its different types of system.
Management accounting system implies to a set of activities which involves preparation
and reporting of financial and accounting information to managerial personnel’s which assist in
operating organisation's daily activities and functions in effective. It also helps management in
taking short term decisions. Under management accounting system, main motive of different
process is to provide raw information or data to top management for decision-making process.
Management accounting system is adopted by business organisation to assess and evaluate their
actual performance and growth effectively. It simply defied as a systematic process of
preparation of accounts and other management reports that is ultimately used by management to
prepare an action plan for future and to take strategic decisions (Boiral, 2016). In Cambridge
Manufacturing Company Ltd, management accounting is essential aspect of organisation. In
company this system is used for internal analysis of company's activities and functions. In
company, at first divisional and functional managers collect, identify, select and evaluate
information and then communicate or report such information to top level management in
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company to assist them in strategy formulation and implementation. Following are some key
management accounting system that is adopted by Cambridge, as discussed below:
Inventory management system: It is a most significant management accounting system
which is adopted by business organisations for the purpose of effective management of various
inventories like finished goods, raw material, work in progress, closing stock, spare tools etc.
This management accounting system assist in tacking actual and real time movement of various
kind on inventories within a business enterprise. This system also assists in identification of main
cause of increase in abnormal loss or normal loss. As Cambridge Ltd is a manufacture of weight
loss supplements, so inventory management system is essential part company. In company,
various production managers by applying inventory management system monitor the flow of
inventory and minimise additional inventory cost like storage cost, inventory handling costs etc.
In company this system ensures the availability of inventory in manufacturing and production
process.
Price optimisation system: This system is applied by companies to critically analyse the
relationship between demand of product or service and price of product and service. Under this
system business organisation assess a most appropriate price at which demand is maximum. This
system includes a process of analysis of customer's response at different price level of product.
Main motive of this system is to minimise the price of product while maintaining same profit
margin. In Cambridge Ltd, this system is adopted by company to gain competitive advantages by
optimising price of products. Management with help of this system analyse the consumer
response at different price of product to fix a most appropriate price (Bromiley and et.al, 2015).
Cost accounting system: It a kind of management accounting system in which provide
assistance to business organisation in monitor and optimization of various expenses and costs.
This system includes a systematic set of activities like entering, analysing, classifying,
summarizing and evaluation of various expense or costs to develop a frame for controlling these
costs. Main objectives of this system are to enhance the cost efficiency within business
organisation. It assists identification and assessment of excessive costs if any. It also provides
assistance in comparison of actual and budgeted cost. It indicates towards any event which may
incur any additional cost in manufacturing and production cost. In this system is used to analyse
the cost of construction project and any escalation in cost of project. In Cambridge Ltd, this
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system is adopted by company to optimise their product cost to increase profitability. It also
assists company to take out source or produce decision.
Job costing system: This system is mainly used by business organisations in which
various costs and expenses are allocated to particular jobs and tasks. This type of management
accounting system emphasises on systematic classification of cost related to manufacturing and
production costs to a single task or job. Main purpose of this system is to enhance the
accountability within business organisation. In Cambridge Ltd, company is producing various
food and diet supplement some products are totally different in nature thus company is using this
system also to allocate cost in separate product job or task. Following are key information’s that
is needed for job costing system, as follows:
P2. Different methodologies employed used in Management Accounting Reporting.
In an organisation, the management accounting reporting is usually carried out by the
lower level managers who then delivers the same for approval to the higher management
authorities (Malinić and Todorović, 2012). Under Management Accounting Reporting, the main
purpose is to deliver an overall view of the management practices, policies and procedures
undertaken at various organisational levels for a given period. In order to bring uniformity, the
reporting is done using similar formats that are predefined and help in easy identification of the
nature, size, complexity and purpose of the report itself. These may vary from organisation to
organisation. In Cambridge, different reporting formats may be used to communicate
information of varying nature to the top-management. Some of the techniques and
methodologies that are adopted by this company are as follows:
Variance Analysis:
As the name suggest, variance analysis facilitates analysis of deviations found between
the budgeted amounts and their actual occurrence. Thus, helping in the identification of weak
production areas and cost centres present in a manufacturing process. Here, the main aim of the
management is to ascertain any sort of under or over utilisation of resources which may result in
under or over costing on Cambridge's part. A variance reported may be favourable, unfavourable
or adverse in nature. In Cambridge, this method is used to ascertain nature of variance in
construction costs. If any unfavourable variance is found, management strives to strategically
eliminate it. Also, a quantity variance identified in construction project shows that company used
excessive input.
