Wireless Networking and Communication Technologies Analysis Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of wireless networking and communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to various antennas, including YAGI, horn, and microstrip antennas, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, with a focus on the microstrip antenna's dominance. The report then compares and contrasts CDMA and FDMA in the context of wireless networking, detailing their infrastructure, signal preparation, and advantages/disadvantages. Finally, it explores advanced wireless technologies like Bluetooth and RFID, outlining their uses, strengths, and weaknesses. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the importance of microstrip antennas and the comparative analysis of CDMA and FDMA, as well as the advanced wireless technologies.

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS
Wireless Networking and Communications
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

1WIRELESS NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
1. Various antennas, those antennas’ strength and weakness, the antenna which will dominate
in future......................................................................................................................................3
2. Compare and contrast CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking.....................5
FDMA....................................................................................................................................5
CDMA....................................................................................................................................6
3. Advanced wireless technologies, their use, their strength, their weakness............................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................9

2WIRELESS NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction
In recent times different kinds of antennas available those are facilitating wireless
communication all over (Song, Nuaymi & Lagrange, 2016). Among all the antennas
available, microstrip antenna is the best and is expected to rule in mere future. The report will
grandstand all the antennas and the wireless technologies, and their strength as well as
weakness will be showcased in details.
1. Various antennas, those antennas’ strength and weakness, the antenna which will
dominate in future.
YAGI antenna
YAGI antennas were previously used in the television, and they cannot be used for
long frequency instead can only be used for only one frequency (Abdulhamid, 2017). The
antennas consist of a reflector, single or multiple directors and single driven element.
Strength
 YAGI has also limited impedance levels that can be lessened.
 The antenna is responsible for lowering signal strength because of the antenna’a gain
(Abdulhamid, 2017)
 YAGI has been designed in such a way that it can be ascend on the vertical poles and
similar other poles.
Weakness
 The gain permissible for a single YAGI antenna is 20dB
 The antenna sometimes extends for augmented gain levels

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Horn Antenna
The radio waves within the Horn antenna transmit or radiates to the vacuum space and
this antenna gives a transmission structure where both the impedance of the tube and the
vacuum space is checked (Li et al., 2016). The antenna is basically of five prototypes-
exponential, conical, sectoral, corrugated and pyramid.
Strength
 The horn antenna gives efficient performance.
 The horn antenna’s gain can be prolonged up to 25 dBi.
 The antenna can function over a wide extent of frequencies as well as the bandwidth.
Weakness
 The antenna has deficits and lack lots and lots of quality parameters.
 The antenna must be configured with care (Li et al., 2016).
Microstrip antenna
This antenna is used among the masses and is light weight. The microstrip antenna is
very easy to install and configure. The antenna is used in the GPS, missile systems, satellite
connection, and mobile connection (Jariyatantiwait & Yen, 2016). The reasons why it is used
among the masses and is used worldwide and is dominant because of the following
magnificent features it offer.
The advantages that microstip antenna offers are-
 The antenna is very easy to generate, install and configure.
 It is profitable in terms of budget.

4WIRELESS NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS
 The microstrip antennas are potent radiators.
 The antenna is beneficial for both direct, circular polarization (Jariyatantiwait & Yen,
2016).
 The antenna is very easy to collaborate with microwave incorporated circuits.
2. Compare and contrast CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking
FDMA
FDMA Infrastructure and design: The frequency band is separated into multiple
distinct small frequency bands or sub frequency bands.
FDMA Terminals: The terminals of FDMA have its own frequency in a continued
fashion.
Signal Prepare: FDMA signal can be generated by means of filtering in the
frequency domain.
FDMA basic advantage: FDMA is relatively simple, easy to install and configure and
full of elegance
FDMA disadvantage: The frequency available via FDMA is not adequate and the
frequency is rigid in nature.
Other features: FDMA is sometimes combined with SDMA, TDMA for better
consequences.
CDMA
CDMA infrastructure and design: CDMA is designed via expanding the spectrum by
employing the orthogonal codes.

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CDMA terminals: All the associate CDMA terminals all at once can be made active
in a continued fashion.
CDMA signal generate: CDMA signals can be generated by specially designed codes
and specially designed receivers.
CDMA basic advantages: CDMA is easy adaptable in nature, requires less planning.
CDMA disadvantages: The receivers are complex in nature and more complicated
power control is necessary for the senders.
Other features: CDMA is combined with the FDMA and TDMA can give better
consequences though this combination procedure is little bit complicated.
3. Advanced wireless technologies, their use, their strength, their weakness
Bluetooth’s use
This technology is used worldwide and can be installed and configured in the mobile
and other similar devices to transmit data, it may be audio, video or any word document file.
Bluetooth’s strength
 Bluetooth technology is wireless technology
 Bluetooth is cheap and profitable in terms of budget (Dahiya & Gill, 2016).
 It consumes low power and energy
 Voice, personal data and files can be shared via Bluetooth
 It is used worldwide and among the masses.
 Bluetooth is very easy to install and configure (Dahiya & Gill, 2016).

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 It is very easy to use and easy to handle.
Bluetooth’s Weakness
 The Bluetooth devices can be easily attacked by the intruders or the attackers.
 The Bluetooth irrespective of laptops or mobiles is responsible for battery drain
(Dahiya & Gill, 2016).
 The data or information transfer via Bluetooth devices is comparatively slower.
RFID
RFID use
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags technology basically utilize the radio
waves to scan the tags attached with a particular object (Kitsos, 2016). RFID technology is
also used to detect the living objects as well.
RFID Strength
 RFID technology is used as security base system at the entry gate to detect any guests
and visitors.
 RFID technology is used to detect living objects be it human beings and animals
alongside the objects (Kitsos, 2016).
 RFID has the capability to detect living and non-living objects from two hundred
meters.
RFID Weakness
 RFID tags are comparatively large compared to the bar codes

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 The RFID technology is complicated so the operator may face issues (Kitsos, 2016).
 RFID is comparatively less reliable and not full proof trustworthy.
 The RFID technology is very costly compared to the bar code.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above discourse that the mentioned microstrip antenna is
better compared to all other contemporary antennas available. The CDMA and FDMA has
been grandstand, both have been compared and contrast. The report also showcased the
advanced wireless technologies along with the strength and weakness associated with the
wireless technology.
References
Abdulhamid, M. F. (2017). Comparative analysis of distributed power control algorithms in
CDMA. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 60(6), 263-271.

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Brown, L. V., Zhao, K., Halas, N. J., & Nordlander, P. J. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,372,151.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Dahiya, M., & Gill, S. (2016). Secured Bluetooth Authentication Using Artificial Neural
Networks. IJRCCT, 5(5), 244-248.
Jariyatantiwait, C., & Yen, G. G. (2016). 5 by 5 Microstrip Antenna Array Design by
Multiobjective Differential Evolution based on Fuzzy Performance
Feedback. International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR), 7(4), 1-22.
Kitsos, P. (Ed.). (2016). Security in RFID and sensor networks. CRC Press.
Li, L., Li, J., He, B., Zhang, S., & Zhang, A. (2016). A Compact Circularly Polarized
Microstrip Antenna with Bandwidth Enhancement. Progress In Electromagnetics
Research Letters, 61, 85-89.
Song, Q., Nuaymi, L., & Lagrange, X. (2016, April). Evaluation of multiple access strategies
with power control error and variable packet length in M2M. In Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), 2016 IEEE (pp.
379-384). IEEE.