Financial Management: Resources, Decisions, and Business Strategies

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of financial resource management and decision-making within a business context. It begins with an overview of various sources of finance, including bank loans, government schemes, personal savings, angel investors, and policy-based financing, evaluating the legal and ownership implications of each. The report then delves into the costs associated with each finance source, highlighting factors such as interest rates, legal fees, and potential penalties. Financial planning is emphasized, including its importance for optimum resource utilization, setting priorities, and predicting future outcomes. The report also explores investment appraisal techniques and their role in making sound financial decisions. Finally, the report includes financial statements, their interpretation, and the overall conclusion of the report.

Managing financial resources
and decisions

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................3
AC 1 Sources of finance available to a business ........................................................................3
AC 1.2 Implications of the different sources of finance identified..............................................4
AC 1.3 Appropriate sources of finance........................................................................................5
AC 2.1 The costs of each of sources of finance...........................................................................6
AC 2.3 Importance and process of the financial planning...........................................................6
AC 2.3 Information required for internal and external decision maker.......................................8
AC 2.4 Impact on financial statement..........................................................................................9
AC 3.1 Budget...........................................................................................................................10
AC 3.2 Pricing strategy of the per unit cost...............................................................................12
AC 3.3 Investment appraisal techniques....................................................................................12
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................15
AC 4.2 Financial statement of different type of company.........................................................16
AC 4.3 Interpretation of financial statement..............................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Management of finance are necessary for gaining long-term benefits. Management of
financial resources consists of techniques which help in making effective use of funds available
to business so that possible loss can be reduced. Use of finance in an optimum manner along
with better management reduces the cost. In this report entrepreneur incorporate new business.
Financial management helps the entrepreneur for taking effective decisions based on finance for
his newly established business. Thus, the present report includes detailed analysis of each source
of finance along with some techniques which help to utilize finance in a better way. The better
management of finance helps to entrepreneur for operate their business on large scale. Financial
planning are necessary in all sector because saving of finance can be utilization on another
operational activities of business.
TASK 1
AC 1) Sources of finance available to a business Bank loan – It is the loan which is provided by bank on the basis of reputation or secured
property of individuals. For loans, bank charges interest as per their current scheme.
Generally, it is provided for long term purpose on which higher interest rate is charged.
Their interest charge is as per the bank and client mutual agreement. Government scheme – Government provides loan on special scheme where it grants loan
as per the requirement of individual on lower interest rate. This loan is provided for the
purpose of development of society. Personal saving- This amount is saved by entrepreneur himself to meet uncertain
situations which can occur in the future. Here, the entrepreneur is not required to pay any
interest and thus, in case of loss arise in business; this type of loan would not be a
liability towards him. Angel investor – This type of investor provides loan to entrepreneur on the basis of
entrepreneur’s idea. Generally, they invest on the basis of predictions that they can earn
profits on the invested amount. They see the idea and execution and make investment
accordingly.

 Policy – Entrepreneur can arrange loan on the basis of mortgage policy to any of the
financial institutions or banks for specific time period. Thus, they charge interest on it
accordingly. Generally, short term loan is provided on this policy.
 Home equity – If entrepreneur has own house than he can arrange finance by giving
ownership document to financial institution or bank. It is an agreement where financial
center provides secured loan to individuals on the basis of adding some terms and
conditions. It is generally a long term loan on which interest is charged as per the
specified tenure.
AC 1.2 Implications of different sources of finance identified
Sources Legal implications Dilution of ownership Bankruptcy
Bank loan Entrepreneur needs to
complete legal
proceeding for
granting a loan. Thus,
such proceeding must
be in accordance with
the bank legal norm.
Complete ownership
on the loan is
transferred to
entrepreneur at the
time of payment by
bank. However, bank
demands interest
amount on loan within
specified time period.
If entrepreneur would
become insolvent or if
he will not be able to
pay loan amount then
bank will use their
right as per the laws.
Thus, it can sell secure
property.
Government scheme Government offers
loan on the basis of
special scheme which
must be followed by
the entrepreneur who
is wants to granting
loan. Thus,
government’s declared
special purpose must
Entrepreneur cannot
use the loan amount in
his own way because
government can forfeit
the whole amount in
case if it will not be
used in accordance
with the government’s
Government forfeited
whole benefits which
are granted to
entrepreneur at the
time of business
incorporation.