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Budget reports:
This technique helps in planning, controlling and coordinating valuable business
resources so as to generate maximum productivity by incurring minimal costs. For Cambridge,
this is a crucial method so as to ensure liquidity and adequate working capital in the business.
For this purpose, the company prepares various budgets related to cash, sales and purchase
among others. This helps them in being mindful of cost related decisions in the context of both
present as well as future perspectives (McLean, McGovern and Davie, 2015). Also, Management
Accounting Reporting using this technique enables the management in knowing exactly what
needs to be reduced and what needs to be prioritised so as to gain future profitability and value
deliverance on company's part.
Performance Report:
This reporting methodology includes reporting of overall performance of the company to
the higher management authorities. This includes both organisational and employee
performance. Hence, one is able to ascertain and benchmark the level of excellence expected out
of employees as well as the organisation in order to maintain as well as enhance current and
future performance. In Cambridge, this technique is used to control and overlook the
performance of employees of various managers and their subordinates. It also helps in the
determination of those people who are excellent in their work and recognizing their
achievements thereof. Thus, indirectly instilling a sense of motivation and belonging among
them as well as others.
M1 Benefits of management accounting system:
With the help of management accosting system organization enhance their operational
functions such as inventory management system help the organization to regular track their
inventory level. It minimise the carrying cost which automatically increase the profit margin.
Along with this, cost accounting system help the manager to identify their each unit cost and on
the basis of this, manager can build effective strategy which further helps in decision making
process. Management accounting systems are beneficial for organisation that provides
information to ensure organisation goal or objectives. Like in context of Cambridge Ltd is using
management system that helps to decide the goals and objects within organisation and employees
make efforts to complete objectives.
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D1 Critically evaluation of management accounting systems and reports integrated within
organisational processes
Management accounting system and accounting reports integrated with organisational
process in order to survive business in effective manner. Both are playing important role in the
process and help to increase profitability as well as productivity. All this system helps in proper
analysing of business performance and every essential reports aids company to make proper
plans that support to attain the defined objective in present full manner (Takeda and Boyns,
2014). Management accounting system and report are integrated with each other such as
manager’s uses different management accounting system such as inventory management system,
price optimisation system and cost accounting system that help to maintain the records. The
manager of Cambridge uses this system and prepares accounting reports that help to understand
proper report and transaction. A manager cannot prepare accounting reports without using
management accounting system that provides information within organisation. Such as manager
of Cambridge Ltd uses inventory management system and prepare report that provide
information about raw material and finished good through reports. By using cost accounting
system it prepares cost reports that provide information about costs.
TASK 2
P3 Calculation of costs using appropriate techniques to prepare income statement.
Per unit production cost of Galway Plc using marginal costing technique
Heads amount
Direct material 8
Direct labour 5
Variable production overheads 3
total production cost per unit 16
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Per unit production cost of Galway Plc using Absorption costing technique
Heads amount
Direct material 8
Direct labour 5
Variable production overheads 3
fixed production overheads 13.33
total production cost per unit 29.33
Variance analysis
This method used by company to identify business systemic problems. That could be
identified by matching the real price with the price of the budget. This method yields either
positive or negative outcomes which are advantageous results indicate an enhancement in the
company's effectiveness, while negative results show company inefficiencies.
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Inventory valuation
This instrument enables economic employees to keep track of every move in the
business's stock. LIFO, FIFO, weighted average, etc. are different techniques for stock valuation
that the company can use.
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M2. Various Techniques of Management Accounting System
Techniques of Management Accounting system include Standard and Historical Costing.
Under Standard Costing, variances are identified by benchmarking costs and comparing them
with actual costs incurred. Whereas in Historical costing, the values of assets and liabilities are
reported at their historical or initial costs regardless of their fair market value.
D2 Produce financial reports that accurately apply and interpret data for a range of business
activities
From the above calculation, it has been observed that net profit and gross profit from
marginal costing is because it includes extra cost of producing every extra unit of output.
