SBM4303 Enterprise Architecture Report: Case Studies Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Enterprise Architecture, encompassing case studies, ERD diagrams, and framework comparisons. The report begins with a case study of Johnson and Johnson, examining their challenges in managing business processes and the application of the Zachman Framework to improve their operations. It then delves into the processes included in Enterprise Architecture development, discussing various goals and frameworks like Zachman, TOGAF, and Gartner. The core of the report includes Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD) for a milk dairy and Quikfix Electronics, illustrating data models. The report also features a review of a journal article on Enterprise Architecture and Big Data, exploring the causes of big data project failures and the role of EA in implementing big data projects. It concludes with recommendations for securing applications and encrypting data in cloud environments.

Running head: ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE
Enterprise Architecture
Name of Student-
Name of University-
Author’s Note-

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Table of Contents
Report 1.1: Case Study....................................................................................................................1
Report 1.2: Framework for Enterprise Architecture........................................................................2
Report 1.3: ERD Diagram...............................................................................................................5
Report 1.4: Journal Article Review.................................................................................................6
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Report 1.1: Case Study
Main problem in organization: The problem that exists in the company of Johnson and
Johnson was the managing process of the company. The company was having its internal
business operation as well as external business operation. The managers of the company mainly
focused on their operating strategies and they were not focused to have customer retention in the
company. The customer associated with the company has to manage the invoices of their own,
includes multiple sales calls and has to maintain their multiple contract with operating system of
the company. The company only focused on operating system of the business and needs to
improve its customer retention within the country. The company thought of providing their
customer with Single Point of Contact.
Solution to resolve the problems: Johnson and Johnson needs to modify its technology
that is used for carrying out the business process within the company. Technological changes are
required for the company so that it can change its operational focus to IT focus. The company
should take different IT strategies that are to be included in the operating unit (Goodyear 2017).
This would enhance the corporate level in the company and will also improve the operational
level for the company. Customer feedback is much important for the company and to enhance
the corporate strategy of the business, the company should include customer feedback. The
company also needs to enhance the strength of the team so that they can provide better customer
service and they should be able to track their customer efficiently.
Apply Zachman Framework in Johnson and Johnson: There are logical structure in
the Zachman Framework that can be applied to the Johnson and Johnson case study. This
framework would help to classify the representation in the company and organizes them

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efficiently (Zimmermann et al. 2015). This framework helps to first find out all fundamentals
that are used in the company and transform the idea of instantiation in the system.
Report 1.2: Framework for Enterprise Architecture
Processes included in EA: The processes included in development process of the
enterprise architecture explains all the activity sequence that are included to build the framework
of the enterprise architecture (Zimmermann et al. 2015). This processes also helps to develop the
contents of the enterprise architecture. The blueprint of enterprise architecture target state are
developed iteratively. The EA model of the current state includes when the project closes having
some limited amount of the current state included in EA modelling (Rittinghouse and Ransome
2017). This also supports the gap analysis and the impact analysis in the company. The process
of EA development includes different viewpoints of architectures that are integrated for meeting
business need as well as the IT needs in the organization.
There are many goals that are included in the EA management process that are included
in a company. The goals are stated as below:
1. Helps to achieve clear overview that is present in the organization and includes target that the
organization is to achieve using the concept of EA (Geerts and O'Leary 2015).
2. Helps to analyse all the aspects included in business service, the business process, information
included in Application and technology viewpoints that are affected by the architecture
requirement.
3. Identify all the main points including the topics and gaps and helps to initiate plans so that
gaps can be rectified along with the redundancies. This helps to overlap the portfolio of the
enterprise with thee architecture recommendations (Wetering and Bos 2016).

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4. Planning the target EA by analysing present business and the IT strategies included in the
organization. This planning helps to design a proper Reference architecture and helps in creating
architecture roadmap.
5. Defining the enterprise principles, the guidelines, as well as standard for reviewing the target
of EA. This can be done by verifying different solutions that are developed for the projects
including consistency as well as the compliance for the standards.
6. This EA architecture also helps to analyse the gap between the present state as well as the
target state of the EA in the organization (Wang et al. 2015). The main purpose of the new
projects are needed to be realized for building the architecture blocks along with development of
applications.
7. The business service that ensured as well as offered o the customers and those are to be
realized by the business processes and application service that are included in the application.
There is EA related with governance also. The process of governance helps to identify,
audit, disseminate as well as manage the organization related information that are related with
management as well as by using the EA (Chang et al. 2016). The process of governance will help
to get the architectural principles, decisions, contracts, agreements, policies, deliverables, as well
as recommendations are used correctly in the organization. All these factors are to be ensured in
the company to carry out projects in the company.
There is also process related to project engagement in the EA and this defines
relationship between the enterprise architecture and includes delivery of the projects (Goerzig
and Bauernhansl 2018). There are direction in the enterprise architecture and that helps in
focusing the changes in the business in the next coming year. The models included in EA gives