be fulfilled. stated conditions.
Personal saving In this type of finance,
legal proceedings are
not required.
Entrepreneur can use
this type of loan in any
way.
In case of bankruptcy,
entrepreneur is not
liable to pay the
repayment.
Angel investor Normal legal
proceeding is required
here.
Entrepreneur can
utilize the amount in
his own way but he
needs to take
suggestions from angel
investor for making
huge investments.
However, these
investors demand
some part of profit.
In case of bankruptcy,
angel investor cannot
demand their invested
part.
Policy Entrepreneur has to
complete the legal
proceeding which is
related to the
procedure of granting
loan through policy.
This loan amount can
be utilized by the
entrepreneur in any
way but he has to pay
interest on such
amount.
Failure of repayment
of the loan amount
gives right to loan
provider to forfeit the
policy amount.
AC 1.3 Appropriate sources of finance
Choosing of the suitable source of finance depends on the nature of business. Thus, it
varies on the need, usage of finance; purpose of using it, etc. Large firm has more options than a
smaller firm to gain finance from different sources. Personal saving is a good way for collecting
finance because it does not require paying any interest. Apart from that, it does not raise any
liability on the entrepreneur in future. Even if in case business suffers from losses then this type

of loan does not raise any liability towards him. On the other hand, entrepreneur is not required
to pay any extra cost on this loan amount.
As per the given case, entrepreneur has £20000 as his personal saving which can be used
in any way. Thus, on this loan, entrepreneur is not required to pay any extra cost. Thus, he is not
liable to pay in the future. Hence, it is an appropriate option for him.
In this case, entrepreneur required £280000 for more finance. So, he has chosen angel
investor because this type of investor provided loan on the basis of undertaking performance and
idea. It just they demand profit at the time when firm earns profits. However, at the time of loss,
entrepreneur is not required to pay any amount to them
Year Proposal 1 Proposal 2
0 -£280,000.00 -£280,000.00
1 £85,000 £81,000
2 £79,000 £75,000
3 £65,000 £67,000
4 £90,000 £88,000
Total £319,000 £311,000.00
In this above diagram, two proposals are stated where proposal one is recovering
the whole investment amount faster than the proposal two. Thus, difference between both
proposals is £8000. So, company has to choose proposal 1 for gaining long term benefit.
AC 2.1 Costs of each of source of finance
Every source of finance is having some costs along with the benefits. Some of them are like: Bank loan – In this type of loan, entrepreneur is required to pay legal proceeding charges
at the initial stage. Along with this, bank charged documentation fee while loan
proceeding. Thus, after completing the legal proceedings, he is required to pay interest
amount for the loan. Apart from it, in case if entrepreneur fails to pay any instalment then
bank charges penalty for such delay. Personal saving – It is the self generated finance. In other words, it is the amount which
is saved by entrepreneur to meet some uncertain situations. So that entrepreneur not
required to paid any cost like interest, legal proceeding charges etc. it is best for

entrepreneur because it is not arisen any liability in case of the firm suffer loss. There are
many case where person has not enough money to perform their business activities. Government scheme – For purpose of the promoting entrepreneur, government grant
loan on lower rate of interest. Thus, government states some conditions at the time of
providing loan which entrepreneur has to follow. These conditions prove to be the costs
for loan (Heberle, and Christensen, 2011). These conditions are related with promote the
society interest. On other hand, government charged economical rate of interest.
Entrepreneur can use their sources as according to government norm otherwise whole
amount will be forfeited. Angel investor – The angel investor may charge interest rate or demands share of profit as
well. Entrepreneur required to paid interest amount on investment amount. Hence, failure
of paying interest may lead to penalty or legal punishment which is a cost to the firm.
 Policy – Entrepreneur is required to pay documentation charges while getting loan. It is
generally short term on which high interest rate has been charged. Failure of any
instalment becomes the liability for entrepreneur to pay penalty for the same.
AC 2.3 Importance and process of financial planning
Importance of financial planning
 Optimum utilization of finance – Financial planning helps to reduce the necessary cost of
company which arise due to mismanagement of finance. It consists of various techniques
by which finance can be utilized in the best way.

 Sets priority – Financial resource planning helps in making the firm knows about
activities in which fund should be invested first as pre their priorities of getting
accomplished. Thus, firm can gain maximum profit from their investment. Present and future predictions – Financial planning helps to make utilization of finance
in such a way that it is not only used for present benefit but also for the future purpose.
Thus, this type of planning provides benefits for long period by optimum utilization of
resources. Coordination – Along with that, financial planning helps to maintain coordination
between various departments’ activities like production, sales, purchase, etc.
 Reduce the chances of business loss– It also helps to reduce the risk of losses and surprise
which may arise in business due to ineffective planning (Jha, 2014).
Process of financial planning:
 Collecting information – In this stage, firm collected relevant finance related
information from various department.
 Setting objectives – Objectives of company must be decided for long term. It is because
objectives of company describe the way in which finance is to be utilized for the
achievement of goal (Kothari, Franco and Verdi, 2011). Objectives show the future plans
of company which it is expecting to achieve in the upcoming years.