May June
Net Profit 1050 5750
Gross Profit 11800 17000
On the other side the net profit and gross profit from absorption costing is
Gross Profit
May June
9200 17200
Net Profit
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May June
-550 6150
TASK 3
P4 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used for budgetary control
Budget
A budget is approximate structure of income and expenses for a specific time period. It is
basically identifies revenue of an organisation and expenditure for a periodic basis. It can be
made by organisation, family, government and any other person who makes and spends money
for a month and year (Thomas, 2016). Budget is a format which specifies financial gain and
expenses on future estimation or upcoming time period. It forecasts the financial results and
position of an organization for one or more future period of time. A budget is used for provision
and performance measuring purpose.
Cash Budget:
A cash budget is a figuring of the cash inflows and outflows for a business over a specific
period of time. It is used to evaluate whether the organisation has sufficient cash to operate.
Companies use the cash budget to forecast the production and sales.
It is planning of foreseen and cash payment for a specific time period. These cash inflows
and outflows include revenues accumulated, expenses paid, and loans receipts and payments. In
other words, a cash budget is an estimated prediction of the company's cash appearance in the
future.
Advantages:
 The major strength of this budget is that it supports to keep detail information about total
cash inflows and outflows of cash during a time period. Maintaining a valid record of
compete expenses year by year help manager of company to remove the same from
consecutive year so that profit margin can be increased.
 This budget helps to maintain particular reserves in order to meet the uncertainty of
business and avoid the chances of low productivity. In Cambridge ltd manager maintain a
certain amount as reserve that helps them to deal with contingencies that can happen in
future due to any market circumstances.
Disadvantages:
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 The main drawback of this budgets is that it only disclose the cash position of company
but not able to represent the financial strength of company during an accounting year.
 This budget is manipulative sometime as responsible manager make conditional mistake
in figure in order to increase the expenses to avoid taxable income.
Operating budget:
A detailed budget for all figuring income and expense based on foretelling sales during a given
period for a specific time period (Yazdifar and et.al., 2012). It generally comprises of several
sub-budgets, sales budget is prepared first. These all budget are prepared for short-term. The
operational budgets are being prepared annually and based on the functional Category and
included in cost accounts. An operating budget represent a company’s expenses, costs, and
estimated income, considering the annually performance. Accountants make the operating
budget before the accounting period starts in order to include cost and income projections.
Advantages:
 Budget is predetermination of goal and objectives: In business world, companies are
focused to attain the desired objective which makes them sustain for long in competitive
market. In respective firm, manager uses particular budgets for each activity that helps to
work accordingly and reached the desired targets. The fix the certain criteria for every
operation and tries to finish these task by considering that criteria that helps to attain the
overall goals and objective.
 Defining the strengths and weakness: Budgets are meaningful for companies as they are
able to define the overall performance of each activity. Manager of Cambridge ltd uses
operating budgets that helps to determine the profitable and weak operation for company.
This also helps to check the reason for weaknesses and develop a proper way to remove
these weaknesses that will increase overall profitability of business.
Disadvantages:
 It requires more time and cost because failure in operation can lead to decrease in overall
productivity and performance. Sometime, manager makes budgets regarding activities of
company, but due to unexpected circumstances these budgets are not effective which
leads to reduction in overall performance.
 Manager in order to prepare operational budgets missed the other crucial function that
leads to mismanagement within Cambridge ltd. Only focusing on operating activities
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might bring irritation among employees as they are not receiving the respectable amount
for their work.
Master budget:
Master budget is the collecting of all lower budgets which produced by an organization
for various structural areas, and also consider financial statements, cash forecast, and a financing
plan. This budget totally based on expensive business strategy which expected for future sales,
levels of production, future expenses occur, capital investments and loans to be acquired and
repaid. In other words, the master budget reckon all other budgets as wells as a budgeted
financial statement and balance sheet.
Advantages:
 Allocation of expenditure and liabilities: One of the most important use of master budgets
is that it help to define the total expenses and liabilities of company during an accounting
year. Keeping record of entire expenses help manager of Cambridge ltd to develop more
ways so that flow of income could be increased in that period. More income level would
also support to write off complete liabilities and bring stability in company.
 Act as Coordinator: It is consider to be main advantages since it act as a coordinator
between all departments of company. Manager of respective company takes the
advantages of master budgets, as it support to develop effective network through various
department so that any crucial information is not missed out and predefined targets are
managed in that accounting year.
