Engineering Report: Wireless Technologies, Antennas, and Multiplexing

This report delves into the realm of wireless technologies, examining various antenna types, including Yagi, horn, and cellular antennas, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and specific applications. It provides insights into their role in medium- and long-distance wireless links, offering an opinion on future dominant players. Furthermore, the report contrasts Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) multiplexing techniques in wireless networking, discussing their functionalities and applications. The report also presents an overview of recent advancements in wireless technologies, discussing their uses, advantages, and disadvantages, and offers an opinion on the future dominance of certain antenna types. The report provides a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, supported by references to relevant sources.

ANSWERS
1. Different antenna, such as yagi, horn, and cellular antennas, etc. has different merits.
Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as
well their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding which antenna types will
become the dominant players in the future of medium- and long-distance wireless links.
Antennas can be defined as the main segments of any electrical circuit as they give
interconnecting joins amongst transmitter as well as free space or among the free space and
recipient. The various types of antennas are discussed as following:
1. Yagi Antennas - Yagi antennas are economical as well as viable. It can be built with at least
one reflector components and at least one component. Yagi reception could be made by utilizing
one reflector, a determined collapsed dipole dynamic component, and the mounted horizontal
polarization in the forward methodology. A single driven component i.e dipole, proliferates RF
vitality; components that are placed instantly before and behind the determined component re-
transmit RF energy in as well as out of phase by upgrading and impeding the flag, individually.
The components are known as parasitic components; the component behind the determined
component is known as the reflector, while the components before the determined component are
called executives. These antennas have beam widths of 30 to 80 degrees and also can give well
in abundance of 10 dBi inactive gain. This is powerful antenna that points in one direction. But
in case, we need signal in other direction, we can use more yagi antennas. (Agarwal, T., 2015).
Horn Antennas - These antennas falls in microwave category. These antennas are appropriate
for frequencies in which waveguides are the standard support strategy, as they comprise of a
waveguide whose walls are flared outside to frame a structure of megaphone. These antennas are

widely utilized at microwave frequencies when there is moderate requirement of power. It is
moderately used. The best examples are delivered by making the horn length huge as compared
with the gap width, yet this must be picked as an exchange with the general volume possessed. A
typical utilization of horn antenna is as the sustain component for explanatory dish reception tool
in satellite frameworks. (Ingale, C. & Ingale, T., 2008).
Cellular Antennas - Cellular antennas could be utilized as a part of conjunction with a
controlled flag sponsor, like inline amplifier or repeater or associated specifically to the wireless
device with a mobile phone connector link or coax connector. The reception of cell signal is
adversely influenced by many elements that includes blocks like structures, vehicles, slopes or
trees and also separate from the phone tower. Utilizing a mobile phone radio wire can decrease
issues with dropped calls and blurs the signal while enhancing range of service, voice quality and
access. Putting a radio wire on the rooftop keeps the dividers and siding from constricting phone
signal and limits the impact of different hindrances in cell tower. Eg: In a vehicle, up to 90% of
the phone signal is hindered by the vehicle edge and its glass. A mobile phone receiving wire
mounted on the external surface of the vehicle extraordinarily expands the phone signal.
(WPSantennas cellular reception solutions, 2017).
2. Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of
wireless networking?
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access transmits over the whole recurrence go accessible. It
doesn't allot a particular recurrence to every client on the communication network. This
technique, called multiplexing. (Christensson, P., 2006). CDMA utilizes analog to digital
transformation (ADC) by combining with its spread spectrum. It digitize its audio input in binary
components. The recurrence of the transmitted signal varies so it can be caught just by a

collector whose recurrence reaction is modified with a similar code, so it takes after precisely
alongside the transmitter recurrence. There possibilities are trillion of frequency sequencing that
upgrades security and makes cloning troublesome.
The CDMA channel is ostensibly 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA systems utilize a plan is also known
as delicate handoff, which limits signal separation as a handset goes starting with one cell then
onto the next. Combination of advanced and spread-range modes underpins various number of
signs per unit data transfer capacity as analog modes. CDMA is good with other cell innovations;
this takes into consideration across the nation roaming. (Rouse, M., 2015).
FDMA - FDMA partitions the mutual medium transfer speed into singular channels. The
modulated subcarriers transmit each sub channel. For example - cable network system. It uses
single coax cable that communicate many channels of video or audio programming to homes.
The persuade link has a valuable data transfer capacity from around 4 MHz to 1 GHz. This data
transfer capacity is divided into 6-MHz wide channels. This method is utilized as a part of fiber
optic communication frameworks. A fiber optic link has huge transmission capacity that can be
subdivided to give FDMA. Unique aviation telemetry frameworks utilized a FDMA framework
to oblige numerous sensor information on a solitary radio station. (Frenzel, L., 2013).
3. A local engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced
wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to
how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding
which antenna types will become the dominant players in the future.
The accepting and transmitting reception antenna with the mediating medium play out the
capacity of the transmission line in wire communication framework. Communication in long

distance in the high recurrence area depends on the impression of the radio waves from the
ionosphere. The aftereffect of this can be transmission or its reception from a few to numerous
degree over the horizon that is contingent upon the distance amongst stations and stature of the
reflecting layer. At the point when a reception tool emanates more emphatically in some
direction, it is said to have directivity. The more the radiation is gathered in a specific heading,
the more noteworthy will be the field quality created toward that path for given measure of
aggregate power emanated. Waves that are transmitted from the radio wire at angle that is made
above the horizontal point. This angle is then reflected by the earth and consolidate with, or
meddle with the immediate waves that are emanated at points over the horizontal. The resultant
vertical radiation design is controlled by the impedance which relies on the introduction of radio
wire as for earth, the stature of the antenna, the character of ground and course properties of real
antenna. (High frequence antennas., n.d).
Drawbacks – 1. The main drawbacks of antennas are its reliability and interference in its signal.
2. It is susceptible in broadcasting over long distances.
3. In these devices, the occurrence of co-channel is more. (Naval postgraduate school, 2003).

References
Agarwal, T. (2015). Here’s a Quick Way to Know about Different Types of Antennas. Retrieved
from - https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-antennas-with-properties-and-thier-
working/
Cell Phone Antennas. WPSantennas cellular reception solutions (2017). Retrieved from -
http://www.wpsantennas.com/cell-phone-antennas.aspx
Christensson, P. (2006). CDMA Definition. Retrieved from - https://techterms.com.
Frenzel, L. (2013). Fundamentals of Communications Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA,
CDMA, OFDMA, AND SDMA. Retrieved from -
http://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-
access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma#%E2%80%9DFCMA
%E2%80%9D
HF and Lower Frequency Radiation - Introduction. Naval postgraduate school (2003). Retrieved
from - http://www.met.nps.edu/~psguest/EMEO_online/module3/module_3_1.html
High frequence antennas. Retrieved from -
http://collinsradio.org/archives/ssb_fundamentals/Fundamentals_of_Single_Side_Band_
Chap_09.pdf
Ingale, C. & Ingale, T. (2008). Study of Different Types of Microwave Antenna and Its
Applications. International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering

(IJCTEE) Volume 3, Special Issue, March-April 2013. Retrieved from -
http://www.ijctee.org/NSPIRE2013/IJCTEE_0313_Special_Issue_25.pdf
Rouse, M. (2015). CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access). Retrieved from -
http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/CDMA