 Information analysis – Management reviews and analysis collected information for
better financial planning. It is because the management selected only those information
which is relevant for company.
 Making financial plan – After analyzing the information, financial manager makes plan
according to the objectives and collected information. So, management links the
objectives with the gathered data and prepares plan on the basis of same.
 Checking implications – Ultimately, financial manager implements the plan and check
whether it is fruitful for the organization or not. However, he divides tasks into small
parts and delegates responsibility to each individual for better implementation.
 Reviewing the plan – This is the last stage where financial manager reviews the plan on
regular basis so that if any drawback would arise then it should be monitored and
corrective actions must be taken accordingly.
AC 2.3 Information required for internal and external decision maker
Internal decision makers
 Management – People working in management play an important role in decision
making process within organisation so that they can prepare plan on the basis of financial
statements and other documents which show the exact position of company.
 Employee – employee ensure their job guarantee by checking financial statements.
(Plenborg and Petersen, 2010). they determined their stability for future time period.
 Owner – Owner take decision regarding the actions that should be taken for the
effectiveness of operations. They check trends of organisation for found the pinpoint area
where operations are not effectively used.
External decision makers
 Government – Government check financial statement for measurement of tax liability.
It checks profit and calculated tax liability arise during financial year. Thus, better
process of financial system shows that organisation’s internal process is good and it does
not require any legal proceeding.
 Supplier –this type of person supply the good to company further they assumed future
relationship by checking company financial statement profit trend.

 Share-holder – Shareholders are the owners of company as they invest in the firm with
expectation of long term profit (Prorokowski, 2011). .
AC 2.4 Impact on financial statements
Cash flow statement Profit and loss Balance sheet
Bank loan It is shown in financing
activities as cash
received from bank
loan.
Legal charges,
processing fee and
interest paid are shown
at the debit side of
profit and loss
account.
Bank loan is shown at
the liability’s side of
balance sheet
Interest paid in
advance is shown at
the asset’s side as
prepaid interest.
Interest remains to be
paid is shown at the
liability’s side as
outstanding interest.
Angel investor It is added in the
financing activities as
amount received from
angel investor.
Interest and sharing
profit are shown at the
debit side of profit and
loss account.
Angel investor are
shown on liability side
of balance sheet and
are written as capital
account.
Personal savings It is shown in financial
activities as amount
received from personal
savings.
In this type of finance,
no cost will be charged
but as per the
international financial
accounting standards,
owner is eligible for
interest on his own
capital because entity
It is shown in owner
capital in liability side
and added in cash
account in assets side.

doctrine state that
owner is different
form company (Purce,
2014).
Government scheme Finance received from
government scheme is
added under the
financing activities of
cash flow statement.
Charges paid for
granting loan are
shown at the debit side
of profit and loss a/c.
Along with this,
monthly interest paid
is also shown at the
debit side of profit and
loss account.
It is shown at the
liability’s side as
government granted
loan as well as it is
added in the cash
account.
AC 3.1 Budget
Production budget
Production budget
Particulars July August September October November December
Opening units 750 650 950 1050 1250 1450
Purchase 1800 1500 1700 1800 2000 1600
Closing units 1500 1000 1200 1700 1650 1600
Consumption/
Production
1050 1150 1450 1150 1600 1450
The production budget trend shows that trend of production are fluctuated that is some
time increases and sometime decreases. Sometimes, company requires to produce more and vice-
versa. Further, firm has to pay the storage cost which is extra. It increases the value of product.
On the other hand, undertaking position is not worse because it earns normal profit. But, it shows
the units which company is required to produce for operations of their business in a fair manner.
Cash budget
Cash budget