Disadvantages:
 It is one of the most time consuming activity as management of company have to keep
proper and close analysis on each activity of business in order to prepare accurate budgets
(Kihn and Ihantola, 2015).
 Sometime manager of Cambridge also lacks the special skills and ability to prepare
master budgets. Such as some purchase of company represent the amount in dollar figure
that is missed by manager to prepare accordingly.
M3 Use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets
Planning tools can be used to prepare of effective budget and forecast to overcome risks
regarding to income and expenses. These are effectively used to prepare budget in systematic
manner where analysed each department then prepare budget to analysis the performance of the
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company. Through these tools forecast about different items which is related to various
departments that can help to control in upcoming period of time.
P5 Comparison of organisations while adapting management accounting systems to respond to
financial problems.
In resent to, it is observed that all organisation faces number of financial problem during its
operation that can decrease actual performance and brand image within specific time frame.
Financial issues are consider to be the condition in which companies are not able to perform
daily business operation, faces issues with staff member, low production and slow income
generation. There can be number of fiscal issues that can be faced by companies at the same time
such as lack of money planning, unexpected expenses, low supply and high demand of goods,
special order etc. that can be big reason for reducing the profit margin of company within
particular time (Klemstine and Maher, 2014). Some of the financial issues faced by Cambridge
Ltd are define below:
Less earning than spending: This is a primary problem that is faced by many large and
medium size manufacturing company because company put more effort to increase sales and the
return are not appropriate. In respective company manager develop various promotion activity
and spend three fourth of their revenue in promoting their goods in market to attain the interest
of customer. But at the time these method are not much helpful for company to increase sales
volume thus company faces the financial issues of shortage of fund to run other essential
operation that directly irritates the worker and reduce the overall productivity.
Special order: Customer in present time wisher to spend money in order to receive the
most beneficial goods that can highly satisfy their needs and requirement. They demand for
special order as per their desire and pay equally for that in wishes to make them satisfy. Such as
nowadays people are becoming more health conscious so they prefer eating healthy product and
consumer health supplements like herbal and organic protein that have minimums side effect to
the body. Thus Cambridge Ltd faces this issue many times because customer always demand
some unique product and give special order request to company according to their requirement.
So it is not easy for company to make quick changes in production of goods due to which they
are not able to produce relevant product and customer move to other option. This also leads to
problem in finance for, as company have to bear more pay to employee for producing special
good and they also have to bear more tax for that specific good.
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In order to determine the above mention financial problem company uses different
management accounting tool that help in identify variety of problem and make meaningful
solution. This can help to increase the sales volume and improve profit margin.
Benchmarking: This accounting tool is related with evaluation performance of company
with other companies dealing with the same product within same industry. The process of
benchmarking is implemented by Cambridge Ltd that benefits to evaluate the performance of the
various goods and services in contradiction of those that are deliberated to be most economical
and better in respective industry. This will aid in recognizing the numerous chances that can be
supportive to improve the overall performance. It consists of modest procedure and has
comprehensive stages that must be followed by the respective company to achieve the desired
business goals and objective. It is a beneficial exercise in which quality is assumed better
position in order to assess belongings by increasing suitable comparisons (Kober,
Subraamanniam and Watson, 2012). There are mainly two kinds of benchmarking such as
internal and external which are equally important for company. The assorted kind of practices
elaborate under benchmarking is peer and collaborative benchmarking, SWOT analyses. In
respective company, this tool helps to determine the problem of special order. Due to which the
loyal customer are not satisfied and are looking for other option available in market and
providing their desired product. There will a major loss to company, because dissatisfied
customer base can reduce the overall global image of Cambridge Ltd.
Key performance indicators (KPI): This tool is mainly apprehensive with calculating the
internal position and performance of company that support in displaying the manner to
accomplish the targeted goals in most effective and efficient manner. By expending KPI, the
Cambridge Ltd are able to measure the internal performance of that whether they are capable to
reach to the predefined goals on time or not. The KPI have two approaches such as in upper level
of company it deliver major emphasis on the whole performance while on the other side on lower
level KPI will place main pressure on various practical sections of entity such as human
resources, marketing, sales etc. It is powerfully accepted by company as it is one of the greatest
significant performance pointers that support to grow various approaches for evolving the
performance. In context to Cambridge Ltd, this tool is helpful to determine the problem related
with high spending on promotion activities and low-income generation. By properly using this
tool manager of Cambridge ltd are able to determine the issues of less earning than spending.
