Wireless Sensing Technologies for Blood Pressure: A Research Report

This report presents a research proposal on wireless sensing technologies for blood pressure monitoring. It begins with an introduction and literature review, covering wearable devices, medical sensing, and wireless sensor platforms. The research focuses on blood pressure monitoring using the e-Health sensor platform and the Arduino board. The methodology includes experimental setup, results, and project planning. The research questions address the impact of technology on health monitoring, the role of wireless sensors in blood pressure monitoring, the challenges faced, and potential solutions. The report aims to identify and critically analyze the role of wireless sensor technology in monitoring blood pressure. The project uses a Blood Pressure Sensor (Sphygmo-manometer) designed by Cooking Hacks and aims to explore the automatic measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The report discusses the e-Health Sensor Platform and its capabilities, including the potential for integrating an Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor for future work. The paper concludes with the potential for future research and development in the field of wireless health monitoring.

Running head: WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
Wireless sensing technologies for blood pressure
By ‘Author Name’
Affiliation (MSc Profile or Track) & Study no.

1WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
Executive Summary
This paper introduces a research proposal regarding wireless sensing technology for monitoring
blood pressure. Practical tests will have been led to assess the constant execution of the Wireless
Blood Pressure Monitor. Specifically, a trial will be done in which one of the venture designers
will wear the framework on his body to perform continuous observing amid various eras. Remote
network choices portrayed on the past areas of the paper will be talked about and examined, and
afterward the best remote association choice will be decided for the framework. It will be helpful
to get a clear idea regarding the topic if the research and allow to make a research on the
particular topic of the research.

2WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................................................3
2. Literature Review.......................................................................................................3
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals...................................................9
4. Methodology.............................................................................................................10
5. Experimental Set-up.................................................................................................13
6. Results, Outcome and Relevance.............................................................................14
7. Project Planning and Gantt chart..............................................................................14
8. Conclusions..............................................................................................................17
9. References................................................................................................................18

3WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Introduction
Life expectancy in many nations has been expanding consistently finished the few
decades on account of critical changes in medicine, public health and individual as well as natural
cleanliness. However, expanded future joined with falling birth rates are anticipated that would
incite a huge maturing statistic sooner rather than later that would force critical loads on the
financial structure of these nations. In this way, it is fundamental to create financially savvy,
simple to-utilize frameworks for elderly human services and prosperity. Remote health
monitoring, in light of non-intrusive and wearable sensors, actuators and present day
correspondence what's more, data innovations offers a productive and savvy arrangement that
permits the elderly to keep on living in their agreeable home condition rather than costly human
services offices. These systems will likewise enable social insurance staff to screen essential
physiological indications of their patients progressively, evaluate wellbeing conditions and give
criticism from inaccessible offices. In this paper, it has been exhibited and thought about a few
minimal effort and non-obtrusive health and action observing frameworks that were accounted
for lately. A study on material based sensors that can conceivably be utilized as a part of
wearable frameworks is likewise displayed. At long last, similarity of a few communication
advances and additionally future viewpoints and research challenges in remote checking systems
will be talked about.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Wearable devices

4WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
Wearable gadgets can monitor and record ongoing data about one's physiological
condition and movement exercises. Wearable sensor-based wellbeing checking frameworks may
include distinctive sorts of adaptable sensors that can be coordinated into material fiber,
garments, and versatile groups or straightforwardly connected to the human body (Chen et al.
2014). The sensors are equipped for measuring physiological signs, for example,
electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), heart rate (HR), body temperature, electro
dermal activity (EDA), blood vessel oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse (BP) as well as respiration
rate (RR). Likewise, micro electrical mechanical system (MEMS) based smaller than expected
movement sensors, for example, accelerometers, gyrators, and attractive field sensors are broadly
utilized for measuring activity related signals. Nonstop checking of physiological signs could
identify and analyze a few cardiovascular, neurological and aspiratory sicknesses at their initial
beginning (Appelboom et al. 2014). Likewise, constant observing of a person's movement
exercises could be helpful in fall discovery, stride design and act examination, or in rest
evaluation. The wearable wellbeing observing frameworks are normally prepared with an
assortment of electronic and MEMS sensors, actuators, remote correspondence as well as signal
processing unit.
2.2 Medical sensing
There is a long history of utilizing sensors in medicine and general health. Embedded in
an assortment of restorative instruments for use at healing centers, facilities, and homes, sensors
give patients and their human services suppliers’ knowledge into physiological and physical
wellbeing states that are basic to the recognition, finding, treatment, and administration of
sicknesses (Chen et al. 2015). A lot of current pharmaceutical would basically not be conceivable