July August September October November December
Opening bank balance 55000 35600 55165 69135 93000 178180.55
Revenues
Cash sales 45600 59565 68970 75867 125181 119339
Total inflow 10060
0
95165 124135 145002 218180.55 297519.34
1
Expenditure
Cash purchases 1500 1700 1200 2000 3100 2500
Payment to suppliers 40000 48000 35000 39000 43000 36000
Payment of rent 13000 12000 12000 14000 9000 12500
Other expense 18000 17000 21000 23000 17000 15000
Repayment of loan 20000 11000 25000 16000 11000 14000
Total outflow 65000 40000 55000 52002 40000 45000
Closing cash balance 35600 55165 69135 93000 178180.55 252519.34
1
Analysis
Cash budget shows the liquidity condition of company. It reflects that company’s internal
policies are good and firm is operating their business with using effective techniques. It is also
assumed that organization deals in the cash sales only (Rice, Peters and Sundararajan, 2014).
Therefore, liquidity ratio of company is better than every previous year’s ratio. Thus, it is ready
to face any worse situation that may occur in future. Further, planning of financial management
is better because it reduces the possible loss by using effective techniques. Hence, inflow of cash
is at least 50% or more than outflow.
Sales budget
Particulars July August Septembe Octobe Novembe December

r r r
Units sold 750 900 950 1000 1200 1300
Sells price 50 55 61 67 73 81
Sales value 37500 49500 57475 66550 87846 104683
Discount @ 5% 1875 2475 2873.75 3328 4392 5234
Net Sales 35625 47025 54601.25 63223 83454 99449
The purpose of sales budget is to plan and control the expenditure of resources. It helps to
achieve desire sale by forecasting market trend. The above diagram shows that sale is increasing
every year. Chart shows that organization is growing their sales by at least 5% every year.
Therefore, entrepreneur is using price strategies for maintaining stability within market because
it raises the price by at least 10% every year. There is entrepreneur who is also using psychology
strategies by giving 5% discount. This strategies effect positive on overall sales trends because
sale of unit trend increases every year.
AC 3.2 Pricing strategy of the per unit cost
Calculation of unit price
33.33 % mark-up on cost price 30 % return on capital employed
Direct cost 20000 Direct cost 20000
Fixed Cost 5000 Fixed Cost 5000
Total Cost 25000 Total Cost 25000
Units 1000 Units 1000
Cost per unit 30 30
33.33 % mark-up on cost
price
10.00 30 % return on
capital employed
15000
Per unit return 15

Selling price 40.00 45
Any of the business is using price strategies for selling their products and services. The
price is set by analyzing all factors because it cannot be too high or less. Right price strategies
must be determined by using suitable formula and techniques. In this above diagram,
entrepreneur using has chosen two method, first one is mark up on cost and another one is capital
employed. Entrepreneur should choose mark up on cost price method because calculation of unit
price become lower. . Thus, this provided long-term benefit to organization. But the capital
employed method gives more profit but it is not suitable for long period.
AC 3.3 Investment appraisal techniques
Year Proposal 1 Proposal 2
0 -£280,000.00 -£280,000.00
1 £85,000 £81,000
2 £79,000 £75,000
3 £65,000 £67,000
4 £90,000 £88,000
Total £319,000 £311,000.00
In the above diagram, two proposal are stated where proposal one recovered whole
investment faster than the proposal two. Thus, the difference between both is £8000. So,
company has to choose proposal 1 for long term benefit.
Net present value
Investment appraisal techniques
NPV Project A
Year Inflow PV Factor Inflow by
considering PV
factor
1 £85,000 0.909 £77,265

2 £79,000 0.826 £65,254
3 £65,000 0.751 £48,815
4 £90,000 0.683 £61,470
Total inflow £319,000 £252,804
Less: Initial investment £80,000
Net present value £172,804
NPV Project B
Year Inflow PV Factor Inflow by
considering pv factor
1 £81,000 0.909 £73,629
2 £75,000 0.826 £61,950
3 £67,000 0.751 £50,317
4 £88,000 0.683 £60,104
Total inflow £311,000.00 £246,000
Less: Initial investment £80,000
Net present value £166,000.00
Analysis
It shows the present value of the invested amount in future. This type of the technique is
used by the investor for analyzing the amount that is to be recovered in future time period. The
above table shows two investment chances before entrepreneur (Sahlman and Gompers, 2012).
In case if the entrepreneur chooses project A than 280000 become just 172804 after four years.
The project A amount is too law but it is better than project B . Thus, it is just the assumption
based technique but it shows guideline scenario in front of entrepreneur for using their
investment in the best way.
Payback and IRR
Payback period
Year Inflow Cumulative
inflow
0 -
£280,000.00
-£280,000
1 £85,000 -£195,000
2 £79,000 -£116,000
3 £65,000 -£51,000
4 £90,000 £39,000
5%