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Due to this issues company faces other big problem as they do not have enough capital to run
any other additional activity.
Financial governance: This management accounting tool is related with appropriate
process which help a business firm to collects, grips, manages and creates financial regulator on
entire information during a period. For Cambridge Ltd it is significant because it will deliver a
guarantee that the facts, which are composed, are factual and comprises accurate information. It
is a vital feature, which focuses on creating grievance-controlling reports, and discoveries that
supports in decision-making. In respective company, it helps to resolve the problem of special
order by making a effective control on every activity related with producing special goods. With
the support of financial governance problem of leas earning than spending is also get resolved
because this tool support to maintain a transparent and accurate record for every single money is
spend on different activities. Thus it supports to develop a systematic management of money
that help to increase profit for company. Like manager analyse the strategies of other companies
and develop their own plans in order to fulfil the special demands of customer similarly they
keep an authentic record of total spending on promotional activities and side by side maintain a
reserve that are essential to meet the unexpected contingencies of business (Maas, Schaltegger
and Crutzen, 2016).
Comparisons:
Cambridge Ltd Airdri
In this company various types building are
made thus some time it faces the issue related
special order and less earning than spending.
This company produces designer hand dryer
and faces the issues of UN-expected
expenses.
In order to overcome the issue of special
order company applies the inventory
management system. On the other side to
resolve the issue of more spending than
earning they implement the concept of price
optimisation system.
These problem also leads to increase the
liabilities of company and effect the overall
profitability of business, so manager uses
To resolve the above issue company uses cost
accounting system that holds to maintain
reserve so that unexpected expenses can be
reduces.
Manager of Airdi, uses KPI tool to detect the
reasons for the unexpected expenses company
facing again and again and by implementing
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benchmarking and KPI tool to detect the
reasons of issues and make certain polices
with the use of financial governance to
overcome these financial problem and
increase productivity.
financial governance they are able to remove
the reasons for additional expenses and make
reserves to meet the future obligations.
In addition with this, it has been determined
that manager of company effectively make
project and investment appraisal along with
treasury and cash management that further
lead towards best effective management of
financial problems.
Airdi manager undertake short as well as long
term strategy and effectively analyse risk
appetite. With the help of this manager can
effectively able to overcome unnecessary risk
as well as challenges.
Managers of company effectively undertakes
quality decision making with the help of
which they oversight risk mitigation and
further lead towards business control in best
effective manner.
Further it has been denoted that, manager of
Airdi effectively manage performance and
understand both finances as well as business.
In addition with this, they formulate strategies
and effectively conduct accounting
operations.
M4 Responding to financial problems, management accounting can lead organisations to sustainable
success
Almost every organisation develops ways to find out different business problem that can
be main reason to decrease profitability and productivity. Thus by applying various management
accounting Tool Company is able to identify and figure out the solution in order to defeat various
financial issues. These tool aids to develop effective strategies and policies, which help
respective firm to get success in market place and tackle their financial problem in operative
manner. Thus management accounting perform an important role to accomplish financial
problems and get achievement in specific period such as Cambridge Ltd is able to resolve the
problem of special order and more spending then earning. This help company to perform
operation in effective manner and attain long-term sustainability in competitive world.
D3 Evaluate how planning tools
There are different types of planning tools that support organisation to become sustainable in
long run and improve profit and productivity. As these tool aids to analyse the performance of
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company after examining they actual strength and weakness so that financial problems are sorted
at specific time. Tools like cash budgets, operational budgets assess manager of Cambridge Ltd
to maintain reserve that are helpful to deal with number of financial problem and provide long
term financial sustainability.
CONCLUSION
From above report it has been concluded that management accounting system is
important part of a business enterprise. Management accounting system and reporting are
directly integrated within business process as it provides a systematic framework for effectively
management of all organisational processes. Reporting under management accounting is
essential for assessment of actual performance of company during a particular period. In order to
handle or solve financial problem, management accounting play a significant role. For effective
budgetary control, various planning tools are used by management such as cash budget,
operating budget, master budget etc. Such planning tools are also used by managerial personnel’s
to respond various financial problems. Various management accounting system also provide a
framework for effective operations within organisation.
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