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nor be practical without sensors, for example, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, glucose
monitors, EKG, PPG, EEG, and different types of imaging sensors. The capacity to gauge
physiological state is additionally fundamental for interventional gadgets such as pacemakers and
insulin pumps. Fernandez and Pallis (2014) stated that restorative sensors join transducers for
distinguishing electrical, warm, optical, concoction, hereditary, and different signs with
physiological starting point with flag handling calculations to gauge highlights demonstrative of a
man's wellbeing status. Sensors past those that straightforwardly measure wellbeing state have
too discovered use in the act of solution (Yu et al. 2014). For instance, area furthermore, nearness
detecting innovations are being utilized for enhancing the conveyance of patient care and work
process proficiency in clinics following the spread of illnesses by open health offices and
observing individuals' health related practices (and presentation to negative natural factors, for
example, contamination.
There are three particular measurements along which propels in restorative detecting
advancements are occurring. We expound on each of the three in the sections that take after.
Advances in innovations, for example, MEMS, imaging, and micro fluidic and nano
fluidic lab-on-chip are prompting new types of substance, natural, and genomic detecting and
examinations accessible outside the bounds of a research facility at the purpose of-mind (Vashist
et al. 2014). By empowering new reasonable demonstrative abilities, these detecting
advancements guarantee to change human services both as far as settling open wellbeing
emergency because of irresistible sicknesses and furthermore empowering early identification
and customized medicines.

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2.3 Wireless Sensor Platforms
At present years it has seen the rise of different embedded platforms for computing, which
can integrate processing and storage along with the wireless systems networking and sensors.
These inserted figuring stages offer the capacity to detect physical wonders at fleeting and spatial
devotions that were already unreasonable. Embedded computing platforms are utilized for
healthcare applications that go from cell phones to particular remote detecting stages, known as
bits, that have considerably more stringent asset limitations as far as accessible registering power,
memory, arrange data transfer capacity, and accessible vitality. Existing bits regularly utilize 8 or
16-bit microcontrollers with many KBs of RAM, several KBs of ROM for program capacity and
external storage as Flash memory (Hamida et al. 2015). These gadgets work at a couple of mill
watts while running at around 10 MHz [60]. The greater part of the circuits can be fueled off, so
the standby power can be around one microwatt.
In the event that such a gadget is dynamic for 1% of the time, its normal power utilization
is only a couple of microwatts empowering long haul operation with two AA batteries. Bits are
generally furnished with low-control radios for example, those agreeable with the IEEE 802.15.4
standard for remote sensor systems. Such radios generally transmit at rates between 10-250 Kbps,
devour around 20-60 milliwatts, what's more, their correspondence extend is regularly measured
in several meters. At last, bits incorporate various simple also, advanced interfaces that empower
them to associate with a wide assortment of product sensors. These equipment developments are
paralleled by progresses in inserted working frameworks part based programming dialects and
organizing conventions (Benharref and Serhani 2014). As opposed to asset obliged bits, cell
phones give all the more capable microchips, bigger information stockpiling, and higher system
data transmission through cell and IEEE 802.11 mobile interfaces to the detriment of higher

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vitality utilization. Their reciprocal qualities make cell phones what's more, bits reciprocal stages
appropriate for various classifications of health care applications, which is examined in the
segment that takes after.
2.4 Monitoring blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in arteries as pumped around body by heart. At
the point when your heart thumps, it can contract and drive blood through arteries to left of your
body (Li et al. 2015). This power makes pressure on the arteries. Blood pressure can be recorded
as two numbers such as the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pres-sure (as
the heart unwinds between pulsates). There are rising procedures to take circulatory strain
readings without the utilization of vein choking yet such strategies are not financially accessible.
Swelling the sleeve naturally requires a pump and the improvement of algorithms and hardware
to control the pump (Mehmood et al. 2014). Rationale must be composed to decide readings in
light of the arrival of pres-beyond any doubt in the sleeve. For these and a few different issues
involved assembling a weight screen from the earliest starting point is past the extent of the
project. The trust was that at least one existing circulatory strain screens available would have a
straightforward interface that would permit automatic control and access to unit's memory,
maybe through USB link.
Shockingly there are no such screens available. The most appropriate and attainable
answer for building a model is to utilize the Blood Pressure Sensor (Sphygmo-manometer) as
appeared in Figure 2 which planned by Cooking Hacks. The Blood Pressure Sensor has been
intended for automatic estimations of systolic, diastolic blood weights with time and date. Sensor
has a huge LCD screen with LED backdrop illumination, additionally a touch cushion key is

8WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
connected to the pulse sensor (Andreu-Perez et al. 2015). There are 80 estimation come about
with time and date can be put away in the gadget memory. Circulatory strain Sensor is outlined as
completely good with Arduino board. Pulse Sensor and correspondence modules utilize UART
port for transmission of the information each other (Soh et al. 2015). The Blood Pressure Sensor
just works with e-Health Sensor Shield V2 which outlined by Cooking Hacks. Circulatory strain
Sensor and Arduino interface each other by means of e-Health Sensor Shield, likewise as
specified before different sorts of restorative sensors can be added to the framework for
extending the extent of the venture.
2.5 e-Health senor platform
The e-Health Sensor Platform has been outlined by Cooking Hacks with a specific end
goal to help specialists, designers what's more, craftsmen to quantify biometric sensor
information for experimentation, fun as well as test purposes (Priyantha et al. 2015). This shield
gives a modest and open option arrangement contrasted and the exclusive and cost restrictive
medicinal market options. In any case, as the stage does not have medicinal affirmations, it
cannot be utilized to screen basic patients who require precise checking or those conditions must
be precisely measured for a ulterior expert determination. It permits Arduino and Raspberry Pi
clients to perform biometric what's more, medicinal applications where checking body is needed
by utilizing 9 distinct sensors. This data is utilized to monitor progressively the condition of a
patient as well as get delicate information keeping in mind the end goal to be consequently
dissected for medicinal determination (Chiuchisan et al. 2014). The shield has different info and
yields for associating diverse therapeutic sensors as depicted above, likewise a realistic LCD can
be utilized by the shield. Shield likewise is perfect with all UART gadgets. Extending the extent

9WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
of the venture is conceivable with utilizing e-Health Sensor Shield, for this situation utilizing
another therapeutic sensor can be a decent approach on the developed of the extend.
Figure 1: e-health sensor platform
(Source: Chiuchisan et al. 2014 p.511)
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) Monitoring alternative will be a decent point for the
advancement of the venture, as a result of that reason, other than the pulse sensor, an
electrocardiogram (ECG) Sensor will be considered in the framework engineering of the venture
for the future work.
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals
The research questions can be listed as followed.
 How technology impact on health monitoring at present days?
 What is the role of wireless sensor technology in monitoring blood pressure?
 What are the challenges faced while using the technology in health monitoring?

10WIRELESS SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
 How the challenges can be overcome?
Aim of the project:
It is important to have a proper aim in order to continue the research in appropriate way.
The research has aims to identify and critically analyze the role of wireless sensor technology in
order to monitor blood pressure of human.
Objectives of the project:
The objectives of the project can be listed as followed.
 To indentify the impact of technological advancement on health monitoring system
 To critically analyze the role of wireless sensor technology in monitoring blood pressure
 To find out the challenges faced while using wireless sensor technology to monitor blood
pressure
 To recommend solutions for overcoming the challenges
Sub-goals of the project:
The sub-goals of the project would be explore the technological advancement and its
specifications in health monitoring system. In addition, cost-benefits analysis would be made for
the proposed project topic.
4. Methodology
In order to carry forward the research in proper way, it is important to select appropriate
methodological tools for the research (Mackey and Gass, 2015). It is the way of explaining and

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exploring as well as makes a prediction of the research phenomena. Different methodological
tools like research design, approach as well as strategies are selected for the research.
4.1 Research philosophy
Positivism, realism as well as intepretivism are considered as three major types of
research philosophies. Positivism philosophy relies on making quantifiable observations and for
this statistical analysis will take place (Taylor et al. 2015). Along with these, positivism
philosophy deals with the scientifically testing of the research. Realism philosophy concerns with
making continuous research as scientific mehods are regarded as not proper for bringing out the
actual truth. For the present research, positivism philosophy is selected for using factual
knowledge. Moreover, in order to understand the role of wireless sensor technology in
monitoring blood pressure, positivism philosophy would be helpful. Hence, positivism
philosophy will be selected and interpritivism philosophy discarded for the research.
4.2 Research approach
Deductive and inductive are approaches are known as two types of research approaches
used in scientific researches. Deductive approach deals with assisting the researcher for
developing hypothesis along with testing by establishing new strategy (Brinkmann 2014). In
addition, deductive approach includes with testing of the existing theories and concepts in order
to achieve the questions of research. However, deductive approach concerns with transformation
of general data to the specific data in the statistical way. Hence, the approach goes well with the
positivism philosophy for research. Inductive approach takes with finding out specific patterns in
the previously existing approaches in order to create new theory out of gained knowledge. For
present research, deductive research approach can be selected. It is appropriate for taking