Networking Assignment: Antenna Types, Multiplexing, and Wireless

This assignment solution explores key networking concepts. It begins by examining different types of cellular antennas, including their advantages and disadvantages, followed by an analysis of horn and Yagi antennas. The solution then delves into multiplexing techniques, specifically FDMA and CDMA, explaining their principles and applications. Finally, the assignment discusses the advancements and applications of wireless connections, highlighting their impact on car security, superfast wireless for HD video streaming, the potential of tap-and-go Wi-Fi, and seamless audio/video streaming. The solution is supported by relevant references, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Running Head: NETWORKING
Networking
Name
Institution

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Question one
Cellular antennae
Having the right cellular signal helps to understand the basic of having signal or no signal.
These antennae find wide application in building, cars, office and other places that are of
significance. Their use in cars and office building has find widest application especially due
to the security issues
Advantages
They have improved signals strengths.
The cellular antennae are cheap to install
Most devices for cellular antennae are easily portable since most are installed in the cell
phones.
These antennae have boosters in case they are to be used in a large range location such as
building.
They are found to be most convenient for many users since they can be easily placed in
undisclosed locations.
Disadvantages
They occur in a wide variety thus finding the right one proves to be more of agues work.
Horn antennae
The horn antennae are majorly used for 300 MHz to 3 GHz and frequencies that can reach up
to 140 GHz. They come in various versions including H plane and E plane horn antennae.

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Horn antennae has several advantages. They enjoy the advantage of having limited loss. This
means that directivity of this kind of antennae is almost equivalent to the gain. The antennae
are also simple to manufacture in comparison to other antennae. In addition these antennae
are intuitive. On the other hand, horn antennae of acoustic type can be useful transmission of
sound waves such as the megaphone. Moreover, the antennae can be useful in transmitting
information to the dish antennae where it acts as a means of measuring standard gain
Yagi antennae
Advantages
These antennae are directional with a beam width of between 500 and 700. This therefore
means that they are useful for receiving lower strength signals only.
The Yagi antennae have good range since their physical size receive high gains.
The Yagi antennas have mechanism of filtering noise that comes from other sides.
Yagi antenna have the advantage of being easy to mount on various structures.
The Yagi antenna are sold at relatively lower cost due to their simplicity in comparison to
other antennas.
Question two
Multiplexing is considered to be the act of combining information streams that come from
multiple sources in order to transmit them over a shared medium. In this systems every
sender gets to communicate with a single receiver only. Multiplexing can be done either in
form of FDMA and CDMA.
FDMA – Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

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FDMA occurs from concurrent use of the media for transmission by manifold pairs of
entities. In this case, each pair is provided with a private transmission path which make them
seem as though they had a separate physical transmission medium. A good example of
FDMA is observed in the cable television or the original analog telephone system. The
telephone has analog 300 Hz to 3400Hz voice signal being used to control subcarrier
channels that were 12 and had frequencies ranging from 60 to 108 kHz. Multiplexing of the
subcarrier frequencies resulted into subcarriers with 312 to 552 kHz frequency ranges. It is
important to note that the same modulation method is used in every step. Further application
of the FDA system were in the aerospace telemetry system. In this case, it was used for the
purpose of accommodating multiple sensor data which occurred mainly on one radio channel.
Improvement in technology resulted in the use of TDMA in the discussed application.
Disadvantages of Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
Interference occurs in situations whereby the frequencies are of two channels
De-multiplexing hardware must be at a position to divide the combined signals it receive into
separate carriers.
CDMA – Code Division Multi Access
This is a pure technique often referred to as the spread spectrum. It is both digitized and
spread form of the analog systems. It has a unique code that spreads voice signal over range
of 1.25MHz. It produces low power level signals that are characterised by noise. It can have
many signals occupying the same channel at the same time. Finds application in third
generation cell phone technology. The CDMA unlike FDMA does not rely on physical
properties such as frequency and time. It however, depends on unique mathematical idea in
which numerical values from orthologs are combined and separated without causing any

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interference. In this situation, every sender of the signal has a unique binary code assigned to
them.
Question three
Wireless connection has become the greatest breakthrough in the current century. As a matter
of fact, it would stand a test of time as one of the innovations that would be used for so many
years. However, the necessity for constant improvement would make this technology make
the world even a better place. The beauty of wireless connection is that it brought beauty and
spaciousness in home and working areas since the numerous wired connections are being
thrown away.
One of the application of wireless connection in the recent world is in car security. Most
security lock system of the car in the world today make good use of the wireless connection.
This makes it difficult for thigs to break into cars since owners would be notified so many
meters away though either their mobile devices or alarms in the keys. However, this is just a
tip of the ice berg with regards to wireless connection systems. More systems of wireless
connection are being crested that would bring great revolution in the world.
Superfast wireless connection for HD Video
This would help digital homes to have high speeds of streaming videos. This is due to the
need of most homes in the world to streams movies from sites such as Netflix, Hulu etc.
Increasing WI-FI bands help reduce nuisances such as slow loading time while streaming and
the cancellation of connections. With high speed wireless connection, synchronization and
back up of information would be easier. The speed of connection would ensure easy storage
of information in back up plans such as cloud which would bring revolution to data storage
from both individuals and organizations.

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Tap and Go WI-FI
The increase in mobile device usage all over world increases the need to get information.
Much of the information gotten is for the purpose of learning especially in colleges. First WI-
FI would ensure first acquisition of information which would lead to improvement of
learning. First flow of information would also make people well informed in every part of the
globe. In Essence this would make the world a smaller global village.
Seamless audio and video streaming
The greatest improvement is the use of seamless audio and video streams. This means it
would be possible to listen to audios and videos without use of wires. This is of great benefit
to offices and homes. Cases of wires being eaten by rodents or same part of the system failing
to work because of wiring problem would be reduced. The office would thus look more
beautiful with less wiring systems.

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References
Bhargava, B., Wu, X., Lu, Y., & Wang, W. (2004). Integrating heterogeneous wireless
technologies: a cellular aided mobile ad hoc network (CAMA). Mobile Networks and
Applications, 9(4), 393-408.
Cao, H., Leung, V., Chow, C., & Chan, H. (2009). Enabling technologies for wireless body
area networks: A survey and outlook. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(12).
Pahlavan, K. (2011). Principles of wireless networks: A unified approach. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc..
Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., ... & Hepsaydir, E. (2014).
Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication
networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.