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direction as well as provides information repository individual context of delivering the project is
included.
Comparison of frameworks:
As per the Zachman framework there are many organization who finds difficulties for
attending all the changes that are included in that organization. This particularly happens because
there is less understanding to know about the structure in that organization. There are many
components who are associated with organization (Donaldson et al. 2015). This particular
framework helps to classify the existing architecture in organization and resolve all the problems
that exists in organization. This particular framework includes ontology of enterprise and
includes fundamental structure included in EA framework. This framework includes formal as
well as structured way to view the working process of the enterprise and the view the working
process of the enterprise (Proper, Hoppenbrouwers and Zanten 2017). This EA ontology includes
two different schema of classification that helps to reflects intersection of all historical
classifications.
Another architectural framework is Togaf framework. This framework includes the
business goals that are defined as well as helps to align all the business goals along with
architecture to develop the enterprise software in the organization.
As per the architecture of Federal Enterprise, there are many principles as well as
standards that are included in the organization using this framework (Dang and Pekkola 2017).
This framework includes IT that are related with the business. The common approach that is
taken in to account with this framework is FEA. This approach mainly provides the integration
points along with the governance. This includes strategic planning, planning related to capital of

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the organization, cyber security planning, program management, as well as includes management
of human capital (Hinkelmann et al. 2016). This framework includes low software development
and includes maintenance cost along with support. Application portability is not required in the
system and enhances more portability of the application in this system.
The last architecture that is discussed is the Gartner Enterprise architecture. This
architecture helps in having access to some full insight range included in all the architects of the
organization (Lapalme et al. 2016). The solutions mainly provided by this framework includes
auditing all risks, the needed communications as well as includes human resource associated
with organization.
Report 1.3: ERD Diagram

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Figure 1: ERD Diagram for Milk Dairy
(Source: Created by Author)

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Figure 2: ERD Diagram of Quikfix Electronics
(Source: Created by Author)
Report 1.4: Journal Article Review
EA and Big data
Root cause behind failure of big data projects:
The main rot cause behind failing of big data projects includes that the organization as
well as the companies builds complex projects without any reason or cause. The companies not
have proper knowledge on big data and goes on creating a haphazard database that are very

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difficult to manage. With the complex databases, the companies collects data to store in the
database which becomes problem in future to keep the data safe.
There is another reason as well that are included in failure of project of big data. This
sometimes happens because the business including EA do not have proper goals and no proper
alignment in the business are included in the business requirement (Cameron 2014). The
business includes disorganized planning for all business activities and as a result fails get the
scope of project included for carrying out the project. There is also lack in data access which is
also considered as one main reason for the failure of big data. Failure of big data also happens
due to communication lack in the project that is undertaken. There are issues related with change
management that leads in project failure. The big data handling projects also helps to focus on
technology rather than focusing on other business opportunities included in the project.
EA used in implementing big data projects: To focus on the impact of big data in EA,
there are many categories considered as general requirements that are included in implementing
the EA for a project in the company. The EA framework includes gap analysis that comes
between the future state and in current state. The EA framework helps to create roadmap that
supports the enterprise’s evolution in future state. This helps to close the gap between projects in
the organization (Cameron 2014). The main mission of the company should be wide and should
include strategic goal or the business. This supports the software of enterprise architect. EA
framework also supports business strategy as well as supports products as well as services that
exists in the organization.
The result that comes when EA is implemented in the system includes many holistic
description set related with the enterprise over the time. The main purpose that is included in
developing or describing architecture of the organization over the time. Many enterprises