3.78461538
46
Year Inflow Cumulative
inflow
0 -
£280,000.00
-£280,000
1 £81,000 -£199,000
2 £75,000 -£124,000
3 £67,000 -£57,000
4 £88,000 £31,000
4%
3.65333333
33
Analysis
It shows the time that is required to recover the total initial investment. It also shows the
percentage of return which recovers the total time period (Vimpari, Kajander and Junnila, 2014).
The above table shows project A and project B. Therefore, project A exhibits that return is 5% so
that whole investment can be recovered within 3.78 year. While, project B shows that return on
investment is just 4% which can be recovered in 3.65 years. Further, it has been evaluated that in
the first project, rate of interest is 5%; still the total amount will be recovered within 3.78 years.
On the other hand, it will take 3.65 years to recover the whole amount for second project.
TASK 2
Company’s act 2006 states that every public company which issues shares to public is
required to prepare the financial statement. Main purpose of financial statement is to show fair
terms and conditions of undertaking. It is necessary to be prepared as per the legal requirement.
These are like:: Balance sheet – It is the main report of company which exhibits true and fair financial
condition of organization. stakeholder takes their decision on the basis of balance sheet
because It is shows the company overview. (Coplen and et. al., 2014). balance sheet is
prepared on daily basis and new transaction or record are not maintained for next date.
Element – It consists of two elements, that is, assets and liability.

▪ Assets = long term assets (fixed assets) + current assets + prepaid payment +
intangible assets.
▪ Liability = capital + current liability + accrued payment Income statements – It shows the operational cost of business which arise for carrying
out the business. It presents primary estimation of performance of business revenue less
expenses during the accounting period.
Element – It consists of revenue and expenditure.
◦ Revenue – Entered revenue which is earned during the accounting period.
◦ Expenditure – Entered expenditure which is spent for generating revenue during
accounting period.
Purpose – Its main purpose is to show the operational activities during accounting period. Cash flow statement – It consists of all cash related transactions. It can be prepared on
either direct or indirect method (Council, 2010). But company which is registered in
stock exchange must prepare indirect method.
Element – There are three elements; operational, financing and investing activities.
Purpose – Its main purpose is to show the liquidity position of company during accounting
period.
AC 4.2 Financial statement of different types of companies
Basis of
comparison
Public company Sole proprietor Partnership
Cover in act It obligated to
perform duty as
per the
company’s act
Specific act are
not incorporate.
It is covered in partnership act.
Ownership Number of owner
may be minimum
7 and no
maximum limit.
It has one owner It has two or more owners.

Decision Board of director
is responsible to
take decision.
Sole proprietor
has right to
controlled
business by their
decision (Gitman,
2013).
Mutual consistency of all partners to
do or not to do something is needed.
So, decision is taken by all partners.
Provisions all the law
described about
company
followed to public
limited company.
He is not liable to
follow any act or
provision.
Partnership act provisions must be
applied by all partners.
AC 4.3 Interpretation of financial statement
Ratios Formula 2014 2015
Profitability ratios
Gross profit 600 650
Net profit 200 250
Net Sales 700 900
Gross Profit Ratio (Gross Profit/
Net Sales) *100
85.71 72.22
Net Profit Ratio (Net Profit/ Net
Sales) *100
28.57 27.78
Liquidity ratios
Current Assets 570 680
Current Liabilities 360 420
Cl stock 250 200
Current Ratio Current Assets / 1.58 1.62

current
Liabilities
Quick ratio (Cu. Assets - Cl.
Stock)/Cu.
Liabilities
0.89 1.14
Efficiency Ratios
Equity 420 500
Net profit 200 250
Return on capital employed 47.62% 50.00%
Interpretation
Gross profit ratio- The above table shows that company’s gross profit ratio has decreased
as compared to the previous year. It is not a good condition for company because it shows that
firm does not effectively control its direct expenses.
Net profit ratio – the ratio of net profit shows that profitable condition of company.
Thus, above chart shows that company increase their earning capacity by using effective
financial planning and management.
Current ratio – It shows that company is having good liquidity position than its previous
year.
Quick ratio – this ratio shows that Organization is able to meet quick cash requirement.
Above tables shows that trends raises by .89 to 1.14. It is good indication for company (Guay,
Armstrong and Weber, 2010). Thus, company is able to meet quick cash requirement in the
organisation.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above report that that successful entrepreneur uses several
techniques for investment purpose. These techniques help him to select the best project;
investing in which would prove to be highly beneficial in terms of gaining the highest returns.
Thus, management takes any decision regarding making investment by using different methods.

Apart from this, financial statement is mandatory for public limited company as per the
government obligation.

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