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undertakes the strategies of EA for many different reason. The enterprises wants to produce
better results by undertaking different strategies and frameworks that are included in the system.
The practice of EA enables all the changes that happens in the organization.
The use of EA in an organization helps to mature the organization and includes all the
activities as well as scope that is included in EA. The practice included by implementing EA has
its own foundations in the Information technology and there are many different frameworks as
well as methodologies that are developed by EITA (Cameron 2014). The organizations are
growing interest on the framework of EA and are mainly related with the practices that are
included in the system. The frameworks in the EA included in the organizations focuses on the
output of the project rather than focusing on other factors. The approach of EA allows enterprise
from different interconnected viewpoints. This EA provides better assurance for the business
stakeholders and provides enough information so that they can make effective decision making.
The areas that are mainly focused by the EA includes frameworks of EA including
methodologies that originally comes from the IT domain.
EA and Cloud computing
Recommendation: The recommendations included for security of application as well as
encryption of application includes the following:
1. Manage credentials that are to be included in the application which are considered as critical
one.
2. The process of encryption should include securing the data storage included in the cloud
environment (Aureli, Pierfranceschi and Wache 2012). All data that are present in the
organization is mainly to protect in same way by the process of encryption technique which uses

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the cloud environement. This environment is used with external systems along with different
system.
3. Encryption technique included in the system helps to confirm system that is already present
and should include government standards that are to be included in the system.
4. There are many keys that are to be used for the purpose of encryption. This encryption process
are generally protected when the data are stored in the system (Aureli, Pierfranceschi and Wache
2012).
5. It is important to know whether data those information system is then encrypted or not and in
the process of transit, there might be network provided in cloud provider that comes inside the
network.
6. In the process of IaaS scenario, there are many files included in all virtual machines and
should include temporary data that can be encrypted in the system.

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References
Aureli, L., Pierfranceschi, A. and Wache, H., 2012, June. Enterprise architectures for cloud
computing. In 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing (pp. 979-980).
IEEE.
Cameron, B.H., 2014. The Need for Enterprise Architecture for Enterprise-Wide Big
Data. ISJLP, 10, p.827.
Chang, V., Ramachandran, M., Yao, Y., Kuo, Y.H. and Li, C.S., 2016. A resiliency framework
for an enterprise cloud. International Journal of Information Management, 36(1), pp.155-166.
Dang, D.D. and Pekkola, S., 2017. Systematic Literature Review on Enterprise Architecture in
the Public Sector. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 15(2).
Donaldson, W.M., Blackburn, T.D., Blessner, P. and Olson, B.A., 2015. An examination of the
role of enterprise architecture frameworks in enterprise transformation. Journal of Enterprise
Transformation, 5(3), pp.218-240.
Geerts, G.L. and O'Leary, D.E., 2015. A note on an architecture for integrating cloud computing
and enterprise systems using REA. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 19,
pp.59-67.
Goerzig, D. and Bauernhansl, T., 2018. Enterprise architectures for the digital transformation in
small and medium-sized enterprises. Procedia CIRP, 67, pp.540-545.
Goodyear, M., 2017. Enterprise System Architectures: Building Client Server and Web Based
Systems. CRC press.

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Hinkelmann, K., Gerber, A., Karagiannis, D., Thoenssen, B., Van der Merwe, A. and Woitsch,
R., 2016. A new paradigm for the continuous alignment of business and IT: Combining
enterprise architecture modelling and enterprise ontology. Computers in Industry, 79, pp.77-86.
Lapalme, J., Gerber, A., Van der Merwe, A., Zachman, J., De Vries, M. and Hinkelmann, K.,
2016. Exploring the future of enterprise architecture: A Zachman perspective. Computers in
Industry, 79, pp.103-113.
Proper, H.E., Hoppenbrouwers, S.J. and van Zanten, G.E.V., 2017. Communication of enterprise
architectures. In Enterprise Architecture at Work (pp. 59-72). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2017. Cloud computing: implementation, management,
and security. CRC press.
van de Wetering, R. and Bos, R., 2016, July. A meta-framework for efficacious adaptive
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Wang, B., Zheng, Y., Lou, W. and Hou, Y.T., 2015. DDoS attack protection in the era of cloud
computing and software-defined networking. Computer Networks, 81, pp.308-319.
Zimmermann, A., Schmidt, R., Jugel, D. and Möhring, M., 2015. Evolving enterprise
architectures for digital transformations. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV.
Zimmermann, A., Schmidt, R., Sandkuhl, K., Wißotzki, M., Jugel, D. and Möhring, M., 2015,
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